An apparatus for the determination of the ignition time of fabrics

In this paper an apparatus is presented by means of which it is possible to measure the ignition time with a very high accuracy, namely 0.01 s. This apparatus has been developed not only for determining the ignition time of fabrics and end products such as curtains, garments, beds, upholstered chairs and toys, but also as an igniting source for use in studying the flame propagation. By using the apparatus it is possible to separate the burning phase from the ignition phase.     

High pressure CO2 inactivation of food: A multi-batch reactor system for inactivation kinetic determination

A multi-batch apparatus was developed for investigating food inactivation by high-pressure CO₂, both for performing preliminary studies on CO₂–substrate interactions and for measuring the inactivation kinetics of the microorganisms suspended in food matrices. Experiments were carried out for inoculated liquid growth medium and fruit juices, using the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 and Pichia awry wild type as test microorganisms. Different combinations of temperature (38 and 32 °C), pressure (90 and 75 bar) and treatment time were investigated. The logarithmic inactivation kinetic curves showed a quite linear behavior with a slope change in some cases. It was also shown that the pasteurization degree of the considered foodstuffs depends on the physical–chemical properties of the treated substrate.The proposed multi-reactors system allows to save both working time and materials, giving a better collection of experimental data in terms of reliability and homogeneity.     

CFZ-86催化反应装置及其性能研究

本文介绍了用于催化剂评价和研究化学反应动力学的CFZ-86模型催化反应装置。其反应部分设计成4根反应管并联,可同时用作催化剂快速筛选;装置采用在线色谱分析,自动化程度较高;经实验考察表明,该装置操作稳定可靠,性能良好,实验结果精度高,可适用于实验室评价催化剂与催化反应动力学研究。     

Do Pine Voles (Microtus pinetorum) Use Numerous Types of Olfactory Cues to Discriminate Gender?

Olfactory cues can contain information for discrimination of gender that can affect subsequent social interactions. Social rodents are hypothesized to use more olfactory cues than nonsocial rodents to distinguish males from females. The generality of this hypothesis was tested using the pine vole (Microtus pinetorum), a social vole. We examined nine possible sources of odors. A slide containing an odor from a male and a female was presented to each test subject for 3 min. We recorded the amount of time each test subject spent investigating each odor. Females spent significantly more time investigating male urine and male anogenital odors; however, they did not use any other odor sources to discriminate gender. In contrast, males did not use any odor sources to discriminate gender. Our results do not support the hypothesis that all social rodents use numerous odor sources to discriminate gender. Instead, our results are consistent with the alternative hypothesis that use of odor sources to convey information about gender may differ in rodents that live in different microhabitats.     

浅谈地质构造物理模拟实验台

地质构造物理模拟试验台是实现地质构造物理模拟的实验装置,在查阅了相关资料的基础上,总结了构造物理模拟实验及试验台的研究历史与研究现状,并列举了国内外典型的实验装置,指出了当前试验台的发展特点与不足。     

Measurement of the Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel Using a Modified Karl Fischer Apparatus

Oxidative stability is an important parameter in the characterisation of fats and oils. The determination of this parameter with a Rancimat apparatus is very costly. The alternative modified Karl Fischer (KF) apparatus works on the same principle as the Rancimat, i.e., a conductivity based determination of volatile degradation products and automatic plotting of the conductivity against time. The apparatuses were compared by taking five different samples of methyl esters at different temperature ranges. The results indicate that the modified KF apparatus can be used for the determination of oxidation stability of biodiesel with comparable values of sensitivity, repeatability and reproducibility.     

Réalisation d'un appareil d'Analyse Thermique Différentielle pour l'étude des produits organiques,contrǒle par un thermomètre à contact variable et un autotransformateur tournant

New Differential Thermo Analysis Apparatus for the Testing of Organic Substances The authors describe, a new heating and regulating apparatus for the differential thermo analysis of organic substances in a range of ?100° to +300°C. The apparatus has a contact thermometer whose range can be changed by a right-left changeable synchronmotor. The heating capacity is changed with an automatically controlled regulating transformer which receives the regulating impulses apart from a contact thermometer from a R-C-part as well. It is therefore possible to divide heating and cooling in separate time and thermal steps. Again the control gives the amount of correction for the regulation of heating so that the reproducible thermal and time cycles are run which permit the accurate analysis of, for example, the transformation points of the triglycerides. Along with the circuit diagram and a functional diagram, two examples of thermograms taken with this apparatus are given.     

