Storage of bituminous coals under argon

Two bituminous coals, crushed to < 0.32 cm ($\text{1}\text{8}$ in), have been stored for 455 days under argon at room temperature and examined for indications of oxidation. The only changes noted over this time were a 20–30% reduction in maximum fluidity from the Gieseler plastometer test for both coals, and conversion of 5% of the pyrite to iron oxyhydroxide in one coal. Although minor, these changes do indicate that more stringent conditions are necessary to minimize oxidation during long-term storage (>2 years).     

Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry of Kentucky bituminous coals

A detailed investigation has been made of the thermal characteristics of six Kentucky bituminous coals undergoing pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere at three different heating rates. The specific heats of the coals and the enthalpy changes characterizing their thermal degradation were measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermogravimetry was employed to measure the attendant weight changes, which were used to normalize the heat flow data to unit sample weight, enabling a quantitative comparison of the thermal behaviour of the several coals. The specific heats of the dry coals lie in the range 1.21–1.47 J gK^?1, 100–300 °C. The exothermic heat flow from 300 to 550 °C, where the major weight loss occurs, has been associated with the primary carbonization process, the development of the plastic state, and the onset of secondary gasification, which is responsible for coke formation. In the high pyritic sulphur coals, the endothermic pyrite/pyrrhotite transformation at ≈580 °C is clearly defined. A preliminary global kinetic analysis of the thermogravimetric data has been made, using a modified Kissinger equation at the maximum rate of weight loss. Activation energy and pre-exponential factor values of the order 198–220 kJ mol ^?1 and 2–85×10¹²s^?1 have been obtained. These compare well with the limited published values for similar coals.     

Maceral and microlithotype response to oil agglomeration for selected eastern Kentucky high volatile A bituminous coals

The petrographic response of three high volatile A bituminous, petrographically complex eastern Kentucky coals to oil agglomeration was tested using several agglomerating oils. Four oils, hexane, fuel oil, kerosene, and pentane, were tested on the Leatherwood coal, the intermediate coal in the rank series. The testing scheme for the other two coals consisted of using only the hexane and fuel oil with a lesser number of tests than on the initial coal tested. Coal rank emerges as a significant parameter in the behavior of the coals. Particularly for the hexane agglomeration, the coals had quite different behaviors, with the highest-rank coal having greater clean-coal yield at lower oil concentrations than the other two coals. The two high-rank coals exhibit similar yield curves for fuel oil, with the lower-rank coal achieving the yield of the latter coals at higher oil concentrations. The role of the organic petrography and the mineral matter, both closely associated with the macerals in carbominerite microlithotypes and organic-dominant microlithotypes, is an obvious complicating factor. A tendency for duroclarite, the vitrinite-rich trimaceral microlithotype, to partition between vitrinite-rich varieties in the concentrate and vitrinite-poor varieties in the tails was noted at higher oil concentrations for all three coals.     

Universal size distribution of run-of-mine bituminous coals in the Eastern USA

The economic and environmental penalties resulting from the breakage of coal into fines makes it desirable to understand the breakage mechanism. This could lead to the ability to predict and perhaps minimize the generation of fines. Since breakage begins at the mine, data on size distribution of channel samples hand cut from the mine face of 159 mines in the US Appalachian range and reported by the Bureau of Mines were re-evaluated. Regression analysis to determine Rosin-Rammler constants showed the composite of all 159 coals to have a slope of 0.86 with a correlation coefficient of 0.934. The mean slope for all the coals was 0.876 with a standard deviation of < 10%. However, the Rosin-Rammler intercept showed wider variation. Other data show similar results within each group for 20 UK coals, 4 continuous-mined US coals and 4 conventional-mined US coals. However, each group differed in slope from each other. This suggests there may be a common property for similar coals within a given region, although the actual Rosin-Rammler slope is affected by the mining technique. The nature of this relationship is not understood.     

Excited triplet states in bituminous coal

The intensities of the broad and narrow lines constituting the e.p.r. spectrum of coal depend on the temperature of measurement. The system of paramagnetic centres related to the broad line does not obey the Curie law and consists of free radicals ($\text{S =}\text{1}\text{2}$) and of centres with singlet ground state (S = 0) and lowest-excited triplet state (S = 1). The singlet-triplet excitation energy, J, is comparable with thermal energy, kT, of lattice vibrations. The system of paramagnetic centres related to the narrow line obeys the Curie law ($\text{S =}\text{1}\text{2}$).     

