OA系统业务逻辑层设计中的P/C模式

提出一种可用于OA系统业务逻辑层的Post/Choose(P/C)信息处理模式,阐明它的工作原理,并用它设计OA系统中较为复杂的业务流程管理,简化OA系统逻辑层的设计工作,提出OA系统业务逻辑层的一种通用设计框架,说明其特点。     

基于需求层次分析的知识情境模型构建及实证研究

知识情境与企业业务执行的绩效密切相关。然而，目前缺乏知识情境对业务执行绩效影响机理的研究。基于层次需求理论，通过文献调研、企业走访座谈及调研数值分析，提出基于领导者胜任力、团队协作氛围、现场管理、绩效管理的需求四维度知识情境模型，并通过问卷调查的方式，验证知识情境对业务执行绩效的影响，揭示心理需求在知识情境与业务执行绩效之间的调节作用。本研究有助于拓展知识管理研究的视野，对提升企业知识管理绩效有重要参考价值。     

基于GSM短消息的水情遥测终端通信系统设计

分析了目前在水情遥测终端(RTU)与中心站传输数据的几种通信方式的特点，介绍了GSM通信及其GSM短消息业务(SMS)。结合应用，设计了一种利用SMS进行数据传输的遥测终端通信系统，并给出了硬软件的实现方法。     

面向服务的工作流分层映射模型

基于对面向服务的体系结构(SOA)下服务角色划分以及对当前分布式应用特征的分析,通过引入抽象资源和抽象服务的概念,提出了一个面向服务的将工作流划分为业务工作流(BWF) 、抽象工作流(AWF)和执行工作流(EWF)的工作流映射模型.它将业务工作流的部署、执行转换成两个映射--业务工作流到抽象服务工作流的映射和抽象服务工作流到执行服务工作流的映射 .这一模型为当前Internet上基于Web服务和Grid服务的分布式应用提供了一种动态的组织、部署和执行方案.此外重点探讨了实现该模型下多层次工作流计算机辅助映射的应用模板技术,应用模板定义了各个抽象资源和抽象服务在特定应用任务中必须遵从的约束及必须提供的相关元数据.     

智能网业务生成环境的实现结构

在国际电信联盟Ｑ．１２ｘｘ系列建议的基础上，详细分析了智能网业务生成环境的结构和功能，并介绍了ＣＩＮ０２智能网系统中业务生成环境的设计和实现方式。     

关于GPON FTTH业务数据管理效率提升的研究

目前GPON业务主要是分为FTTB(Fiber to The Building,光纤到楼)和FTTH(Fiber To The Home,光纤到户)两种,其中FTTB主要承载家庭宽带业务,应用场景相对比较归一;而FTTH的ONU除了承载家庭宽带业务以外,还承载了WLAN、集客专线及语音以及集客VPN业务,FTTH的ONU数据管理显得较为复杂。因此需要对FTTH的ONU的数据管理效率提升方法进行研究,以优化数据管理,从而提高数据管理效率。     

业务连续性管理中的业务影响分析过程

简要介绍金融业的业务连续性管理活动过程中,在物理场所和人员没有受到灾难的影响,中断发生在业务正常的对外服务时段,生产环境的IT应用系统发生意外中断时,如何通过业务影响分析,帮助灾备中心确定主要业务的灾备需求指标及信息系统恢复范围及指标。     

物流业务外包浅析

阐述了为提高企业柱心竞争力在供应链管理环境下的物流业务外包策略。分析了是否选择物流业务外包，以及物流业务外包的优点、可能存在的问题与实旌外包时采取的相应策略。提出了在供应链管理环境下，适当的物流业务外包是提高企业柱心竞争力的重要手段之一。     

多业务蜂窝中继系统的接入控制算法

以多业务蜂窝中继系统已接入用户的服务质量(QoS)指标、中继负载大小为约束条件,在正交频分多址(OFDMA)方式下,将接入控制问题转化为最大化中继传输下所减少使用的子载波数的问题,并进一步考虑了用户对中继的选择、用户间竞争接入等情况,设计了几种改进的接入控制算法。同时,把这些算法推广到多业务的应用场景中,研究了不同速率业务比例对系统性能的影响。仿真结果表明,所提出的接入算法能支持更多接入用户、降低接入阻塞率和增加节省的子载波数,从而有效地提高了系统容量和资源利用率。     

WFQ的性能分析及改进

定量分析了WFQ在不同信道利用率情况下和各等级业务负载分布变化时的性能变化。研究发现，WFQ本身具有一定的抗高等级业务突发的能力，其性能不仅与业务负载分布有关，而且与信道利用率和各服务等级权值之间的比例关系有关，提出了一种基于测量的可变权值的WFQ调度算法，根据信道利用率和各等级负载分布的变化调整各等级的权值，最后通过仿真，将这两种算法在比例区分服务模型PDS（Proportional Diferentiated Service)下进行了比较，仿真结果证明基于测量的WFQ在各等级业务负载正常分布的情况下性能比WFQ更好，在保证高等级业务的时延和时延抖动很小的情况下，抗高等级业务突发的能力更好。     

