共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 828 毫秒
1.
Access to legal information and, in particular, to legal literature is examined for the creation of a search and retrieval
system for Italian legal literature. The design and implementation of services such as integrated access to a wide range of
resources are described, with a particular focus on the importance of exploiting metadata assigned to disparate legal material.
The integration of structured repositories and Web documents is the main purpose of the system: it is constructed on the basis
of a federation system with service provider functions, aiming at creating a centralized index of legal resources. The index
is based on a uniform metadata view created for structured data by means of the OAI approach and for Web documents by a machine
learning approach, which, in this paper, has been assessed as regards document classification. Semantic searching is a major
requirement for legal literature users and a solution based on the exploitation of Dublin Core metadata, as well as the use
of legal ontologies and related terms prepared for accessing indexed articles have been implemented.
相似文献
2.
This paper argues that formal models of coherence are useful for constructing a legal epistemology. Two main formal approaches
to coherence are examined: coherence-based models of belief revision and the theory of coherence as constraint satisfaction.
It is shown that these approaches shed light on central aspects of a coherentist legal epistemology, such as the concept of
coherence, the dynamics of coherentist justification in law, and the mechanisms whereby coherence may be built in the course
of legal decision-making.
相似文献
3.
The notions of burden of proof and presumption are central to law, but as noted in McCormick on Evidence, they are also the slipperiest of any of the family of legal terms employed in legal reasoning. However, recent studies of
burden of proof and presumption (Prakken et al. 2005; Prakken and Sartor 2006). Gordon et al. (2007) offer formal models that
can render them into precise tools useful for legal reasoning. In this paper, the various theories and formal models are comparatively
evaluated with the aim of working out a more comprehensive theory that can integrate the components of the argumentation structure
on which they are based. It is shown that the notion of presumption has both a logical component and a dialectical component,
and the new theory of presumption developed in the paper, called the dialogical theory, combines these two components.
相似文献
4.
The quality of business information can significantly affect the operation level of enterprise. This paper analyses the problem
of business information retrieval (BIR). A Bayesian Network Based business information retrieval model (BN-BIRM) is proposed
by means of Bayesian network (BN) and information retrieval (IR) theory and a method for query adaptation is presented. In
this model the customized query requirement of enterprise (CQR) is expressed in terms of the predefined illustrative documents
related to business domain. The similarities between the documents and the query are evaluated with the conditional probabilities
among the nodes in the BN. In the experiments, BN-BIRM is compared with the Belief Network model based on vector space model
(VSM) ranking strategy and the Inference Network model based on TF-IDF ranking strategy. The experimental results show that
BN-BIRM is effective for collecting business information on a large scale.
相似文献
5.
This paper presents a formal reconstruction of a Dutch civil legal case in Prakken’s formal model of adjudication dialogues.
The object of formalisation is the argumentative speech acts exchanged during the dispute by the adversaries and the judge.
The goal of this formalisation is twofold: to test whether AI & law models of legal dialogues in general, and Prakken’s model
in particular, are suitable for modelling particular legal procedures; and to learn about the process of formalising an actual
legal dispute.
相似文献
6.
To get the maximum benefit from ambient intelligence (AmI), we need to anticipate and react to possible drawbacks and threats
emerging from the new technologies in order to devise appropriate safeguards. The SWAMI project took a precautionary approach
in its exploration of the privacy risks in AmI and sought ways to reduce them. It constructed four “dark scenarios” showing
possible negative implications of AmI, notably for privacy protection. Legal analysis of the depicted futures showed the shortcomings
of the current legal framework in being able to provide adequate privacy protection in the AmI environment. In this paper,
the authors, building upon their involvement in SWAMI research as well as the further advancement of EU privacy analysis,
identify various outstanding issues regarding the legal framework that still need to be resolved in order to deal with AmI
in an equitable and efficacious way. This article points out some of the lacunae in the legal framework and postulates several
privacy-specific safeguards aimed at overcoming them.
相似文献
7.
Intellectual property law tends to be viewed as the only (or most significant) mechanism for achieving policy goals relating
to innovation assets. Yet more creative and effective solutions are often available. When analysed from a transdisciplinary
perspective, relying on the cooperative efforts of researchers from fields other than law, innovation governance is characterized
not simply as the product of legal rules, but as a function of the interaction of legal rules, practices and institutions.
