负荷与PSS的相互作用对系统动态稳定的影响

1996年8月10日WSCC大系统事故重现过程中，负荷模型的改变起到了至关重要的作用，但是负荷起着决定性作用的原因却一直无从知晓，因此，文中应用电力系统中长期动态仿真软件Eurostag，仿真分析事故过程中负荷与电力系统稳定器(PSS)控制的相互作用对系统动态稳定的影响；采用时域仿真与小扰动分析方法，分析不同的负荷特性对系统阻尼及对PSS参数整定的影响；讨论了负荷与PSS相互作用的过程及其导致系统失稳的原因。仿真分析表明，如果WSCC系统仿真应用准确的负荷模型，PSS参数整定正确，系统可能不会轻易发生振荡。     

由汽轮机压力脉动引发电力系统共振机理的低频振荡研究

强制型共振机理是引起电力系统低频振荡的原因之一,该文针对此原因,根据其共振机理,探讨了汽轮机功率变化的可能性,并综合考虑了汽轮机热力系统和电力系统的相互影响,从热力系统中寻找出电力系统发生共振机理的低频振荡扰动源。在仿真中采用详细的汽轮机压力功率模型,着重研究了汽轮机蒸汽压力脉动与电力系统发生共振振荡的关系。仿真分析表明,汽轮机主蒸汽压力和再热蒸汽压力脉动,当其脉动频率与电力系统自然振荡频率一致或相近时,均有可能引起电力系统发生共振机理的低频振荡。该研究结果对探讨电力系统低频振荡的原因具有一定的参考价值。     

Stochastic modelling and stabilization of galloping transmission lines

Galloping of overhead transmission line causes low frequency high amplitude oscillations resulting in line outages due to flashover between the phases, or between the phases and the ground wire. It is known that galloping is the result of aerodynamic instability of the iced conductors. In the commonly used approach to the analysis of galloping, the aerodynamic effects are represented by a deterministic coefficient in the system model. However, because of randomness of the wind velocity and direction, and of the shape of ice accumulation on the conductor surface, the aerodynamic forces could be better represented by a random process. In this paper, a stochastic model has been presented for modelling the galloping transmission lines considering the randomness of aerodynamic forces. Stochastic calculus has been used to obtain sufficient conditions for stability and instability. It has been shown that exponential stabilization of the conductor oscillations could be obtained by applying a suitable amount of mechanical damping to the conductor. The value of critical damping for the fastest decay of oscillations has also been obtained.The stability criterion given in this paper is based on rigorous analysis of the stochastic model. This gives a conservative estimate of the damping constant which can be relied upon under the worst possible disturbances.     

Study of a major oscillations event in northeastern area of the Iranian power network

Iranian power system encountered major oscillations in January 2008 in the northeastern area with an amplitude of about 120 MW. Since not all the events and variables had been recorded, a scenario to simulate the recorded oscillations and results of studies conducted to reproduce the oscillations by simulation are discussed in the first part. Tuning of supplementary controllers, such as PSSs, on the generating units and the use of reactive power compensators in the long transmission line to enhance stability and eliminate severe oscillations between the north and eastern areas are investigated in the second part. Eigen-value analysis and participation factors are used to appreciate the nature of oscillations and the required PSS settings. The results show that, by using the properly tuned PSSs and accurate compensation of the reactive power, transient stability and damping of oscillations are considerably improved.     

The development of generator modeling techniques for multimode oscillations and study of generator H ∞ control design method for robust control

Modern electric power systems of Japan are characterized by high density, wide area coverage, and a complicated structure. Multimode oscillations occur in the generators connected to the systems. These oscillations represent a combination of high‐ and low‐frequency modes that occur between individual power systems and oscillations of other types, such as the SSR and cross‐compound machine oscillations, which are characteristic mode oscillations of generators. In this paper, we first construct a real model of the generator that realizes the multimode oscillations. Next, model reduction of this real model is carried out, and a design model to be used for the control design is constructed. The H ∞ control design based on the modern control theory is presented by using this design model, which implements the damping of power system oscillations and robust stabilization of other multiple modes. In conclusion, we confirm that the target parameters of the control design have been achieved. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(1): 42–52, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10253     

基于云端的口袋式人体脉搏诊断仪

脉搏波所呈现出的形态、强度、速率和节律等方面的综合信息,反映了人体心血管系统的众多生理病理信息.现代医学通过脉搏波获取心血管动力学参数,我国传统医学通过脉搏诊断人体各个器官、经络的健康状况.本系统采用科学的手法采集并分析脉搏波,光电容积脉搏波描述法因其无创、便宜、方便等优点,在评估血液动力学参数方面应用较多.尤其是用于血氧饱和度、血压以及心输出量的测量.本系统在光电容积描述法采集脉搏波信号后利用专业算法,提取心血管动力学参数的同时结合传统医学分析人体12经络健康状况,最后将历史数据保存并通过TCP远程共享.     

