CNP1500堆芯燃料管理设计

CNP1500是一个轻水慢化和冷却的四环路压水堆核电站.反应堆堆芯由205个AFA-3GXL燃料组件组成;堆芯冷态活性段高度为426.7cm;等效直径为347.0cm.反应堆热功率输出为4250MW,平均线功率密度为179.5W/cm.计算结果表明,平衡循环堆芯的循环长度为470等效满功率天;各循环堆芯所有状态下的慢化剂温度系数均为负值;各循环热态满功率、无控制棒、平衡氙状态下的核焓升因子F△H都低于限值;最大卸料组件燃耗小于55000MW·d/t(U);各循环寿期末停堆裕量满足设计准则;低泄漏堆芯装载降低了反应堆压力容器的辐照损伤,有利于延长压力容器的使用寿命.本文介绍了四环路压水堆核电站堆芯燃料管理设计方案及主要计算结果.     

CNP1000核电站的大破口失水事故与线功率裕量分析

CNP1000核电站是我国正在进行概念设计之中的100万千瓦级核电站。为了提高核电站的可靠性、安全性和经济性,CNP1000核电站将要采用18个月长寿期换料和满足15%的线功率裕量的设计方案。本文同时计算了线功率为427.61W/cm和395.69W/cm两种堆型的大破口失水事故和线功率裕量。分析表明,采用177盒燃料组件,线功率为395.69W/cn的反应堆更容易达到15%线功率裕量。     

HFETR堆芯及φ63辐照孔道γ释热研究

采用蒙特卡罗方法对高通量工程试验堆堆芯内的γ释热分布进行了详细的计算分析和研究,并对堆芯内φ63辐照孔道在不同状态下的γ释热分布进行了详细准确的研究。计算结果表明：堆芯内γ释热功率为3．29MW,燃料元件功率62．8MW,分别占堆芯总功率（70MW）的4．7％和89．7％;3个φ63辐照孔道内单位质量介质γ释热率分别为：G7孔道为3．016W／g,P12孔道为3．733W／g,P15孔道为3．627W／g。本研究为HFETR堆芯及各组件的热工安全分析提供了必要的数据,保证了反应堆的安全运行,节约了反应堆的运行成本,提高了反应堆的经济性。     

CNP650长燃料循环长短交替运行管理研究

海南核电厂1、2号机组采用我国自主设计的CNP650反应堆,由于海南电网存在着明显的用电峰谷期,使得海南核电厂从年换料向长燃料循环过渡的关键在于循环长度差异巨大的长、短交替运行设计。面向上述目标,本文针对CNP650反应堆,完成了新燃料组件类型和富集度设计、新燃料组件数目及布置设计、独立过渡循环设计,得到了CNP650反应堆长、短交替运行的长燃料循环燃料管理策略,从1号机组第5循环开始,通过4个过渡循环,进入循环长度分别为517.3等效满功率天（EFPD）和464.0EFPD的交替运行平衡循环,各项参数满足长燃料循环燃料管理设计要求,有效地解决了海南核电厂长周期运行的特异性需求,可直接应用于海南核电厂长燃料循环运行。      

一体化先进压水堆小型核电站堆芯燃料管理设计

采用SCIENCE核程序包进行装载方案的设计计算,确定了满足设计准则的各个过渡循环至平衡循环的堆芯.选择合理的平衡循环堆芯燃料的富集度、换料燃料组件数以及各循环的装载和换料方式,使平衡循环达到预定的2 a换料循环长度.堆芯采用低泄漏"内-外"式布置,旧燃料组件布置于堆芯外区.第一循环堆芯,高富集度的组件置于堆芯外区,低富集度的组件排列在堆芯内区.第二循环堆芯装入44个富集度为4.95%的新燃料组件,同时卸出44个旧燃料组件,旧燃料组件布置于堆芯外区.第三循环开始到反应堆寿期内的所有堆芯,都只使用含0、12和20根载钆燃料棒的燃料组件.各循环燃料组件最大卸料燃耗满足设计准则要求.     