Effect of carbonization temperature on the grindability of carbonaceous material produced from different coals

Carbonization experiments were conducted on four kinds of sub‐bituminous coal particles at a temperature range of 450–1200 °C. The effect of treating temperature on the grindability of produced carbonaceous materials was investigated, and its mechanism was analyzed through various means. Results show that the grindability of all coals, whether caking or slightly‐caking, exhibit the same variation trend with an increase in carbonization temperature. Moreover, the entire process can be divided into four stages. (1) After the most intense devolatilization stage, the grindability of carbonaceous material exhibited different degrees of increase compared with that of raw coal because of the development of a pore structure. (2) The first significant decrease in the grindability occurred from the plastic stage to the complete resolidification of the coal matrix. (3) After the aromatic polycondensation stage accompanied by a large amount of H₂ release, the coal molecular structure became compact, such that the grindability of semi‐coke considerably decreased again. (4) At high temperatures, the coal matrix underwent graphitization, which changed semi‐coke to coke. The molecular structure of coal became ordered, and the grindability decreased again. The analysis shows that a change in the internal chemical structure of carbonaceous material has a much more pronounced effect on grindability than a change in its pore structure, except in the first stage. The constant compaction and regularization of the coal molecular structure continued happening throughout the entire process and play a decisive role in the change in grindability.     

反式-1，4-聚异戊二烯及其混炼胶的流变特性

采用孟山都加工性能试验仪研究了反式－1，4－聚异戊二烯（TPI）及其混炼胶的演变特性。结果表明，TPI表观粘度ηa高于NR，SBR和BR，并随着剪切速率的增大或温度的升高而减小；TPI的粘流活化能ΔEη与NR相近，比BR和SBR高；在TPI与NR，SBR和BR并用胶料中加入加工助剂可使加工性能得以改善。     

季戊四醇改性亚麻油的流变学性能

为拓展亚麻油的应用范围,深入了解其理化性能,以磷酸三丁酯为催化剂,用季戊四醇改性亚麻油,采用AR500流变仪研究了该改性油的流变性。结果表明,在较低的剪切速率范围内表现出明显的剪切稀化的非牛顿流体特性,随着季戊四醇添加量的增加,剪切稀化的速率增大;在较高的剪切速率范围内,流体粘度变化不大,表现为牛顿流体;粘度与剪切速率的关系符合cross模型。粘度随温度升高而降低,随季戊四醇添加量增大升高,当温度低于75℃时,粘度温度关系较好,符合Arrhenius公式。     

Rheological properties of polymer-added lubricating oils

Rheological measurements of polyisobutylene solutions are presented. A mineral oil of low viscosity has been used as solvent. The combined effects of concentration, molecular weight and temperature were studied. It is found that the rheological data, when plotted as N₁λ_E/(η-η_s) versus λ_Eγ fall on a master curve over several decades of the dimensionless shear rate, irrespective of temperature, polymer concentration and molecular weight. The findings of this work can be used to address the problem of hydrodynamic lubrication of a journal bearing using a viscoelastic lubricant.     

The mode of occurrence of chlorine in high volatile bituminous coals from the Asturian Central coalfield

The occurrence of chlorine in two high volatile bituminous coals from the Asturian Central coalfield, with a chlorine content about 0.1 wt % has been discussed. The methodology used is based on obtaining the chlorine distribution in different densimetric fractions in gravimetric solutions free of chlorides. It allows the separation of elements that could be bonded to chlorine to study their likely association. Additional information has been obtained by carrying out studies on the solubility in water, and the relation of chlorine with alkaline and alkaline-earth elements. Direct evidence of the presence of chlorine and its chemical association has been gained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). From the results it may be concluded that in the coals studied chlorine is mainly localized in the coal matrix associated to organic matter.     

Rheological and processing properties of purified natural rubber

Studies were performed on the nature and magnitude of the variabilities in the rheological and processing properties of purified natural rubber (PNR). PNR samples were prepared from three clones of NR (RRIM 600, GT 1, and KRS 156). The corresponding whole NR (WNR) containing total nonrubber substances was also prepared for comparative purposes. All samples were stored for 3 months to elucidate the effect of storage on their rheological and processing properties. A novel study was also conducted to determine whether the commonly reported variabilities in the rheological properties had actual effects on the mixing. These were studied by means of an instrumented torque rheometer fitted with a small mixer head. The results showed that the vulcanization time of PNR was consistent and did not show clonal variation. PNR exhibited large clonal variation in the viscosity at a low shear rate and storage hardening, similar to the ordinary NR. However, the variations in the viscosity of PNR became less evident as the shear rates increased toward 200 s^?1. The significant findings were that the observed variations in the rheological properties had no practical effect on the mixing time of PNR samples with carbon black. Moreover, the PNR samples required less energy for mixing than their WNR counterparts. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 456–465, 2005     

