Production of Apple Juice by Single Pass Metallic Membrane Ultrafiltration

A new process utilizing single pass metallic membrane ultrafiltration (UF) was developed to produce apple juice. Pureed whole apples were treated with cellulase and pectinase at 50°C for 2 hr, resulting in a 60% decrease in viscosity. To obtain clarified juice, enzyme treated puree was pumped through a single-pass, tubular membrane system consisting of a metallic oxide membrane formed-in-place on the porous structure of sintered stainless steel tubes. Juice yields of 80–85% were obtained with a single pass, and gas chromatographic profiles of ultrafiltered juice were nearly identical to that of the original apple puree. Permeabilities and sugar rejection characteristics of the UF system were dependent on tube diameter.     

Production of Microbiologically Stable Apple Juice by Metallic Membrane Ultrafiltration

The potential for production of microbiologically stable apple juice by metallic membrane ultrafiltration was assessed. Thermal sterilization treatments caused no detectable changes in membrane performance. Sterile membranes were challenged with approximately 3 × 10⁶ colony forming units per gram of each of three organisms, Pseudomonas diminuta, Bacillus coagulans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, suspended in apple puree or peptone. Reductions achieved by ultrafiltration of peptone at operating pressure were 5.1, 7.6, and >9.0 logs for the three organisms, respectively. Reductions of organisms in apple puree were at least 1.5 logs greater. Metallic membranes eliminated yeasts and molds from juice. Apple juice produced from uninoculated apple puree was stable at 20–25°C for 1 yr.     

Clarification of Apple Juice Using Polymeric Ultrafiltration Membranes: a Comparative Evaluation of Membrane Fouling and Juice Quality

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of three different commercial polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) membranes during clarification of raw apple juice, comparatively. The influence of membrane pore size, roughness, and hydrophobicity on flux profile and fouling was investigated. The initial flux was simultaneously decreased at the beginning of the process, and quite steady flux was obtained in the membranes with rougher surface and more hydrophobic nature. As the pore size and hydrophobicity increased, the reversible fouling became the major resistance, while cake formation was more prominent for the membranes with narrower pore size. The overall quality results revealed that the main quality characteristics of the raw juice can be better retained by using the membranes that have higher resistance to fouling.     

Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Comparison for Apple Juice Clarification

Unpasteurized raw apple juice processed by microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF) was evaluated for quality and the methods compared for process efficiency. Juice permeate was analyzed for total solids, soluble solids, color, turbidity, pH and acidity. Apple juice processed by MF was significantly (p < 0.05) darker, more turbid, contained higher total and soluble solids than juice processed with UF, and was preferred by a taste panel. MF processed more permeate per unit time than UF under similar operating conditions with no noticeable difference in power consumption (watt-hr/L).     

Optimization and Modeling of Apple Juice Cross-flow Microfiltration with a Ceramic Membrane

The performance of a 0.2 μm ceramic membrane for clarification of depectinized apple juice was studied. The results showed that the flux was higher at high feed velocities (14.6 m/seC) and high temperatures (50°C), and the transmembrane pressure was a positive factor only at high temperatures. The juice flux at optimal conditions was between 400–500 kg/hr.m². Filtration of juice with pectin resulted in flux decreases of 40–50% compared to deoectinized juice. Periodic back-flushing during processing at optimal conditions, i.e., high temperature, high feed velocity and low pressure, did not significantly increase the juice flux.     

Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Ceramic Membranes for Apple Juice Clarification

Depectinized control (CTJ) and ascorbic acid treated (AAJ) apple juices were filtered through microfiltration (MF, 0.2 m) and ultrafiltration (UF, 0.02 m) ceramic tubular membranes. Under optimal conditions (8 m/s, 414 kPa and 50°C), the UF membrane resulted in higher steady state flux and less fouling than the MF membrane for both juices. AAJ produced by addition of AA at milling had lower flux for both MF and UF. The chemical, physical and sensory properties of apple juices from MF and UF membranes were similar and changes during storage were comparable.     

Improved Ultrafiltration for Color Reduction and Stabilization of Apple Juice

Polyphenols that are responsible for haze-formation and browning during storage of clear apple juice and concentrates could be selectively removed by an ultrafiltration process using membranes of polyether sulfone and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Results were compared with those from commercial UF membranes made out of regenerated cellulose acetate. The effects of laccase treatment on removal of polyphenols and color in apple juice were also investigated. Custom membranes were effective to reduce the amount of polyphenols. A remarkable desired color removal of apple juice could also be achieved using these membranes. Resulting products were stable in color and clarity at 50°C up to 6 wk. Laccase treatment increased the percentage removal of polyphenols from apple juices. However, laccase treated samples were more susceptible to coloration and haze-formation during storage.     

