纤维素纤维表面改性研究进展工艺探讨

表面科学是一门重要的边缘科学,纤维的表面改性研究对于纤维的高附加值利用和改善其表面性能具有重要的意义。本文主要从化学改性和酶处理改性的角度介绍了纤维的表面改性研究进展,分析了化学改性和酶处理改性的优点和缺点,最后对纤维素纤维的表面改性研究进行了展望。     

胶原蛋白改性纤维素纤维的研究进展

探讨了胶原蛋白改性纤维素纤维的研究进展。介绍了纤维素纤维和胶原蛋白的特点,以及胶原蛋白对纤维素纤维的改性机理。研究了胶原蛋白对棉纤维和麻纤维的改性。指出:改性后纤维素纤维的强度降低,柔软度、染色性等改善,织物的服用性提高。认为:胶原蛋白改性天然纤维素纤维的研究还处于初级阶段,改善胶原蛋白改性纤维素纤维的力学性能,拓展胶原蛋白改性纤维素纤维的应用范围是未来的研究方向。     

阳离子染料对阴离子改性亚麻纤维的染色热力学研究

开发亚麻纤维的阳离子染料染色新工艺,以亚硫酸氢钠溶液对经高碘酸钠氧化处理的亚麻纤维进行阴离子改性,将改性后的亚麻纤维用阳离子染料进行染色.通过吸附等温线的绘制、染色饱和值和染色亲和力的计算,研究了改性亚麻纤维的染色热力学机理.结果表明:阳离子染料对阴离子改性亚麻纤维上染的吸附等温线与朗缪尔吸附等温线特征相符,佐证了具有磺酸基的改性亚麻纤维与阳离子染料之间发生了静电吸附,染色后的改性亚麻织物具有良好的匀染性、染色牢度和颜色鲜艳度,证明了阳离子染料对改性亚麻纤维染色的可行性.     

苎麻纤维的改性和变性

讨论了苎麻纤维性能及苎麻纤维改性原理。简要介绍了苎麻纤维改性的方法,以及苎麻纤维改性后性能的变化。指出改性后纤维的拉伸断裂强度减低,断裂伸长增加,断裂比功增加,初始模量降低,勾结强度和勾结伸长率增加,弹性回复性能增加,卷曲性能和摩擦系数增加,提高了纤维的可纺性能,纤维的染色性能也得到改善。     

艾草改性竹浆纤维性能测试与分析

为探讨艾草改性竹浆纤维的可纺性,对艾草改性竹浆纤维的形貌、组成、结构、强伸性能、质量比电阻、回潮率、摩擦系数等进行测试,并与竹浆纤维、黏胶纤维进行对比。结果表明:3种纤维纵向都有沟槽,横截面呈锯齿形并带有微孔;艾草改性竹浆纤维和黏胶纤维的元素含量相同;艾草改性竹浆纤维的结晶度最小;艾草改性竹浆纤维的耐热性较黏胶纤维好,较竹浆纤维稍差;艾草改性竹浆纤维的断裂强度及断裂伸长率均最小;艾草改性竹浆纤维的初始模量小,易变形;艾草改性竹浆纤维的回潮率较大,吸湿性能优于黏胶纤维和竹浆纤维;艾草改性竹浆纤维的摩擦系数略大于黏胶纤维,竹浆纤维最小;艾草改性竹浆纤维的质量比电阻小于竹浆纤维和黏胶纤维,具有良好的抗静电性能。     

超细纤维合成革柔软改性的研究进展

概述了天然皮革与超细纤维合成革之间的区别与联系。综述了提升超细纤维合成革基布柔软性能的改性方法,包括柔软剂改性、加脂剂改性、生产工艺改性、纤维复合改性等方式,旨在通过对超细纤维合成革基布柔软改性方法进行归纳整理,为后续超细纤维合成革柔软改性的研究提供借鉴。     

改性羊毛对分散染料的吸附上染机理

通过测试分散染料在涤纶织物、未改性和改性羊毛纤维上的吸附等温线,得到了分散染料上染涤纶和改性羊毛的热力学参数;通过测试分散染料在未改性和改性羊毛织物上的上染速率曲线,得到了分散染料在这些纤维中的扩散系数;探讨了分散染料上染改性羊毛的吸附上染机理.结果表明,分散染料在对改性羊毛进行吸附时,温度升高,亲和力上升.未改性羊毛与改性羊毛相比,改性后分散染料在羊毛纤维上的扩散系数增大,分散染料在改性羊毛纤维上的扩散活化能与未改性羊毛相比,扩散活化能是降低的,说明改性之后有利于分散染料对羊毛纤维的染色.     

