SEBS/PP复合材料抗水树枝性能研究

该文采用水刀电极法对苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SEBS)/聚丙烯(PP)复合材料和低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)进行加速水树枝老化实验,并通过结晶特性和力学特性实验对两者在抗水树特性上的差异进行分析。通过偏光显微镜(PLM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对材料的水树枝形貌和球晶结构、熔融-结晶特性以及片晶结构进行观察与分析,并选用动态热机械分析仪(DMA)和电子拉力机分别研究材料的动态松弛特性和应力-应变特性。水刀电极法结果显示,高结晶度的PP与非结晶的弹性体SEBS没有发生水树枝老化,而SEBS/PP复合材料虽然出现水树枝结构,但其尺寸仍明显低于LDPE。结晶特性与力学特性实验结果显示,与LDPE相比,PP具有较高的结晶度与结晶尺寸,并且具有较高的机械强度和较低的动态松弛损耗因数;SEBS在复合体系中以"岛"相存在,PP片晶变细变短,并且其球晶边界也变得模糊,体现出更强的非晶特性,导致PP片晶之间在外力作用下的抗滑移能力降低。分析认为,SEBS/PP较高的结晶度和由力学性能体现出的片晶之间较强的抗滑移能力是其抑制水树枝生长能力优于LDPE的主要原因。     

热处理对聚乙烯水树枝老化特性的影响

为研究热处理对聚乙烯(PE)中水树枝老化特性的影响,选用低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、过氧化物交联聚乙烯(XLPE)作为试验材料,采用热循环和热冲击两种方法对试样进行处理。用水针电极法培养水树枝,用金相显微镜观测水树枝形态,并统计水树枝尺寸和引发率;同时测试试样的力学性能,观测结晶形态,测定XLPE的交联度。结果表明:热处理后,LDPE的力学性能变化不大,XLPE的力学性能明显下降;LDPE的晶块尺寸变小且趋于均匀化,XLPE的晶块尺寸变大且趋于不均匀化;LDPE和XLPE中水树枝都容易发展,XLPE水树枝的老化特性受热处理影响更大。热处理导致材料中微孔聚集、力学性能下降,是造成热处理后材料抗水树枝化性能下降的主要原因。     

交联度对交联聚乙烯水树枝老化特性的影响

通过向低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)中加入不同质量分数的过氧化二异丙苯(DCP),制备了不同交联度的XLPE试样,用热延伸实验法对交联度进行表征;利用水刀电极法对试样进行水树枝老化,并采用光学显微镜观测其水树枝的生长形貌;采用差示量热扫描仪(DSC)对试样的结晶度进行测试,并分别通过偏光显微镜(PLM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察其结晶形貌,研究交联度对交联聚乙烯(XLPE)水树枝老化特性的影响机理。结果表明:提升XLPE的交联度可以显著增强其耐水树枝能力;虽然交联反应抑制了XLPE球晶和片晶的生长,使其结晶度下降,导致无定形区域面积增大,但形成的三维网状结构限制了材料内部水分沿电场方向发生形变挤压形成水树枝的能力,交联度越高,这种抑制能力越强。相比于结晶的影响,三维网状结构对提高材料耐水树枝能力的影响更明显。     

茂金属聚乙烯与低密度聚乙烯共混的结晶形态和空间电荷效应

将少量茂金属聚乙烯(MPE)作为成核剂与普通低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)共混,用电声脉冲法(PEA)测量了其空间电荷分布;以差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了共混物的非等温结晶行为;通过小角激光散射(SALS)和广角X衍射(WAXD)实验研究了共混物的球晶尺寸和结晶形态的变化.测试结果表明,1%wt的MPE与LDPE共混,能有效减小球晶尺寸,提高结晶速率和晶体成核能力,有利于电荷的输运,从而降低了空间电荷的聚集.     

XLPE电力电缆中水树枝生长规律的研究

本文参考IECTS61956标准＂评定绝缘材料中水树枝化的试验方法＂设计了一种杯状电极装置,对低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）片状聚合物绝缘材料进行了水树枝生长试验研究,重点研究了LDPE中水树枝的长度与老化时间的关系。实验结果表明,在水树枝产生的初始阶段,其生长速度较快,一段时间后增长速率逐渐减慢。水树枝的长度随老化时间呈幂指数规律增长,这一规律与国外的一些学者提出的水树枝的电致应力引发模型基本相符。     

化学交联方式对聚乙烯水树枝老化特性的影响

为研究化学交联对聚乙烯水树枝老化特性的影响,选用低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）、过氧化物交联聚乙烯、硅烷交联聚乙烯作为试验材料。采用水针电极法培养水树枝,用金相显微镜观测水树枝的形态,并统计了水树枝的尺寸和引发率;同时观测了试样的结晶形态,测定了试样的结晶度、交联度和杂质质量分数,并对比分析了交联前后及不同交联方式试样的电气...     