Damping of subsynchronous oscillations in EHV series-compensated ACDC transmission system

Subsynchronous oscillations in a power system with series-compensated lines can be amplified and sustained because of interaction between the electrical power system and the turbine generator system. Recently, it has been found that an HVDC link may have a similar effect. A subsynchronous resonance study is described for an EHV series-sompensated ACDC transmission system performed on a digital computer which includes mathematical modelling of a synchronous machine with torsional dynamic representation. Owing to the fast controllability of HVDC transmission, a simple DC current regulator can be incorporated into the rectifier current control system to modulate the DC power whereby the rather fast (10–20 Hz) torsional oscillations can be damped out. This power mudulation can be used for the damping of oscillations caused by the series-compensated AC line as well as by an HVDC link.     

ANALYSIS OF TORSIONAL INTERACTIONS WITH POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER

Abstract

Torsional interactions can occur due to the speed input Power System Stabilizer (PSS) that are primarily used to damp low frequency oscillations. The solution to this problem can be either in the form of providing a torsional filter or developing an alternate signal for the PSS. This paper deals with the formulation of a linearized state space model of the system and study of the interactions using eigenvalue analysis. The effects of the parameters of PSS and control signals on the damping of torsional modes are investigated.     

相位式激光测宽仪的设计和实现

自60年代初期激光的出现,激光测距取代了传统的测距方法成为测距系统的主流.本文所设计的激光测宽仪实际上是在激光测距的基础上实现双向测量,是激光测距的一个应用,旨在设计一套体形轻巧、性价比高、测距精度较高的双向测距系统,所采用的是相位法,即对半导体激光器直接调制使激光连续发射,通过测量往返信号之间的相位差实现距离的测量.文中采用了直接数字频率合成技术(DDS),保证了主振和本振频率的准确性也避免了传统测距系统中正弦发生信号所出现的频率漂移和相位抖动等问题,实验结果比较理想.     

风火打捆系统次同步模式相互作用特性

风电和与其打捆的火电机组的模式相互作用存在诱发次同步振荡的风险。研究了风火打捆系统的模式准强相互作用的规律：随着参数的改变,直驱风机(permanent magnetic synchronous generator, PMSG)锁相环(phase-locked loop, PLL)模式靠近火电轴系模式并发生模式准强相互作用,两个模式的运动方向发生改变,其中的弱阻尼模式穿越虚轴快速变为负阻尼模式,引发次同步振荡,模式相互远离后系统振荡消失。研究表明,火电厂汽轮发电机轴系模式和PLL模式都可能穿越虚轴导致次同步振荡,而系统主要振荡的部分由负阻尼的模式决定。增强发生耦合的模式的阻尼有利于抑制相互作用,增大并网风机数量与线路阻抗都会加剧系统次同步振荡风险和振荡程度。最后基于PSCAD/EMTDC搭建风火打捆系统模型验证了理论分析的正确性,并提出应对措施避免振荡的发生。     

Closed- versus open-loop assessment of heart rate baroreflex

The autoregressive multivariate techniques described are based on simplified models of the entire cardiovascular system and satisfy both the requirements of not perturbing the system and providing a closed-loop evaluation of the interactions between R-R interval and arterial blood pressure. The closed-loop analysis is also able to calculate some of the indices previously used for baroreflex quantification, allowing for a direct comparison of the different approaches     

基于WAMS的南方电网低频振荡调度应对策略

南方电网区域间弱阻尼振荡已得到有效控制,但局部的以及机组原因引发的低频振荡问题仍然突出。探讨了调度运行中应对低频振荡的策略,从振荡前的预警预防和振荡发生后的紧急控制两个方面提出针对性应对措施。采用基于类噪声信号的模态参数辨识方法进行振荡前的预警预防,可摆脱对模型和参数的依赖,利用大量冗余数据提高结果可信度,在线监视区间模式和局部模式的阻尼比,实现对危险模式的预警预防。采用基于振荡能量的振荡源定位方法进行振荡事故紧急处置,可以在振荡发生后快速准确的找到振荡的起因,定位振荡源,指导调度员采取针对性的措施快速平息振荡。利用实际振荡事故说明了所提调度应对策略的流程,并验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Avoiding sustained oscillations in power systems with tap changing transformers

The problem of avoiding sustained oscillations in power systems with dynamic loads and tap changing transformers is analyzed. Deadband size adjustment is used to eliminate limit cycles which originate from tap–load interactions. The analysis demonstrates the role of load dynamics in providing a deadband setting which guarantees the absence of sustained oscillatory behavior.     