The theory of the practice of steam deodorization of saponifiable oils

Summary The pressure of steam entering the deodorizer is approximately half the pressure of the steam supply. The relative dimension of the apparatus and form of the outlet may be calculated from the equation given in the paper. To shorten the time of deodorization the most important factors are low pressure in the deodorizer and high temperature of the oil. In the application of the counter current principle which amounts to the same thing as continuous deodorization the apparatus used is a tower in which the air is admitted at the top and the steam at the bottom. The whole apparatus is maintained under reduced pressure and the oil is withdrawn from the apparatus in a finished condition, while the odoriferous matter is carried over with the steam into a condenser at the top of the apparatus. The advantages which may be claimed are short time of contact with the steam and economy in the use of steam.     

常温高压下气体在液体中溶解度测定装置的研制

建立了一套常温高压下气体在液体中溶解度的测定装置,压力可达10 MPa。装置具有以下特点:采用逆流双循环流程;气、液二相都由电磁泵循环;平衡釜上装有两组圆形视镜便于控制液面;在流动的管路中取样;死体积小;采用液体为恒温介质,恒温槽温度控制良好;耐腐蚀等。从二个方面对装置的可靠性进行了检验。对产生误差的因素进行了全面的分析,表明实验结果的精度在1％以内。当文献上查不到所测体系的常压溶解度x_o时,可根据本文提出的方法从高压实验数据回归出     

Apparatus for rapid casting of tubular cellulose acetate reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration membranes

An improved apparatus is described for making tubular cellulose acetate membranes for reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration applications. The incorporation of an adjustable centering-bob and a sleeve in the design of the casting-bob housing, and the inclusion of an automatically controlled electrical water probe at the bottom of the casting-bob are the novel features of the apparatus. The adjustable centering-bob offers the capability of regulating the passage for the flow of the casting solution during film casting; this capability makes the casting-bob housing useful for a wide range of casting solution viscosities necessary for making both reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration membranes. The sleeve incorporated in the design makes it possible to switch from one tube-casting to the next immediately without any need for the intermediate time consuming operation of cleaning up the casting-bob system. Thus a single casting-bob housing is sufficient for making a plurality of membranes, one after another, with little loss of time between castings. The water probe maintains in the casting tube any desired length of air-zone for the freshly cast membrane. The operation of the apparatus is amenable to a high degree of automation. These features make the apparatus particularly suitable for industrial utilization.     

Limiting Cases of the Equations of the Wave Model of Longitudinal Dispersion Accompanied by a Chemical Reaction

The relationship between the wave (relaxation) and diffusion models of longitudinal dispersion accompanied by a chemical reaction in an apparatus is analyzed. Of greatest interest is the limiting form of the wave-model equations for a case where the relaxation time is relatively short as compared to the time of mass (heat) transfer through the apparatus. The limiting equation of the wave model corresponds to the equation of the diffusion model if the dispersion coefficient depends on the concentration of the desired substance in a certain way. Comparison is performed with other models and the exact (numerical) solution to the problem of the dispersion of the substance throughout a round pipe in which there is a Poiseuille flow accompanied by a first-order chemical reaction.     

Rationalisierung des Zeichnungswesens im Chemie-Apparatebau

Rationalizing drawings for chemical apparatus . For small and medium-sized manufacturers of apparatus, producing drawings may constitute a disproportionate waste of time and personnel, particularly when no new designs are involved but only modification or improvement of drawings supplied by the customer. One possibility for rationalizing drawing is to simplify the old-fashioned approach by using symbols for frequently drawn or standard items, or by listing alphanumerically. This presumes a kind of systematization permitting determination of those symbols and their reasonable use, as well facilitating rationalization by means of data processing. There are different approaches to computer-aided drawing (from computer controlled drawing-board to interactive screens); here a CAD programme is presented which was especially developed for graphic presentation of chemical apparatus, and which can be used without learning a programming language.     

Effect of the Flow Pattern on the Convective Heat Transfer Efficiency in Tubular Apparatuses

The heat-transfer coefficient in a divergent–convergent tubular apparatus is 1.4–1.7 times larger than that in a cylindrical apparatus, the specific output of the divergent–convergent tubular apparatus is 1.3–1.4 times higher than that of the cylindrical apparatus, and the residence time of a reaction mixture (or a heat-transfer medium) in the heat-transfer zone of the divergent–convergent tubular apparatus is 1.8 times shorter than that of the cylindrical apparatus. A relationship is revealed between the heat-transfer coefficient and the liquid flow pattern.     

