生物质热化学转化制氢技术

生物质是一种重要的可再生能源，是氢的载体，与矿物燃料相比，具有挥发分高，硫、氮含量低等优点。无论是从能源角度还是从环境角度，发展生物质制氢技术都具有重要的意义。目前有关生物质制氢方面的研究主要集中在热化学转换法和生物法，文章从热化学转换的角度，进行了几种生物质制氢路线的技术经济分析预测。     

制氢技术和工艺

氢能是最具希望的能源之一，氢能的获得在于制氢原料和制氢途径两大因素。文章详细介绍了目前制氢技术和工艺的发展现状，并根据我国国情提出了利用生物质制氢的能源利用新方式。     

生物质热化学过程制氢技术

生物质是世界上最丰富的可再生资源之一,氢能源是未来理想的能源载体.生物质生长周期短,产量巨大,作为能源利用时,其CO2排放量几乎为零,因此被视为非常有潜力的清洁能源之一.生物质制氢技术主要包括热化学过程和生物过程,其中热化学过程主要是将生物质气化或生成生物油,再进行重整和水气置换反应,从而获得较高产量的氢气.文章介绍了利用生物质热裂解和气化(包括超临界水条件下气化)制氢技术,并对其未来的发展做了展望.     

生物质能开发是误区太阳能开发是方向

从生态学的角度分析，生物质在生态系统营养循环中担负着重要的角色，具有远远超越能源价值的生态价值。大量生物质作为能源使用，只能进一步打破生态系统的营养循环，危害生态系统的健康与可持续发展。而太阳能无论从规模、还是从太阳电池能量转换效率方面分析，都具备成为人类未来能源支柱的发展潜力。     

生物质能开发是误区太阳能开发是方向

从生态学的角度分析，生物质在生态系统营养循环中担负着重要的角色，具有远远超越能源价值的生态价值。大量生物质作为能源使用，只能进一步打破生态系统的营养循环，危害生态系统的健康与可持续发展。而太阳能无论从规模、还是从太阳电池能量转换效率方面分析，都具备成为人类未来能源支柱的发展潜力。     

生物质转型优化能源技术的开发与利用

生物质转型优化能源技术是指将低品位生物质转换为气体、液体、固化和电力等形式的优质能源的技术。本文从环境保护和社会持续发展的角度论述了这为技术需要加快开发利用步伐；概述了国内外生物质转型优化能源技术的进展；指出了客观存在的问题，预测了发展前景，研究了发展对策。     

能源微藻类生物质培养技术及能源物质形态构成

微藻生物能源研究已经成为全球生物质能源科技发展的趋势和热点之一。通过不断改进能源微藻类生物质培养技术,获得大量微藻生物质是微藻能源进行下游能源转化的前提条件。文章从藻细胞能源利用方式与能源微藻规模化生产角度,综述了能源微藻类生物质培养技术研究现状及藻细胞能源物质形态-细胞壁糖类与胞内油脂具体成分构成的研究进展,探讨了在实际户外规模培养中遇到的虫害问题。     

环境低负荷制氢技术及集成制氢系统

讨论了各种环境低负荷的制氢技术。SPE电解水制氢技术成熟,将成为未来主要制氢方法之一。生物化学制氢和半导体光解水制氢仅以太阳能为能源,前景广阔。生物质制氢清洁、节能,值得推广。环境低负荷集成制氢系统综合多种技术,是制氢技术发展的一个趋势。     

国外可再生能源文献信息

GW040401生物质制氢.BROWNKENNETH.BioCy-cle200445(1):54-55.生物质制氢具有很大的发展潜力。尽管生物质制氢的原料是廉价的废弃物,有很大的成本竞争空间,但是目前生物质制氢仍比天然气制氢的费用高。文章介绍了生物质制氢的生物转化技术和热化学转化技术的现状。GW040402生物质加压流化床气化器.HENRICHE,WEIRICHF.EnvironmentalEngineeringScience200421(1):53-64.提出了一个木质纤维素生物质干燥气化的新概念。对农业生物质原料秸秆的加工兼容性问题给予了特别的关注。农业生物质原料的灰分、钾、氯的含量比木材高,灰分…     