全功率变换风电机组机侧换流器与交流系统间动态交互机理及对稳定性的影响

全功率变换风电机组通过一组背靠背连接的电压源换流器将风电功率注入交流电网。研究表明,网侧换流器与交流电网直接连接,其间可能出现强交互、导致系统在扰动作用下出现功率振荡现象。而对于机侧换流器与交流系统间是否有强交互的可能,其如何产生、又有何影响,当前未见有充分的理论分析与研究。为分析机侧系统与网侧系统间的动态交互作用,首先建立了将全功率变换风电机组视为由机侧系统和网侧系统构成的互联系统,并建立其小信号模型。然后,根据互联系统模型与系统框图,发现了风电机组机侧系统与网侧换流器甚至是交流电网间动态交互作用的通道、及影响因素。最后通过仿真算例,进一步分析与验证了机侧系统与网侧系统的动态交互的存在性及其影响。     

抽水蓄能电站输水系统水力振荡可能性分析

抽水蓄能电站输水系统布置复杂,机组工况多且转换频繁,因水泵水轮机不稳定流动导致输水系统振荡甚至产生共振的可能性较大。本研究旨在分析水泵水轮机各种不稳定因素与输水系统发生共振的可能性。首先总结了水泵水轮机尾水管涡、旋转失速等不稳定流动的发生工况和频率范围;其次以某抽水蓄能电站为例,采用传递矩阵法计算输水系统自振频率特性,发现尾水管涡和旋转失速频率与系统频率重叠,有引起共振可能性;进一步以尾水管涡扰动作为振源对输水系统进行强迫振荡分析,得出系统沿线的压力振荡幅值分布。研究表明,尾水涡带和旋转失速最可能导致系统水力共振,某些电站出力波动可能与此有关;S区振荡也可能引起强烈的水力振荡,造成机组过渡过程事故;动静干涉、卡门涡是高频振动,主要影响水轮机压力脉动,可导致转轮结构共振和破坏,与输水系统共振的可能性小。     

A new approach to eliminating of chaotic ferroresonant oscillations in power transformer

Ferroresonance is a complex phenomenon, which can result in thermal and electrical stresses on power system equipments. It can also cause chaotic oscillations in power system. In this paper, a new method is proposed to restrict and damp ferroresonant oscillations, which is based on a new of fault current limiter (FCL). In this method in order to restrict chaotic ferroresonance oscillations, a kind of fault current limiters (FCL) is used which has been used to restrict unwanted high current flow in power system before.To study the ferroresonance nonlinear dynamics, in this paper, the chaos theory is used. By using this theory, the changes in system parameters which can cause chaotic ferroresonant oscillations, can be reviewed and analyzed in details. The behavior of the system during ferroresonance occurrence, with and without using proposed FCL, is discussed in bifurcation and phase plane diagrams. By using these diagrams, the behavioral changes of the system can be easily seen in two cases. The simulation results strongly show the effectiveness of using the proposed FCL for restricting the ferroresonant oscillations.     

Key factors affecting voltage oscillations of distribution networks with distributed generation and induction motor loads

The existence of critical voltage modes in distribution systems and the key factors responsible for them are presented in this paper. The analysis is carried out over a distribution test system for different types of induction motors. Eigenvalues and participation factors are used to investigate the modal interaction within the system. This study shows that load voltage dynamics significantly influence damping of the voltage modes. These modes have frequencies of oscillations between the electromechanical and subsynchronous oscillations of power systems. Significant parameters of the system which affect the damping and frequencies of the oscillations are identified to provide a clear understanding of the problem. A bifurcation study is performed to determine the dynamic loadability limit of the system. Time-domain simulations are carried out to verify the validity of the modal analysis and provide a physical feel for the types of oscillations that occur in distribution systems. The impact of various distribution network configurations on these modes is also demonstrated through nonlinear simulations.     

用以消除数值振荡的阻尼梯形法误差分析与修正

在电力系统机网暂态数字仿真中，非状态变量的突变往往会引起非原型的数值振荡。在消除振荡的方法中，阻尼梯形法的精度介于向后欧拉法和梯形法之间，由于其精度较低，应用不十分广泛。该文在深入分析阻尼梯形法误差的基础上，利用频谱观点，提出了修正的阻尼梯形法计算公式，使其稳态误差趋近于零。同时，推导了适用于跃变量计算的阻尼方法，并进行了适当简化，使得步长减半后友模的电导近似不变，只需修改电流源即可。理论推导和实际算例都表明，修正后的阻尼梯形法计算精度提高，消除数值振荡的优点更加突出，在数字仿真中可以更好地被应用。     

Minimization of shaft oscillations by fuzzy controlled SMES considering time delay

This paper analyzes the effect of fuzzy logic-controlled superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) on minimizing shaft torsional oscillations of synchronous generators in a multi-machine power system. The proposed fuzzy logic controller has been designed in a very simple way considering only one input variable and one output variable. The time derivative of the total kinetic energy deviation (TKED) of the synchronous generators is used as the global input to the fuzzy controller for SMES switching. The influence of time delay associated with the global input calculation of the fuzzy controller on minimizing shaft torsional oscillations is investigated. Global positioning system (GPS) is proposed for the practical implementation of the calculation of the global input to the fuzzy controller. Simulation results of a balanced fault at different points in a multi-machine power system show that the proposed SMES can minimize the shaft torsional oscillations of synchronous generators well. Moreover, the time delay has an influence on the performance of fuzzy controlled SMES to minimize shaft torsional oscillations. However, even though the performance of fuzzy controlled SMES is somewhat effected by the communication delay, it is clear from the simulation responses that the fuzzy logic-controlled SMES considering typical communication delays can minimize the shaft torsional oscillations of synchronous generators well.