堆芯跌落事故下反应堆结构功能性评定

堆芯跌落事故会造成堆芯吊篮及支承结构跌落并对压力容器内表面形成冲击,为保证反应堆功能完整性,采用Ludwik扩展来拟合材料应力–应变曲线,考虑堆芯自重、浮力、热膨胀等因素的影响,计算了材料在冷态和热态条件下的应变率,求得堆芯跌落引起的冲击载荷为8294482 N(冷态)和6064537 N(热态),小于压力容器可承受的许用冲击载荷。求得跌落高度为47.44 mm(冷态)和27.63 mm(热态),小于堆芯上板定位销与燃料组件有效配合长度。对受压组件进行了稳定性分析,均不发生屈曲现象。评定结果表明堆芯跌落事故不会影响堆芯功能性。     

群常数库TPLIB-95的宏观检验

介绍了群常数库TPLIB-95的宏观检验。TPLIB-95是中国核数据中心为轻水堆燃料组件计算程序包TPFAP建立的更新群常数库,它是基于JENDL-3.1评价核数据库制作而成的。用5个热堆基准问题,一批压水堆零功率临界实验以及秦山300MW核电厂首循环堆芯和大亚湾900MW核电站首循环堆芯对该库作了计算分析。热堆基准问题的计算结果表     

含MOX燃料堆芯与传统堆芯的辐射特性对比研究

U-Pu混合氧化物(Mixed oxide,MOX)燃料应用前景广阔。以国内M310型堆芯为对象,对使用30%MOX燃料的部分低泄漏堆芯燃料管理方案进行分析,比较了含MOX燃料堆芯和传统的全UO2燃料堆芯在平衡循环下压力容器快中子注量、原子位移次数(Displacement per atom,DPA)和辐照监督管超前因子的特性差异。结果表明,与国内主流的高泄漏全UO2燃料堆芯平衡循环相比,平衡循环压力容器内表面快中子注量率和DPA率小20%左右,343°处的辐照监督管快中子注量率小8%,超前因子大15%;与国内占少数比例的低泄漏全UO2燃料堆芯平衡循环相比,平衡循环压力容器内表面快中子注量率和DPA率大40%左右。进一步分析发现,虽然同等功率下MOX燃料比UO2燃料释放的中子多7%,但与国内主流的高泄漏全UO2燃料堆芯相比,部分低泄漏MOX燃料堆芯的燃料管理方式使堆芯外围组件功率降低,使得压力容器受到的快中子辐照损伤降低。     

热管反应堆燃料经济性影响因素初步探索

热管反应堆通过高温热管从堆芯直接导出热量,系统设计本身就极为简化,较为适宜作为小型核电源的技术选型。燃料经济性是反应堆技术路线选型的重要依据,为详细研究热管反应堆设计对其燃料循环经济性影响,本文初步建立热管反应堆燃料经济性影响因素分析模型,以eVinci反应堆为例,开展了燃料循环经济性影响因素探索研究,获得了总体方案功率规模、堆芯运行温度等因素对热管堆燃料经济性的影响变化趋势。结果表明受燃料价格、铀装量、富集度等综合影响,热管反应堆燃料经济性相对较好的优选热功率规模区间在约1~5 MW。提高堆芯运行温度可使燃料经济性大幅提升,经济性最佳功率区间向高功率规模扩展。      

小型可运输长寿命铅铋冷却快堆堆芯设计研究

为满足偏远地区供电需求,提出了一种小型可运输长寿命铅铋冷却快堆（STLFR）堆芯设计方案,额定热功率为20 MW,在不换料条件下可运行18 EFPY（有效满功率年）。为减小堆芯体积,堆芯采用蜂窝煤型燃料组件,内设若干冷却剂管道,管外为燃料,实现了较高的堆芯燃料体积占比。为展平堆芯径向功率分布,将堆芯燃料区沿径向划分为三区,分别采用不同的冷却剂管道尺寸。为降低堆芯高度,设计使用含高富集度⁶Li的液态锂作为吸收体的液态吸收体控制系统。为降低初始剩余反应性,在堆芯控制组件与安全组件中布置两组固定式可替换吸收体,分别在堆芯燃耗1/3和2/3寿期时替换为固定式反射体。提出的堆芯设计方案在整个运行寿期内满足热工设计限值,控制系统和安全系统能独立满足堆芯控制和停堆要求。采用准静态反应性平衡方法对5种典型无保护事故工况进行分析,初步证明了堆芯具有固有安全特性。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.