生物质气化制氢研究现状

重点讨论生物质催化气化制氢的基本原理和基本过程，阐述生物质催化气化制氢、超临界水中生物质催化气化制氢、等离子体热解气化制氢的研究现状，指出生物质气化制氢的广阔前景。     

Review on fermentative biohydrogen production from water hyacinth,wheat straw and rice straw with focus on recent perspectives

Hydrogen (H₂) is often considered as the best option to store energy coming from renewable sources. Hydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass via fermentation offers low cost and environmental friendly method in terms of energy balance and provides a sustainable pathway for utilization of huge amount of unused biomass. In this regard, special attention on potential of different lignocellulosic biomass is required. In this paper, the fermentative hydrogen production from three carbohydrates-rich biomass: water hyacinth, wheat straw and rice straw is comprehensively reviewed. In other point of view, usage of H₂ has a 10% growth annually that will reach to 8–10% of total energy in 2025. Furthermore, research on recent trends of fermentative hydrogen production is crucial and vital. However, the majority of the published researches in the last decade confirmed that some challenges exists which are the process optimization, effecting parameters and commercialization aspects.     

Review of renewable energy-based hydrogen production processes for sustainable energy innovation

In this review, we primarily analyze the hydrogen production technologies based on water and biomass, including the economic, technological, and environmental impacts of different types of hydrogen production technologies based on these materials, and comprehensively compare them. Our analyses indicate that all renewable energy-based approaches for hydrogen production are more environmentally friendly than fossil-based hydrogen generation approaches. However, the technical ease and economic efficiency of hydrogen production from renewable sources of energy needs to be further improved in order to be applied on a large scale. Compared with other renewable energy-based methods, hydrogen production via biomass electrolysis has several advantages, including the ease of directly using raw biomass. Furthermore, its environmental impact is smaller than other approaches. Moreover, using a noble metal, catalyst-free anode for this approach can ensure a considerably low power consumption, which makes it a promising candidate for clean and efficient hydrogen production in the future.     

Political,economic and environmental impacts of biomass-based hydrogen

The purpose of this study is to assess the political, economic and environmental impacts of producing hydrogen from biomass. Hydrogen is a promising renewable fuel for transportation and domestic applications. Hydrogen is a secondary form of energy that has to be manufactured like electricity. The promise of hydrogen as an energy carrier that can provide pollution-free, carbon-free power and fuels for buildings, industry, and transport makes it a potentially critical player in our energy future. Currently, most hydrogen is derived from non-renewable resources by steam reforming in which fossil fuels, primarily natural gas, but could in principle be generated from renewable resources such as biomass by gasification. Hydrogen production from fossil fuels is not renewable and produces at least the same amount of CO₂ as the direct combustion of the fossil fuel. The production of hydrogen from biomass has several advantages compared to that of fossil fuels. The major problem in utilization of hydrogen gas as a fuel is its unavailability in nature and the need for inexpensive production methods. Hydrogen production using steam reforming methane is the most economical method among the current commercial processes. These processes use non-renewable energy sources to produce hydrogen and are not sustainable. It is believed that in the future biomass can become an important sustainable source of hydrogen. Several studies have shown that the cost of producing hydrogen from biomass is strongly dependent on the cost of the feedstock. Biomass, in particular, could be a low-cost option for some countries. Therefore, a cost-effective energy-production process could be achieved in which agricultural wastes and various other biomasses are recycled to produce hydrogen economically. Policy interest in moving towards a hydrogen-based economy is rising, largely because converting hydrogen into useable energy can be more efficient than fossil fuels and has the virtue of only producing water as the by-product of the process. Achieving large-scale changes to develop a sustained hydrogen economy requires a large amount of planning and cooperation at national and international alike levels.     

Metabolic flux analysis of the hydrogen production potential in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803

Hydrogen is a promising energy vector; however, finding methods to produce it from renewable sources is essential to allow its wide-scale use. In that line, biological hydrogen production, although it is considered as a possible alternative, requires substantial improvements to overcome its present low yields. In that direction, genetic manipulation probably will play a central role and from that point of view metabolic flux analysis (MFA) constitutes an important tool to guide a priori most suitable genetic modifications oriented to a hydrogen yield increase.In this work MFA has been applied to analyze hydrogen photoproduction of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Flux analysis was carried out based on literature data and several basic fluxes were estimated in different growing conditions of the system. From this analysis, an upper limit for hydrogen photoproduction has been determined indicating a wide margin for improvement. MFA was also used to find a feasible operating space for hydrogen production, which avoids oxygen inhibition, one of the most important limitations to make hydrogen production cost effective. In addition, a set of biotechnological strategies are proposed that would be consistent with the performed mathematical analysis.     