A review on the taste masking of bitter APIs: hot-melt extrusion (HME) evaluation

The majority of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) found in oral dosage forms have a bitter taste. Masking the unpleasant taste of bitter, APIs is a major challenge in the development of such oral dosage forms. Taste assessment is an important quality-control parameter for evaluating taste-masked formulations of any new molecular entity. Hot-melt extrusion (HME) techniques, have very recently, been accepted from an industrial compliance viewpoint in relation to both manufacturing operations and development of pharmaceuticals. HME achieves taste masking of bitter APIs via various mechanisms such as the formation of solid dispersions and inter-molecular interactions and this has led to its wide-spread use in pharmaceutical formulation research. In this article, the uses of various taste evaluation methods and HME as continuous processing techniques for taste masking of bitter APIs used for the oral delivery of drugs are reviewed.     

Solvent-free direct formulation of poorly-soluble drugs to amorphous solid dispersion via melt-absorption

To improve the dissolution properties of poorly water soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), a solvent-free melt-absorption process was applied to directly load the APIs into mesoporous SBA-15 silica powder as an amorphous solid dispersion. Two model compounds, poorly aqueous soluble ibuprofen (IBU) and fenofibrate (FEN), were individually mixed with SBA-15 powder and heated above their respective melting points. Upon cooling, the physicochemical and solid-state properties of the solid dispersions were investigated by N₂ adsorption, DSC, XRD, SEM and solid-state NMR. The molten API was found to be absorbed into the pores, confined within the nano-channels of SBA-15, and re-solidified to an amorphous solid dispersion. Due to the amorphous properties, the APIs showed a significant enhancement in dissolution rate as compared with the untreated crystalline APIs. Although the amorphous forms were not at thermodynamic equilibrium, the APIs exhibited excellent solid-state physical stability even under accelerated stress conditions. In comparison with APIs loaded using a co-spray drying process (previous work), the melt-absorption process required no organic solvent, produced powders with a coarser size distribution and more desirable flow properties. This solvent-free direct melt-absorption process can be used to formulate a wide range of poorly soluble drugs to be amorphous solid dispersions.     

Preparation and characterization of nanoporous thin films from fully aliphatic polyimides

Fully aliphatic polyimides (APIs) were prepared from rel-(1'R,3S5'S)-spiro[furan-3(2H),6'-[3]oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane]-2,2',4',5(4H)-tetrone (DAn) as unsymmetrical spiro dianhydride, and either cis-trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane (mix-DACH) or trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane (trans-DACH) as diamine. Structure of all prepared monomers and polymers was confirmed via 1H-NMR and FT-IR. The solubility, optical transparency, and thermal properties of the full APIs were investigated. The solubility and decomposition temperature of the full APIs were found to be correlated with their intermolecular regularity confirmed via wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). Triblock copolyimides were synthesized through the incorporation of a thermally labile polymer, poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), into the full APIs, and their thermal properties were studied via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Nanoporous thin films of the full APIs were prepared via thermolysis of the labile block in the copolyimide films. Phase separation and nanopore formation in the copolymer films were confirmed via atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Nanoporous pores were successfully prepared inside the films.     

Practical methods for improving flow properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients

Objective: The essential aim of this article is to develop effective methods for improving the flow properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) without requiring particle size or shape modification. Methods: The ‘formulation’ approach used here focuses on enhancing flow properties of three chemically different drug powders (micronized acetaminophen, levalbuterol tartrate, and didesmethylsibutramine tartrate) by using small amounts of lubricants, glidants, and other additives, both individually and in combination. Additives are intimately mixed using a laboratory-scale V-blender with an intensifier bar. Flow index, dilation, and electrical impedance were measured for a total of 24 blends. Results: The flow behavior of all three APIs improved with the addition of these additives. Relative effectiveness of different additive combinations displayed remarkable consistency for all three APIs. Simultaneous presence of SiO2, MgSt, and talc led to substantial decreases in cohesiveness, causing major improvements in flowability of powder. All three properties showed a very tight correlation. Conclusions: Drug powders with improved flow were found to exhibit low dilation and low impedance values. A common linear correlation between flow index and impedance and also between dilation and impedance was observed for all three APIs, indicating that electric properties play a substantial role in the cohesivity of all three APIs, and suggesting the presence of a common mechanism for the emergence (and mitigation) of cohesive phenomena.     