Liquid-phase adsorption of phenol by activated carbons prepared from bituminous coals with different oxygen contents

Activated carbons prepared from two bituminous coals were used to adsorb phenol in aqueous solutions. The major difference between the coal precursors is the oxygen content. The carbon preparation consisted of carbonization of the coals followed by activation in CO ₂ to various extents of burn-off. Experimental results show that the amount of phenol adsorbed generally increases with the BET surface area of the carbon. The carbons prepared from the coal with a higher oxygen content have larger surface areas, and, therefore, exhibit higher capacities for phenol. The surface area of the carbon increases with the extent of carbon burn-off, whereas the increase in the adsorptive capacity due to the increasing burn-off level does not show a linear relationship with the increase in area; the ratio of the capacity to BET surface area is not constant and decreases with the burn-off level. This has been attributed to the accessibility of phenol to the surface being affected by the length of diffusion path, which is an increasing function of the burn-off level or the particle size. The amount of phenol adsorbed decreases with the temperature for these carbons. It was found, according to the Langmuir model, that the adsorption process was significantly affected by the oxygen content in the coal precursors. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Rheological properties of UHMWPE/HDPE blend gels and morphology and mechanical properties of gel-spun fibers

To produce polyethylene (PE) fibers with relatively high tensile strength but low cost, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) (UH) blend gels were prepared from paraffin oil and further fabricated into UH blend fibers by gel spinning. This research focused on the rheological properties of UH blend gels with high solid contents (SCs) ranging from 25 to 100 g/L, as well as morphology and mechanical properties of resultant gel-spun UH blend fibers. The rheological measurements indicated that the apparent viscosity, shear storage, and loss moduli of the UH blend gels were not markedly increased compared with those of the UHMWPE gel with much less SC. No obvious solid–liquid phase separation occurred in UH blend gels at a temperature above the sol–gel transition temperature. UH blend fibers were prepared by drawing as-spun fibers (draw ratio [λ] = 3) at 110°C to λ = 15, 45, 60, and 80, respectively. The orientation degree of fibril structure in UH blend fibers increased with increasing λ but the length of fibrils (L_fibril) showed a complex change. The L_fibril of UH blend fibers became larger due to chain arrangement in company with the transformation of the kebab structure to the extended shish structure when the λ was less than 45 but decreased during further elongation (λ = 60 and 80) because of fibril breakage and recrystallization. The change in morphological behavior led to the corresponding change in mechanical properties of resultant gel-spun UH blend fibers. The tensile strength of gel-spun UH55-45 blend fiber (UHMWPE/HDPE = 5/5 and λ = 45) reached 15.6 cN/dtex, which could fulfill the requirement of mechanical properties in common application.     

Macerals in bituminous coals and the coking process: 2. Coal mass properties and coke mechanical properties

Bituminous coals produced in the Ostrava-Karviná coal basin show considerable variation in their maceral composition, vitrinite reflectance and fluidity. There is a close association of the latter with the $\text{H}\text{O}$ atomic ratio expressing the different chemico-structural properties of vitrinites of lower coalification. These properties of the coal mass all influence the coke mechanical properties; moreover the $\text{H}\text{O}{}_{\mathrm{at}}$ parameter is of principal importance to the course of the coking process. Laboratory, pilot-plant and full-scale experiments show that coals rich in inertinite may give cokes of suitable mechanical properties, providing the $\text{H}\text{O}{}_{\mathrm{at}}$, ratio and the bulk density are high enough. It should be noted, however, that these coals contain finely dispersed inertinite in the vitrinite mass and this may have a positive effect on the coke mechanical properties.     

Rheological properties of thermoresponsive nanocomposite hydrogels

Highly elastic and robust nanocomposite hydrogels based on N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and cationic (3‐acrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (AMPTMA) were synthesized by photopolymerization. Nanoscopic clay, laponite XLS, was added in the gels during the synthesis. The effect of a hydrophobic salt, lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LiNTf₂), and clay content on the viscoelastic properties, swelling ratio, and stiffness of the nanocomposite hydrogels were investigated as a function of temperature. Synthetic clay served as a multifunctional cross‐linker, producing hydrogels with enhanced elastic properties. Anionic NTf₂ binds to the cationic comonomer units and significantly affected the viscoelasticity and thermal properties. DSC measurements showed that the volume phase transition temperature and its enthalpy changed with the clay content and with introducing the cationic comonomer (AMPTMA) in the PNIPAM network. With the addition of either laponite XLS or the comonomer and 5 mM solution of LiNTf₂, a fourfold and fivefold increase in elastic modulus was obtained, respectively, compared to that of the homopolymer PNIPAM hydrogel. With increasing the temperature from 20 to 45°C for the copolymer gel with 10% AMPTMA in 5 mM LiNTf₂, the elastic modulus grew 15 times larger. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43123.     