聚丙烯结晶形态对树枝化放电特性的影响

为了研究结晶形态对聚合物电树枝化的影响,采用不同型号的聚丙烯树脂,通过偏光显微镜(PLM)对其结晶形态进行表征,研究了交流电压作用下不同型号的聚丙烯树脂的树枝化特性,如:电树生长速度、电树枝形状等。结果表明:型号为1300的聚丙烯在不同条件下的电树枝生长速度都相对较慢,具有较好的耐电树枝化性能。电树枝在球晶内生长缓慢,而在晶区和非晶区的晶界面快速生长。     

温度对聚乙烯水树枝老化特性的影响

为研究温度对PE水树枝老化特性的影响,选用低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、过氧化物(DCP)交联聚乙烯(XLPE)作为试验材料。在室温(20°C)、40°C、60°C、80°C 4个温度下,采用水针电极法培养水树枝,用金相显微镜观测水树枝形态,并统计水树枝尺寸和引发率。研究发现,在60°C以上,温度对PE水树枝老化特性影响显著;水树枝的引发率随温度的升高先减小后增大;水树枝的尺寸随温度的升高总体呈现增大的趋势;LDPE和XLPE的试验得到类似的结果,但XLPE的抗水树枝老化性能优于LDPE。同时研究发现,随温度的升高,材料的力学性能大幅下降。经分析认为,交联限制大晶块的形成,使材料的力学性能增强,是XLPE抗水树枝化性能优于LDPE的两个主要原因;高温下两种材料力学性能下降、微孔膨胀、水分和盐离子的加速扩散是高温下水树枝劣化加速的主要原因。     

低密度聚乙烯/纳米蒙脱土复合材料的水树枝生长特性

低密度聚乙烯是高压电力电缆的主要绝缘材料,水树枝生长特性与聚乙烯高压电力电缆绝缘击穿具有紧密联系。采用熔融插层复合法制备了一种低密度聚乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料;设计制作了纳米复合材料的水树枝老化试样及试验装置,在试验中观测了试样的水树枝生长长度,并对试样的水树枝引发率进行了统计,分析了低密度聚乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的吸水率对水树枝生长的影响;采用差示扫描热法分析了试样的结晶度和晶粒尺寸均匀性,通过分析低密度聚乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的结晶行为,说明了纳米蒙脱土对纳米复合材料中水树枝的抑制机理。试验与分析结果表明:掺杂质量分数为3%的纳米蒙脱土粒子能够有效地提高低密度聚乙烯的结晶度,使晶粒尺寸分布均匀,吸水率减小,延缓水树枝在低密度聚乙烯中的引发与生长。     

XLPE/OMMT纳米复合材料水树枝老化特性的研究

通过熔融共混法分别以EEA、EVA为相容剂制备了聚合物/蒙脱土(XLPE/OMMT)纳米复合材料。采用水针法对试样进行水树老化,并通过显微镜观察水树枝形态,研究OMMT用量、两种相容剂和有机插层剂种类对水树枝的影响。结果表明:与纯XLPE相比,添加OMMT的复合材料的水树枝生长长度明显减小,采用EVA作为相容剂可有效提高XLPE/OMMT复合材料的抗水树枝性能,有机插层剂对水树枝的生长长度影响较小。     

The influence of crystalline morphology on the growth of watertrees in PE

A small amount of phenolphthalein, acting as a nucleating agent, was added to low density polyethylene (LDPE) to modify the size and number of spherulites. The crystalline morphology was observed and analyzed with the aid of a chemical etching method. It was found that the growth of water trees is faster in LDPE samples in which spherulites are larger and the number of the spherulites is lower. In contrast, water trees grow more slowly in other LDPE samples in which spherulites are smaller in size and greater in number. On the other hand, three different kinds of additives, weak electrolyte and hydrophilic or hydrophobic substances, were added to the LDPE materials to investigate the influence of typical spherulite boundary regions on the growth of water trees. It was verified experimentally that during the process of crystallization, these three different additives are rejected and finally settled near the spherulite boundaries. Therefore, three kinds of boundary regions with different characteristics are formed. It has been concluded that hydrophillic boundary regions can strongly inhibit the growth of water trees, while the other two boundary regions (weak electrolyte, hydrophobic) have little influence on the water tree growth     