Hydrogen: A brief overview on its sources,production and environmental impact

A brief overview is presented involving the terms of availability of hydrogen, its properties and possible sources and its production methods, and finally, its relationship with renewable energy utilisation, environment and climate.Solar hydrogen, preferably obtained from water, is confirmed once more to be the most environment and climate compatible (causing the least damage), energy source; though not necessarily the most economic one. Production cost of hydrogen obtained from terrestrial biomass, is not the lowest either, however carbon-neutral feature of terrestrial biomass renders it highly desirable in view of steep rise in global temperature.     

Thermo chemical conversion of biomass - Eco friendly energy routes

Biomass is indirect source of solar energy and it is renewable in nature. It is one of the most important energy source in near future because of its extensive spread availability and promising potential to reduce global warming. Thermo chemical conversion of biomass yield variety of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and have equal importance both at industrial and ecological point of views. Present review gives holistic view of various thermo-chemical conversion route of biomass. Gasification technology, pyrolysis options and scope of potential by product from there routes like hydrogen and charcoal production comprehensively reviewed with present context.     

Review on effective parameters in electrochemical hydrogen storage

Today, energy has become one of the most important concerns of developing countries. The use of non-renewable energy sources, as well as the production of pollution, has led to growing efforts to replace fossil fuels, which are the most important energy sources in the modern world. Hydrogen as a clean fuel has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Various methods have been reported for the production and storage of hydrogen. According to their advantages and disadvantages, it can be said that electrochemical hydrogen storage method is superior to other methods in terms of cost, safety, and optimum condition. The electrochemical hydrogen storage is done in a variety of techniques, and in recent years, the chronopotentiometry method has become one of the most popular methods for scientists. In chronopotentiometry technique, several parameters such as the reference electrode, the counter electrode, the working electrode, electrolyte, and current density are important. In this review, we investigated the articles that have been done in this regard from 2000 to 2020. This review can help scientists to better understand the electrochemical hydrogen storage system.     

Potential of renewable hydrogen production for energy supply in Hong Kong

Hong Kong is highly vulnerable to energy and economic security due to the heavy dependence on imported fossil fuels. The combustion of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental pollution. Therefore, it is important to explore the opportunities for clean renewable energy for long-term energy supply. Hong Kong has the potential to develop clean renewable hydrogen energy to improve the environmental performance. This paper reviews the recent development of hydrogen production technologies, followed by an overview of the renewable energy sources and a discussion about potential applications for renewable hydrogen production in Hong Kong. The results show that although renewable energy resources cannot entirely satisfy the energy demand in Hong Kong, solar energy, wind power, and biomass are available renewable sources for significant hydrogen production. A system consisting of wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) panels coupled with electrolyzers is a promising design to produce hydrogen. Biomass, especially organic waste, offers an economical, environmental-friendly way for renewable hydrogen production. The achievable hydrogen energy output would be as much as 40% of the total energy consumption in transportation.     

Biomass-based energy fuel through biochemical routes: A review

Energy demand is increasing continuously due to rapid growth in population and industrialization development. The development of energy sources is not keeping pace with spiraling consumption. Even developed countries are not able to compensate even after increasing the energy production multifold. The major energy demand is provided from the conventional energy sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc. Two major problems, which every country is facing with these conventional fuels, are depletion of fossil fuels and deterioration of environment.The present review article aims to highlight various biochemical processes for conversion of biomass into biological hydrogen gas and ethanol. The present discussion focuses on hydrogen production through various routes viz. fermentative, photosynthesis and biological water gas shift reaction. In addition, emphasis has been laid on ethanol as biomass-based energy fuel. The discussion has been focused on the technology for ethanol production from various biomass sources such as molasses, lignocellulosic feedstock and starch. Various biochemical processes and their major steps involved during the ethanol production from biomass have been discussed in detail.