壳聚糖/玉米醇溶蛋白共混膜液体系的流变特性与共混膜的热特性分析

摘 要：将壳聚糖与玉米醇溶蛋白按不同质量比共混得到系列共混膜液 (C/Z-0、C/Z-1、C/Z-3、C/Z-5)并通过溶液浇铸制得相应共混膜。通过旋转流变仪、SEM及DSC分析不同质量比对共混膜液体系的流变特性、共混膜的微观结构及共混膜热特性的影响。结果表明：不同质量比的共混膜液均具有假塑性，且随着玉米醇溶蛋白质量分数的增加，膜液的稠度系数减小，流动指数增大，流动指数从0.849增加到0.882，共混膜液的活化能均逐渐升高。动态频率扫描流变学分析表明，储能模量和损耗模量均表现出对频率的依赖性，且随着玉米醇溶蛋白质量分数的增加，两者数值均上升，此外交叉点向低频方向移动，表明分子间氢键作用力增强。C/Z-1共混膜中壳聚糖与玉米醇溶蛋白的分子结合紧密，相容性好，这也导致了共混膜热稳定性的提高。     

纤维素铜氨溶液的溶解性能及流变性能

研究了纤维素在铜氨溶液中不同溶解条件下的溶解特性,以及纤维素铜氨溶液的流变性能。结果表明:当溶解温度为-10℃,Cu2+浓度为1.4 mol/L,溶解时间1 h时,纤维素在铜氨溶液中有较大的溶解度;纤维素铜氨溶液为假塑性流体,其黏度随温度的升高而降低,随纤维素含量的升高而增大,当纤维素含量较高时,其黏度随温度的变化幅度较大。     

Rheological properties and thermal transitions in millable polyurethane fluoroelastomers

A series of segmented polyurethane fluoroelastomers based on dimethylol‐terminated perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs), aliphatic diisocyanates and allyl functionality is presented. Depending on the type of diisocyanate monomer used, it was found that quite different prepolymer molecular weights were achieved. Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry showed formation of polyphasic copolymers, either amorphous or semi‐crystalline depending on the monomer structure. Rheological measurements showed that much higher zero‐shear viscosity, a shorter Newtonian plateau and more marked shear thinning behaviour were achieved with polyurethanes based on hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or H₁₂‐MDI monomers. Isothermal viscosity curves were fitted with either three‐ or two‐parameter empirical models, and relaxation times of the structures were estimated at the temperature of 120 °C. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

催化裂化油浆用作煤油共炼溶剂的流变性研究

为解决油煤浆输送过程中的沉积和阻力过大等问题,在常压低温条件下,分析了溶剂性质、煤颗粒粒度、催化剂和助催化剂、溶胀、剪切速率、煤浆浓度、配制时间和温度等条件对油煤浆黏度的影响规律。结果表明,在相同条件下,油煤浆黏度随溶剂黏度的增大而增大,随煤颗粒粒度的增加而减小,随催化剂和助催化剂的添加而增加,随煤浆浓度升高而增加。当油煤浆的浓度大于30%时,表观黏度随剪切速率的增大而降低,表现出剪切稀化。煤颗粒在溶剂中溶胀后,使得煤颗粒在煤浆中的体积浓度增大,黏度变大。温度对油煤浆黏度影响较大,黏度随温度的升高而降低,在常压低温条件下,黏度随温度变化呈现一定的定量关系。     

Supercritical gas extraction of Victorian brown coals: The effect of coal properties

A selection of fifteen Victorian brown coals, which varied in lithotype but only slightly in rank, were subjected to supercritical gas extraction with toluene. Seven of these coals were also extracted with 5% tetralin/toluene under the same conditions of temperature and pressure (400 °C and 10 MPa). The overall conversion, the extract yield and the yield of toluene solubles (oil and asphaltene) were correlated with more easily obtained coal properties using simple linear regression analysis. Good correlations were obtained between the total conversions and the volatile matter content of the coals, and for the toluene extractions between both the extract yield and the yield of toluene solubles and the H/C atomic ratio. For the toluene solubles from the toluene extractions, the aromaticity decreased and the molecular weight increased as the H/C atomic ratio of the coal increased. Inorganic constituents of the coals did not appear to have a marked effect on total conversion and liquid yields. Removal of the cations from two coals increased conversion and liquid yields in one case and decreased these in the other, but in both instances the changes were not large.