Water treeing in binary linear polyethylene blends: the mechanicalaspect

Water treeing tests were performed on low density polyethylene (LDPE) and four different binary blends of sharp linear polyethylene (LPE) fractions (M_w=2500 and 76000), which were either quenched in air from the melt or isothermally crystallised at 123°C. Although the morphology and initial mechanical properties of the materials tested were significantly different, the vented tree growth characteristics were similar for all of them. This is in disagreement with the electromechanical models of water treeing, which correlate water tree growth with the fracture toughness of the material. Time to breakdown distributions were also similar for both LDPE and the binary LPE blends, which indicates that, regardless of the initial material morphology and the actual structure of water trees, the length of water trees is one of the controlling factors in insulation failure. The visible light image of water trees in LPE blends did not disappear upon drying as it usually does in LDPE and crosslinked polyethylene insulation     

热处理对聚乙烯材料中电树发展的影响

电树与半结晶材料的形态结构有着密切的关系。在本文中,首先通过两种不同的热处理方式：（1）自然冷却,（2）急冷对高密度聚乙烯和低密度聚乙烯薄膜进行处理,然后,在不同的实验条件下测量电树的发展速度和长度。通过试验,我们发现尽管高密度聚乙烯比低密度聚乙烯有更高的结晶度和更大的球晶尺寸,并在电树起始阶段表现出高阻性,但电树在前者中的发展比在后者中容易。据此,我们推测,材料的形态结构对于电树的发生和电树的发展有着不同的影响。     

冷却介质对低密度聚乙烯电树枝老化特性的影响

低密度聚乙烯是电力电缆的主要绝缘材料,电树枝生长特性分析是评估电缆绝缘性能的基础。为此选用冰水、空气和硅油3种不同介质对聚乙烯进行淬火处理,采用针板电极设计出试样的电树枝生长实验系统,通过实时数字显微摄像系统对试样中电树枝生长过程进行了观测,采用差示扫描量热法分析了试样的结晶度和晶粒尺寸均匀性,采集了试样的局部放电数据并对数据进行了统计分析。试验与分析结果表明:硅油冷却聚乙烯电树枝增长速度与扩散系数均小于冰水、空气冷却试样;3种试样中,硅油冷却聚乙烯结晶度最高,晶粒尺寸分布最均匀,放电量与放电重复率较低;冰水冷却聚乙烯结晶度最低,放电量与放电重复率较高。     

辐照交联聚乙烯结晶形态的研究

通过差示扫描量热法、X射线-衍射试验研究了辐照交联聚乙烯绝缘材料的结晶形态，发现高密度和低密度聚乙烯辐照交联效应有明显差异。高密度聚乙烯本身结晶能力高于低密度聚乙烯，结晶度大于低密度聚乙烯，同样辐照剂量下高密度聚乙烯交联度低于低密度聚乙烯，晶区限制了交联过程发生；另一方面，辐照对低密度聚乙烯结晶形态的影响较小，辐照对高密度聚乙烯结晶形态影响明显、辐照交联有可能促进聚乙烯的同相结晶过程发生。实验表明，辐照剂量过大会增加高低密度聚乙烯绝缘料聚集态结构的复杂性，降低结晶结构的均匀性。     

Influence of internal mechanical stress and strain on electricalperformance of polyethylene electrical treeing resistance

Crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) insulations used in HV cables are not only subjected to electrical and thermal stresses, but also exposed to mechanical stresses, whether residual internal stresses created during the cooling process of the fabrication, external forces when cables are bent during installation or thermomechanical stresses caused by differential thermal expansion between the conductor and the polymeric material. In order to investigate the possible influence of mechanical stresses on dielectric properties of polyethylene, measurements were conducted on pin-plane XLPE and LDPE samples with various magnitudes of residual mechanical stresses around the embedded electrode. The time to inception, the growing rate and the shape of the electrical trees under different voltages are reported in this paper. Specimens with the highest values of residual stresses were found to have the shortest inception times and the longest trees after one hour of aging under different voltages. When the mechanical stress was allowed to relax, the treeing resistance was measured to be significantly improved     

Initiation and growth of electrical trees in LDPE generated byimpulse voltage

The initiation and growth of electrical trees generated by impulse voltages were studied in a molded low-density polyethylene (LDPE) specimen with a metal foil electrode. The Weibull plots of the number of impulse voltage shots to the tree initiation and the puncture of the specimen were analyzed. The difference between the plots of positive and negative impulses demonstrates the difference between the initiation and growth of positive and negative trees. Taking account of the estimation of the electric field strength in the vicinity of the electrode, the tree initiation process was examined. Through the examination of the Weibull plots of the number of impulse voltage shots up to the puncture of the specimen the deterioration of LDPE caused by the impulse tree was analyzed