When policy-makers seek to identify conditions under which the creation, use and exchange of innovation assets flourishes,
care should be taken to focus on this combination of factors. This article describes the development of an ontology—a computerized
method of representing knowledge as concepts and relations between concepts—to convey such understanding. Policy makers (and
researchers) are provided with an organized, accessible representation of innovation governance that enriches their understanding
and improves their decision-making.
相似文献
8.
The Web has transformed the way organizations interact with clients, customers, and constituents. A large portion of these
groups is often neglected, namely people with disabilities. This study compares federal government, non-profit organization
(NPO), and corporate homepages accessibility to determine how accessible these websites are to people with disabilities and
how they compare to each other. The results indicate that federal homepages (23%), which are mandated to be accessible, are
significantly more accessible than NPO (11%) and corporate homepages (6%).
相似文献
9.
Quantitative usability requirements are a critical but challenging, and hence an often neglected aspect of a usability engineering process. A case study is described where quantitative usability requirements played a key role in the development of a new user interface of a mobile phone. Within the practical constraints of the project, existing methods for determining usability requirements and evaluating the extent to which these are met, could not be applied as such, therefore tailored methods had to be developed. These methods and their applications are discussed. 相似文献
10.
This paper focuses on the issue of translating the relative variation of one shape with respect to another in a template centered
representation. The context is the theory of Diffeomorphic Pattern Matching which provides a representation of the space of
shapes of objects, including images and point sets, as an infinite dimensional Riemannian manifold which is acted upon by
groups of diffeomorphisms. We discuss two main options for achieving our goal; the first one is the parallel translation,
based on the Riemannian metric; the second one, based on the group action, is the coadjoint transport. These methods are illustrated
with 3D experiments.
相似文献
11.
There are only a few ethical regulations that deal explicitly with robots, in contrast to a vast number of regulations, which
may be applied. We will focus on ethical issues with regard to “responsibility and autonomous robots”, “machines as a replacement
for humans”, and “tele-presence”. Furthermore we will examine examples from special fields of application (medicine and healthcare,
armed forces, and entertainment). We do not claim to present a complete list of ethical issue nor of regulations in the field
of robotics, but we will demonstrate that there are legal challenges with regard to these issues.
相似文献
12.
This paper is a preliminary investigation into the application of the formal-logical theory of normative positions to the
characterisation of normative-informational positions, pertaining to rules that are meant to regulate the supply of information. First, we present the proposed framework. Next,
we identify the kinds of nuances and distinctions that can be articulated in such a logical framework. Finally, we show how
such nuances can arise in specific regulations. Reference is made to Data Protection Law and Contract Law, among others. The
proposed approach is articulated around two essential steps. The first involves identifying the set of possible interpretations
that can be given to a particular norm. This is done by using formal methods. The second involves picking out one of these
interpretations as the most likely one. This second step can be resolved only by using further information (e.g., the context
or other parts of the regulation).
相似文献
13.
This paper describes the simulated car racing competition that was arranged as part of the 2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary
Computation. Both the game that was used as the domain for the competition, the controllers submitted as entries to the competition
and its results are presented. With this paper, we hope to provide some insight into the efficacy of various computational
intelligence methods on a well-defined game task, as well as an example of one way of running a competition. In the process,
we provide a set of reference results for those who wish to use the simplerace game to benchmark their own algorithms. The paper is co-authored by the organizers and participants of the competition.
相似文献
14.
The paper reflects on the unique experience of social and technological development in Lithuania since the regaining of independence
as a newly reshaped society constructing a distinctive competitive IST-based model at global level. This has presented Lithuanian
pattern of how to integrate different experiences and relations between generations in implementing complex information society
approaches. The resulting programme in general is linked to the Lisbon objectives of the European Union. The experience of
transitional countries in Europe, each different but facing some common problems, may be useful to developing countries in
Africa.
相似文献
15.
Awareness systems have attracted significant research interest for their potential to support interpersonal relationships.
Investigations of awareness systems for the domestic environment have suggested that such systems can help individuals stay
in touch with dear friends or family and provide affective benefits to their users. Our research provides empirical evidence
to refine and substantiate such suggestions. We report our experience with designing and evaluating the ASTRA awareness system,
for connecting households and mobile family members. We introduce the concept of connectedness and its measurement through
the Affective Benefits and Costs of communication questionnaire (ABC-Q). We inform results that testify the benefits of sharing
experiences at the moment they happen without interrupting potential receivers. Finally, we document the role that lightweight,
picture-based communication can play in the range of communication media available.
