相控阵雷达导引头捷联去耦数字平台设计

相控阵雷达导引头是未来导引头发展的一个重要领域,为了消除弹体扰动对导引头测量误差的影响,实现相控阵雷达导引头的捷联去耦,设计了一种相控阵雷达导引头捷联去耦数字平台,采用基于四元数法求取弹体的姿态角,采用相控阵雷达导引头波束扫描稳定算法实现对波束扫描误差的补偿,达到导引头捷联去耦的目的,并在MAT-LAB中对四元数法和波束扫描稳定算法进行了仿真验证,取得了较好的去耦效果,该相控阵雷达导引头捷联去耦数字平台具有原理简单、算法运算量小和去耦效率高的特点。     

基于自适应卡尔曼滤波的捷联去耦算法

针对捷联相控阵雷达导引头中弹体姿态干扰弹目视线角速率提取的问题,提出了基于自适应卡尔曼滤波去耦算法,引入合适的遗忘因子优化了滤波的性能,建立了噪声特性递推和预测的数学模型,联立滤波方程和噪声估计方程解决了弹目视线角速率去耦的问题,在误差的允许的范围内提取了弹目视线角速率。最后通过仿真实验表明所提算法在捷联去耦上的有效性以及相对于标准卡尔曼滤波去耦的优良性,提高了提取弹目视线角速率的精度,优化了导弹制导性能,具有较高的工程运用价值。      

半捷联导引头光轴稳定性

为研究半捷联导引头光轴稳定性,对影响半捷联导引头光轴稳定的因素进行了分析。通过对半捷联稳定原理和传统速率陀螺稳定原理的分析和比较,揭示了半捷联稳定的实质。根据半捷联稳定方式下平台框架的惯性空间角速度表达式,分析了影响半捷联稳定的主要因素。针对影响半捷联稳定的弹体扰动和扰动力矩,采用了匹配滤波和扰动观测器的方法提高系统稳定精度。数值仿真结果表明,匹配滤波的方法有效地减小了弹体扰动对系统稳定的影响,平台对弹体扰动的解耦精度在1 Hz时提高了38 dB;扰动观测器有效抑制了扰动力矩对系统稳定的影响;采用高精度、低噪声的传感器是减小测速噪声对系统稳定影响的关键。综合仿真结果显示,在对3个主要因素补偿后,系统的稳定误差减小了近94%。     

半捷联雷达导引头视线角速度提取

在雷达导引头小型化的应用背景下,半捷联雷达导引头省去了稳定平台上的速率陀螺,满足了降低成本和减小体积的要求。与光学导引头相比,雷达导引头还可以获得弹目相对距离,综合距离与角度跟踪信息可以进一步提高信号输出品质。但半捷联雷达导引头无法直接获取用于比例导引的目标视线角速度,本文提出在天线坐标系下建立目标视线微分方程,利用自适应卡尔曼滤波进而结合导弹弹体扰动信息、天线相对运动信息重构视线角速度信号,用于比例制导系统。     

基于理想弹道的全捷联弹药视线角估计方法

针对惯性测量元件不能满足低成本制导弹药作战需求问题,提出一种基于理想弹道的全捷联激光半主动末制导弹药视线角估计方法。该方法根据弹目相对运动模型及导引头量测模型建立非线性滤波系统;针对弹体运动参数在末制导段变化范围较小的特点,通过分析弹体运动参数对系统不确定性的影响,将理想弹道弹体运动参数标准值作为滤波系统参数;利用激光半主动导引头量测信息,结合容积卡尔曼滤波对弹目视线角进行估计。数字仿真实验结果表明:在小扰动条件下,弹目视线倾角与偏角末制导段的均方根误差分别为0.182与1.668,其最大估计误差分别为0.259与2.913,具有较好的估计精度与鲁棒性能。     

基于角位置补偿的半捷联稳定控制系统技术

在雷达导引头小型化的应用背景下,半捷联雷达导引头省去了稳定平台上的速率陀螺,满足了降低成本和减小体积的要求。而为了实现视线稳定,提出采用捷联式稳定控制方案来消除弹体姿态变化对目标测量的影响。研究了半捷联天线稳定系统设计原理和控制算法,在位置环上实现稳定跟踪。最后进行仿真验证,证明该方法稳定回路的隔离度小于5%,在限定的战术条件下能较好的隔离弹体的姿态扰动,满足稳定要求。     

捷联导引头延时引起的隔离度问题研究

研究了捷联导引头引起的隔离度问题,建立了捷联导引头延时造成的寄生回路模型,分析了捷联导引头延时引起隔离的机理,得到了捷联导引头延时引起的隔离度函数。研究了导引头延时造成寄生回路的稳定性,在制导参数取不同值情况下,绘制捷联导引头延时引起的寄生回路稳定区域。仿真结果表明:制导系统延迟环节动力学时间常数相对于弹体动力学时间常数越大,对系统克服导引头延时的影响越有利。减小弹体气动力时间常数,可以增强系统容忍导引头延时时间的能力。研究成果对于实现捷联导引头的工程应用具有重大意义。     

毫米波锥面共形相控阵天线的仿真与优化*

以弹载共形相控阵雷达导引头天线为应用背景,在未考虑极化的情况下,首先推导了任意共形天线单元方向图从局部极坐标系到全局极坐标系转换的一种实用方法;然后采用凹槽加载的中心馈电方式设计了毫米波锥面共形微带天线单元,并建立锥面共形相控阵天线模型,推导了锥面共形天线阵列的导向矢量及其方向图函数;最后采用能量迭代法对15 阵元的锥面共形相控阵天线方向图进行了仿真优化,在副瓣电平约束和零点约束两种情况下,分别给出了相应最优加权矢量的求解方法,实现了对方向图波束指向、副瓣电平以及零点的控制。     

干扰和噪声对激光制导性能及精度的影响

针对某激光导引头检测中输出弹目视线角速度误差较大的情况,分析指出弹目视线角速度噪声是角跟踪回路中探测器噪声、弹体扰动和摩擦等干扰力矩共同作用产生的。根据导引头控制原理建立了其稳定跟踪回路模型,定量分析了这些误差因素对导引头稳定跟踪性能和弹目视线角速度输出指令的影响程度。然后实测分析了激光导引头输出弹目视线角速度噪声特性,建立了其与弹目距离的函数关系,并将其加入某制导武器制导模型中进行仿真。结果表明:加入弹目视线角速度噪声后,弹体滚转姿态角变化较大,舵偏角变化也较大,近距离时由于角速度指令噪声较小对全弹道及脱靶量的影响比较小,这与实际检测结果相符较好。但近距时当角速度指令处于噪声峰值处,弹偏离后来不及修正可能会对导弹的近距攻击区有影响,研究方法及结论对导引头的实际研究测试及弹的战术使用均有一定的参考价值。     

相位误差对相控阵天线影响分析与改进

为减少相位误差对相控阵天线的影响,介绍了相控阵天线数字移相器相位量化误差产生的原理,分析了相位量化误差对相控阵天线波束指向精度和天线波束性能的影响。为改善这一情况,提出采用递推比较补偿馈相法代替传统的确定性馈相法,通过对2种方法进行比较分析,证明在不改变硬件的条件下,递推比较补偿馈相法能够减少相位量化误差的影响,降低波束指向误差的极大值和均方差,提高相控阵天线的指向精度和波束性能。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.