纸浆纤维的改性及其研究进展

介绍了近十几年纸浆纤维改性的研究进展,除对纸浆纤维的常规化学改性和酶改性的研究进展进行了总结外,着重介绍了几种纤维改性的新方法:浸渍处理、多层膜技术、空间基化纤维(spacered fiber)等.这些方法中,硅烷浸渍处理和多层膜技术都是首次用于纸浆纤维的改性,取得了比较理想的效果.浸渍处理中的填糖法对降低纸张的成本有重要的意义,机械预处理对提高二次纤维的强度性质特别有效.最后展望了纸浆纤维改性的发展趋势和应用前景.     

阳离子染料对阴离子改性的亚麻纤维染色热力学的研究

以亚硫酸氢钠溶液对经高碘酸钠氧化处理的亚麻纤维进行阴离子改性,将改性后的亚麻纤维用阳离子染料进行染色。通过对吸附等温线的绘制、染色饱和值和染色亲和力的计算研究了改性亚麻纤维染色的热力学机理。结果表明：阳离子染料对阴离子改性的亚麻纤维上染的吸附等温线与朗缪尔吸附等温线特征相符,佐证了具有磺酸基的改性亚麻纤维与阳离子染料之间发生了静电吸附,改性后的亚麻纤维上磺酸基的数目的多少也可以通过染色饱和值近似反映出来。与此同时,染色后的改性亚麻织物具有良好的匀染性和染色牢度,从而开辟了亚麻纤维的阳离子染料染色的新工艺,增加了亚麻产品的颜色鲜艳度,具有广阔的发展前景,从实践和理论两方面证明了阳离子染料对改性亚麻纤维染色的可行性。     

木棉纤维的阳离子改性及其染色性能

采用阳离子改性剂SA对木棉纤维进行阳离子改性,优化了木棉纤维阳离子改性工艺条件,探讨了阳离子改性对木棉纤维微结构和染色性能的影响。结果表明,经过阳离子改性处理,木棉纤维的微结构发生了一定的变化,染色性能有所提高,耐洗牢度比未改性木棉纤维提高半级。     

基于稳健设计理论的平面机构优化设计

运用稳健设计理论,以连杆机构的几何参数为设计变量,以满足曲柄摇杆机构及传动角条件为约束。以再现轨迹精度最佳为目标函数。同时考虑连杆件制造精度对轨迹精度的影响。采用蒙特卡罗法采样和多目标遗传算法对机构进行稳健优化设计。计算结果表明：该方法更符合实际情况,且当设计变量发生变异时,能有效保证机构的运动轨迹精度。     

交联氧化乙酰化蜡质玉米淀粉性质的研究

以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料、三偏磷酸钠为交联剂、次氯酸钠为氧化剂、醋酸酐为乙酰化试剂,采用湿法工艺制备交联氧化乙酰化复合变性淀粉,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)及红外光谱仪(FT-IR)分析其淀粉颗粒的形貌及结构。结果显示:复合变性处理后的淀粉白度升高至97.2,糊透光率升高至71.0%,耐酸及抗剪切性能也有所改善。扫描电镜图表现了淀粉颗粒形貌的变化,红外光谱图中展现的各基团的特征吸收峰表明其分子结构发生了改变。蜡质玉米淀粉采用复合变性的处理手段,有益于增强其在食品加工领域的应用价值。     

基于遗传算法和prim算法的配电网架扩展规划

以建设费用、运行费用的加权和最低为目标函数，以最大投资额度的限制为约束条件，采用遗传算法获得总费用最小的扩展规划结果．在扩展规划过程中，将配电网的电源点和负荷点当作顶点，将各个顶点间可能架设线路的走廊当作边，以随机设置的各条边的初始权为基因，并采用prim算法求取最小生成树作为初始种群．采取复制、交叉和变异等遗传操作，达到规定代数后得到最终的最优规划方案、对一个具体算例进行扩展规划的结果表明该方法是可行的．     

Anthocyanin Degradation of Blueberry–Aronia Nectar in Glass Compared with Carton during Storage