相似文献
16.
In this paper we address the problem of comparing multimedia documents, which can be described according to different reference
models. If we consider pre- sentations as collections of media items and constraints among them, expressed ac- cording to
their reference model, they must be translated to a common formalism in order to compare their temporal behavior and detect
if they have a common component (i.e., intersection), if one of them is included in another one (i.e., inclusion), or if they have the same temporal evolution along time (i.e., equivalence). In this paper, we propose the use of automata, to describe the temporal evolution of a document, and the SMIL language
as a case study, since this standard allows to describe the same behavior with different sets of tags. In case of behaviorally
equivalent SMIL documents, we propose an algorithm to extract the canonical form that represents this behavior.
相似文献
17.
The complexity of group dynamics occurring in small group interactions often hinders the performance of teams. The availability
of rich multimodal information about what is going on during the meeting makes it possible to explore the possibility of providing
support to dysfunctional teams from facilitation to training sessions addressing both the individuals and the group as a whole.
A necessary step in this direction is that of capturing and understanding group dynamics. In this paper, we discuss a particular
scenario, in which meeting participants receive multimedia feedback on their relational behaviour, as a first step towards
increasing self-awareness. We describe the background and the motivation for a coding scheme for annotating meeting recordings
partially inspired by the Bales’ Interaction Process Analysis. This coding scheme was aimed at identifying suitable observable
behavioural sequences. The study is complemented with an experimental investigation on the acceptability of such a service.
相似文献
18.
The prospect of combining information from diverse sources for superior decision making is plagued by the challenge of semantic
heterogeneity, as data sources often adopt different conventions and interpretations when there is no coordination. An emerging
solution in information integration is to develop an ontology as a standard data model for a domain of interest, and then
to define the correspondences between the data sources and this common model to eliminate their semantic heterogeneity and
produce a single integrated view of the data sources. We first claim that this single integrated view approach is unnecessarily
restrictive, and instead offer the view that ontologies can simultaneously accommodate multiple integrated views provided
the accompaniment of contexts, a set of axioms on the interpretation of data allowing local variations in representation and nuances in meaning, and a
conversion function network between contexts to reconcile contextual differences. Then, we illustrate how to achieve semantic interoperability between
multiple ontology-based applications. During this process, application ontologies are aligned through the reconciliation of
their context models, and a new application with a virtual merged ontology is created. We illustrate this alternative approach
with the alignment of air travel and car rental domains, an actual example from our prototype implementation.
相似文献
19.
The European Union co-funded COMUNICAR (communication multimedia unit inside car) project designed and developed an integrated multimedia human–machine interface (HMI) able to manage a wide variety of driver information systems (from entertainment to safety). COMUNICAR proposed an innovative information provision paradigm, in which the on-vehicle HMI is able to tailor the delivery of the information in real time according to the actual driving context and the drivers workload. COMUNICAR adopted a user-centred design process involving an iterative development based on extensive user tests since the early phases of the project. This approach was particularly useful to define and improve the layout of the user interface and specify the rules that decide the scheduling and the modalities of the delivery of the information messages to the driver. This paper introduces the COMUNICAR concept and the user-centred flow of design. Then, a concrete case of user-test driven, iterative improvement of a systems functionality is presented. We also briefly describe two software tools that we have designed to enhance the development process in a user-centred perspective. Finally, the future evolution of the concept of smart and safe information scheduling is sketched and discussed. 相似文献
20.
We present a study of using camera-phones and visual-tags to access mobile services. Firstly, a user-experience study is described in which participants were both observed learning to interact with a prototype mobile service and interviewed
about their experiences. Secondly, a pointing-device task is presented in which quantitative data was gathered regarding the speed and accuracy with which participants aimed and clicked
on visual-tags using camera-phones. We found that participants’ attitudes to visual-tag-based applications were broadly positive,
although they had several important reservations about camera-phone technology more generally. Data from our pointing-device
task demonstrated that novice users were able to aim and click on visual-tags quickly (well under 3 s per pointing-device
trial on average) and accurately (almost all meeting our defined speed/accuracy tradeoff of 6% error-rate). Based on our findings,
design lessons for camera-phone and visual-tag applications are presented.
相似文献
|