Selective Seasonal Fatty Acid Accumulation and Mobilization in the Wild Raccoon Dog (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nyctereutes procyonoides</Emphasis>)

Previous studies on laboratory rodents, rabbits and humans have demonstrated that fatty acid (FA) mobilization from white adipose tissue (WAT) is selective and its efficiency is related to FA structure. Selective FA mobilization was also documented in a carnivore, the farmed raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), fasted for 8 weeks. The present study explored whether similar selectivity of FA mobilization was manifested in wild mammals experiencing seasonal food scarcity and abundance. Fractional mobilization from and incorporation into WAT of a wide spectrum of FA were studied by gas–liquid chromatography from the subcutaneous WAT of free-ranging raccoon dogs with the same individuals sampled in consecutive seasons. The wintertime FA mobilization was selective and mostly confirmed the patterns of FA release in captivity. Mobilization correlated inversely with the FA chain length but increased with unsaturation and when the first double bond was located closer to the methyl end. 18–20C n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and 14–17C monounsaturated FA (MUFA) were preferentially mobilized while 19–24C saturated FA and MUFA were preserved during wintering. The summertime FA incorporation correlated inversely with the chain length and increased with unsaturation and in MUFA and PUFA with double bonds closer to the methyl end. The principles of selective FA mobilization were valid in wild mammals. FA incorporation was also selective and reversed the wintertime losses of the preferably mobilized FA.     

静电场和离心力场联合分离水/油型乳状液

（1）对搅动下水／油型（W／O)乳状液的静电分离过程作了理论分析,从极化角度对外电场促使水滴聚结的原因给予定量解释;提出极化水滴“二分子”碰撞、聚结的假设,并阐述了极化水滴聚结的动力学过程.(2)采用一种新型（同时具有静电场和离心力场）静电分离器对水／煤油─Span80乳状液进行了分离实验．分别研究了乳状液停留时间、含水量、电压以及油相粘度等对破乳率的影响,结果表明水滴“二分子”碰撞、聚结的假设较好地描述了水滴在电场下聚结的动力学过程;破乳实验设备由于使用高速离心场替代传统重力场,使得破乳效果有明显提高．     

五种化合物临界温度和临界压力的测定

The critical properties of five compounds,including propanal,butanal,1-pentanal,2-methel butanal and trimer of ethanal,were determined for the first time by a new capillary quick-flow method. The apparatus was improved with a capillary tube and checked with hexane and 1-heptene as standard reagents. The experimental results proved that the determination of critical properties by quick-flow method with a capillary tube apparatus was successful.     

Untersuchungen zur Autoxidation von Fetten und Ölen mit Hilfe einer Chemilumineszenz-Methode

Investigations about the Autoxidation of Fats and Oils by a Chemiluminescence Method The oxidative stability of different oils was determined by a Rancimat apparatus. Samples of oils obtained at definite time intervals from the Rancimat were measured by a chemiluminescence method. Thereby the hydroperoxides formed during the first step of the autoxidation and radicals react in presence of a catalyst with Luminol. The results are presented in dependence of the storage time and discussed with relation to the results of the Rancimat apparatus. There is a good correlation between both methods (r = 0.9865).     

化妆品中1，3-二羟甲基-5，5-二甲基海因含量的测定

运用凯氏定氮的原理,采用Turbotherm红外快速模块式消化器及Gerhardt凯氏定氮仪对应用于化妆品中的防腐剂1,3-二羟甲基-5,5-二甲基海因(DMDMH)的量进行测定,得出了较佳消化条件:催化剂3.5 g,浓硫酸8 mL(相对于1 g DMDMH),只需消化80 min;较佳蒸馏时间为5 min。结果表明,试样测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.12%(n=9)。     

SOURCES OF ERROR IN GLASS VOLUMETRIC APPARATUS1

The most serious source of error is the original calibrating operation. Errors introduced are due principally to following causes: (a) volumetric inaccuracy, (b) variation of bore, (c) delivery time, (d) incorrect marking of the meniscus, (e) after-working of the glass. Elimination of errors due to these causes is discussed. An apparatus for the calibration of volumetric apparatus is described. A source of error that is not usually recognized is the occurence of after-changes in the glass during a period immediately following manufacture. The length of this period varies with the composition of the glass. Experiments by the writer upon glass volumetric apparatus show that a period of seven months is usually sufficient in order to avoid excessive error from this source.     

水蒸气蒸馏装置的优化

对大学有机化学实验中的"水蒸气蒸馏"装置的气密性、安全性、能源的利用率进行优化,探讨和研究了其应用于大学有机化学实验教学的可行性和优越性。与传统的"水蒸气蒸馏"装置相比优化后的装置的的节约能源、缩短时间、安全性能好,有较好的实用价值。