ABSTRACT: Blueberry–aronia nectar is known as a rich source of anthocyanins, which are mostly destroyed during commercial storage of the product. The factors influencing the rate of degradation are connected to the oxygen protection offered by the packaging, as well as the type of anthocyanidin and the amount of glycosylated sugar. The current study was aimed to compare the stability of total anthocyanin between glass and carton packaging as well as to determine the stability of individual anthocyanin with respect to aglycone and glycosylated sugar. The degradation rate of total anthocyanin degradation rate was 22% higher in carton packaging than glass bottle. The ranking order of the stability of individual anthocyanin with respect to aglycone was as follows (from the most to least stable): cyanindin > peonidin > petunidin > malvidin = delphinidin. The ranking order of the stability of anthocyanins with respect to glycosylated sugars was as follows (from the most to least stable): glucose > galactose > arabinose. As individual anthocyanins have different degradation rates this study can be used to determine the most stable natural colorant and the most sensitive antioxidant among the anthocyanins tested.     

Laboratory evaluation of traps for the detection of beetle pests in bulk grain

Traps have been evaluated against three species of storage beetle in plastic bins containing 150 kg wheat. The bins were used to generate data for a comparison of the trapping effectiveness of the pitfall cone (PC), pitfall beaker and insect probe traps. The data produced reflect those obtained from field studies and illustrate the advantages of this method over less rigorously controlled field trials. The PC trap, a single type developed to replace both of the previously recommended traps, buried to a 5 cm depth in grain, was as effective as the insect probe for detecting Cryptolestes ferrugineus. The buried PC trap was also as effective as the insect probe trap for trapping Oryzaephilus surinamensis below the grain surface, and the PC trap on the surface was as effective as the pitfall beaker trap. The PC trap below the surface was more effective for trapping Sitophilus granarius than the insect probe trap. This pilot-scale method is a cost-effective alternative to field-scale trials and could be used to investigate various factors influencing trap catch.     

Enzymatic Finishing of Wool Fabrics

SUMMARY

The objective of the present work is to evaluate the action of a protease when applied on a high quality wool fabric to obtain an improved touch and drape on the fabric as well as to decrease its shrinkage and pilling propensity.

The effectiveness of the enzymatic treatment as well as the intensity of the attack to the wool fibre are evaluated by determining several mechanical and chemical parameters.     

PLC在人造板调供胶控制中的应用

介绍了PLC控制的调供胶系统。该系统以CPU226为控制主机、以触摸屏为人机界面、以变频器为主要操作对象,具有操作简单、可靠性高等特点。在程序中使用了PID调节功能。详细介绍了系统配置、主要问题的解决和编程思路。     

A finite element model for mechanical deformation of single tomato suspension cells

A finite element model was developed to simulate compression experiments on single tomato cells from suspension cultures. The cell was modelled as a thin-walled liquid-filled sphere with a permeable wall allowing flow of fluid out in response to internal turgor increases due to the compression. The permeability of the cell wall/plasma lemma was considered to be constant throughout compression. The contact between cell and compression probe was modelled using a soft contact boundary condition. The cytoplast was represented as an internal pressure acting on the plasma lemma and cell wall. Assuming linear elastic constitutive behaviour for the cell wall, and using previously determined cell wall material parameters, the model was found to be remarkably capable of reproducing the force-deformation behaviour of a single cell in compression, as well as its deformed shape, even for large strains. The model might be used as a building block to construct more comprehensive tissue deformation models.     

Catalytic activity of yeast extract in biofuel cell

It was revealed that the dry powder yeast extract (YE) has the ability to act as a biocatalyst as well as a mediator in a biofuel cell. The yeast extract, from Nihon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., was used as a biocatalyst in an open air cathode biofuel cell containing phosphate buffer for glucose oxidation. The anode medium with only the YE showed an immediate activity by producing a current and delivering power depending on its concentration. By adding glucose to the anode medium, the anode potential decreased with time to -0.2?V vs. normal hydrogen electrode (NHE), and produced a higher power compared to that without glucose. The biofuel cell produced an open circuit voltage (OCV) as high as 1?V.     

醪糟加工工艺及其包装技术的研究

通过单因素实验研究了醪糟的最佳加工工艺和瓶装、袋装水浴高温杀菌确定最佳包装技术参数。实验以糯米为原料采用糖化发酵,通过对加工醪糟过程中糯米的浸泡时间、添加酒药的种类、发酵温度、发酵时间以及发酵环境等影响因素的研究,从而选取最佳加工工艺。然后再以该工艺为标准生产醪糟,研究确定了保存醪糟的最佳杀菌时间、温度及包装材料。