Supramolecular Metal–Phenolic Gels for the Crystallization of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

The use of supramolecular gel media for the crystallization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is of interest for controlling crystal size, morphology, and polymorphism, as these features determine the performance of pharmaceutical formulations. In contrast to supramolecular systems prepared from synthetic gelators, herein, supramolecular metallogels based on a natural polyphenol (tannic acid) are used for the crystallization of APIs. The gel‐grown API crystals exhibit considerable differences in size, morphology, and polymorphism when compared with those formed in solutions. These physical features can also be tailored by varying the gel composition and additives, suggesting an influence of the gel medium on the crystallization outcomes. Furthermore, these gel–API crystal composites can be used for sustained drug release, indicating their potential as drug delivery systems. The facile preparation of these supramolecular gels and the use of naturally abundant components in their synthesis provide a generic platform for studying gel‐mediated crystallization of diverse APIs.     

Pharmaceutical compound content of municipal solid waste

The occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in landfills has been largely neglected. Once discarded in municipal solid waste (MSW), pharmaceuticals within a landfill may undergo degradation, adsorption, or enter the leachate and eventually exit the landfill. The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) concentration of MSW was predicted using available statistics on medication usage and directly measured by a MSW composition study. Estimation calculations resulted in a potential concentration of APIs from 7.4 to 45 mg/kg of MSW, varying with the percentage of dispensed medications assumed to become unused. Direct measurement resulted in the collection of 22 APIs comprising a total of 22,910 mg. This resulted in a final concentration of 8.1 mg/kg within MSW. Additionally, 45 empty medication containers were collected which potentially contained 33 differing APIs upon disposal.     

Tribo-electrification of pharmaceutical powder blends

Abstract

It is well known in industrial applications involving powders and granular materials that the presence of electrostatic charges influences drastically the material flowing properties. The triboelectric charges are produced during flow at the contacts between the grains and at the contacts between the grains and the container. Unfortunately, the triboelectric effect is still poorly understood, even at the fundamental level. Therefore, the approach to solve practical problems is mostly empirical. Moreover, reproducible electrostatic measurements are difficult to perform. In the present study, the ability of a set of excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to produce electrostatic charges during flow in contact with different materials is analyzed with a recently developed instrument called GranuCharge. While different excipients have almost the same triboelectric behavior and a low chargability, APIs show complex triboelectric properties. Some APIs charge a lot while other APIs charge less. Afterward, the electrostatic behavior of API/excipient blends is considered. We show that the net charge of the blend is a complex function of the relative quantity of API in the mixture. Moreover, both the quantity and the sign of the charge are found to depend on the material in contact with the powder during the flow.     

Electroluminescence and electron transport characteristics of aromatic polyimides containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety

Single and double layer polymer light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated by using 2,5-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (BAO)-based aromatic polyimides (APIs). All the resultant APIs have high glass transition temperatures (T_g > 250 °C) and high thermal decomposition temperatures (T_d > 510 °C). The APIs exhibit broad fluorescent characteristic, and the fluorescent intensity is related to the intermolecular chain's orientation. BAO-3,3′-oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) and BAO-4,4′-(hexafluoro-iso-propylidene) diphthalic anhydride show electroluminescent property in single layer LED devices. By inserting BAO-ODPA in the poly(p-phenylene vinylene)-poly(vinylalcohol) LED device to form a double layer device, the EL efficiency can be improved by two orders of magnitude.     

Selective imaging of active pharmaceutical ingredients in powdered blends with common excipients utilizing two-photon excited ultraviolet-fluorescence and ultraviolet-second order nonlinear optical imaging of chiral crystals

Second order nonlinear optical imaging of chiral crystals (SONICC) and two-photon excited fluorescence measurements [both autofluorescence and two-photon excited UV-fluorescence (TPE-UVF)] were assessed for the selective detection of APIs relative to common pharmaceutical excipients. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) compose only a small percentage of most tabulated formulations, yet the API distribution within the tablet can affect drug release and tablet stability. Complementary measurements using either UV-SONICC (266 nm detection) or TPE-UVF were shown to generate signals >50-fold more intense for a model API (griseofulvin) than those produced by common pharmaceutical excipients. The combined product of the measurements produced signals >10(4)-fold greater than the excipients studied. UV-SONICC or TPE-UVF produced greater selectivity than analogous measurements with visible-light detection, attributed to the presence of aromatic moieties within the API exhibiting strong one and two photon absorption at ~266 nm. Complementary SONICC and fluorescence measurements allowed for the sensitive detection of the three-dimensional distribution of tadalafil within a Cialis tablet to a depth of >140 μm.     

Temperature-triggered gelation and controlled drug release via NIPAAm/NVP-based hydrogels

Novel physically crosslinked hydrogels based on N-isopropylacrylamide and 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone were synthesised using photopolymerisation. The gelation behaviour of the copolymers was investigated using modulated differential scanning calorimetry, oscillatory rheological analysis and the test tube inversion method. A number of the samples gelled spontaneously under physiological conditions and importantly did not undergo syneresis within the desired temperature window. Two active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), diclofenac sodium and procaine hydrochloride, were entrapped within the thermogelling materials by increasing external test temperature. The temperature-triggered gelation of the copolymer gels was used as a means of controlling the release of the APIs, and was found to retard the dissolution rate significantly.