陶瓷膜超滤净化石灰法制糖清汁

对孔径为0.04?μm的陶瓷超滤膜进一步净化石灰法制糖的清汁进行研究,在跨膜压差0.45～0.50?MPa、膜面流速4.0～4.5?m/s、过滤温度75～97?℃的条件下过滤甘蔗汁30?h,膜渗透通量从350.6?L/（m2·h）降低至160.2?L/（m2·h）,平均通量为177.8?L/（m2·h）,能满足工业化生产的需求。甘蔗汁经陶瓷膜过滤后品质被进一步提升,简纯度可提高2.01?个单位,色素去除率为20.20%,澄清度从79.18%提升至99.98%。研究膜污染形成发现,陶瓷膜过滤甘蔗汁会在膜表面形成一层污染层,膜污染物的主要成分为有机物（多糖、蛋白质、酯类及酚类等物质）,同时还含有少量的Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、Cl、K、Ca及Fe等无机成分。污染膜依次采用工业净水、1%?NaOH-0.5%?NaClO混合溶液、0.5%?HNO3溶液清洗,膜通量恢复率均高于95.5%,重复性较好,是一种有效的膜清洗方法。     

Investigation of Cashew Apple Juice as a Substrate for Single Cell Protein Production

Cashew juice was investigated for its ability to support the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A characteristic of the juice showed that it contained a mixture of fermentable sugars of which glucose, fructose and sucrose have been identified. Also the concentration of reducing sugars was as high as 15% w/v. Growth studies were carried out in a 7-L batch fermentor at a pH of 5.0 and 30°C with and without nutrient supplementation. The corresponding yields were 0.50 and 0.39 gram cells/gram reducing sugar consumed, respectively. While about 10% of the reducing sugar was consumed in the unsupplemented medium 43% was consumed in the medium with supplementation.     

Solute and Enzyme Recoveries in Apple Juice Clarification using Ultrafiltration

Enzyme treated apple juices, obtained after pressing on a commercial processing line, were clarified by UF using a plate and frame system. The 50,000 molecular weight cut-off membranes operated at 50°C and 5 bar pressure yielded average recovery of 99.6% and 99.3% soluble solids and titratable acids, respectively, in the permeate and rejected 36.3% of the residual pectinase activity which was available for possible reuse. Proper membrane cleaning to maintain high flux was very important in UF clarification; a 1% Ultrasil solution was more efficient than a 0.1% NaOH solution and reduced need for centrifugation and/ or vacuum filtration prior to UF.     

膜技术在苹果汁加工中的应用

应用平板式超滤技术对苹果浊汁进行了过滤澄清和除菌。研究了巴式杀菌酶解或未酶解的苹果浊汁、未巴式杀菌未酶解的苹果浊汁、温度对膜通量的影响,超滤组件形式、操作参数对3种不同预处理料液的滤液质量的影响及反渗透系统的浓缩效果。结果表明:平板式超滤膜通量能满足工业需求且大于管式超滤膜,操作温度宜为50℃,当加水倍数0.09倍时,可使浓缩倍数达到20倍。苹果汁超滤液的透光率在97%以上、色值在50%以上、浊度指标小于0.3,pH值、总酸、糖度、氨基态氮等却未发生明显的变化。苹果汁超滤液质量指标和耐热细菌检查结果比较表明,平板式超滤可代替对苹果汁巴式杀菌及酶解。反渗透系统对苹果汁超滤液进行浓缩,浓缩倍数为2～2.3倍,糖截留率为100%。     

苹果浊汁加工中果实成熟度的选择

以生理成熟和完全成熟 2种成熟度的苹果为原料制取浊汁 ,对苹果汁的褐变情况、苹果汁PPO酶的热失活条件、浊汁理化性状以及悬浮稳定性进行比较 ,试验结果表明 :完全成熟的苹果更适宜用作制取浊汁的原料。文中还就苹果果肉细胞的微观形态、影响悬浮稳定性的因素进行了探讨 ,以深入探究完全成熟的苹果更加适宜制取浊汁的机理。     

Modeling and Optimization of Lactic Acid Production using Cashew Apple Juice as Substrate

The production of lactic acid by Lactobacillus casei B-442 was studied and modeled. Sugar feedstock was provided using cashew apple juice, an alternative glucose and fructose feedstock that proved to yield high concentrations of lactic acid. The fermentations were carried out in a 1-L fermenter under constant agitation (150 rpm) and controlled pH (6.5). Lactic acid production was evaluated through a dynamic study, varying the initial concentration of sugar in the range of 20 to 60 g/L. Biomass, reducing sugars, and lactic acid concentration were measured throughout the experiments. The highest production of lactic acid (59.3 g/L) was obtained operating the fermentation with 60 g/L of reducing sugar from the cashew apple juice. A rigorous kinetic model was developed for batch fermentation of cashew apple juice for lactic acid production by L. casei B-442. The growth of biomass and lactic acid production were affected by substrate limitation, substrate inhibition and lactic acid inhibition. The model assumed growth- and non-growth-associated lactic acid production and a term for microorganism death was also included in the model. Parameters of the kinetic model were determined based on experimental data by using the least mean squares method and Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The model validation was performed and the model was statistically able to fit the profiles for growth of biomass, sugar consumption and lactic acid production. The optimization of the process, using the model, was carried out and the optimum operating conditions aiming highest productivity, lowest production cost and highest gross profit are presented.     

Clarification of Apple Juice by Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration: Fluxes and Retention of Odor-Active Volatiles

Fresh apple juice was clarified in a pilot scale ultrafiltration (UF) unit, with membranes made of polysulfone and polyamide and plate and frame and vacuum drum filters. Flux of apple juice (L/m² hr) vs UF transmembrane pressure data showed an optimum at a pressure of about 140 kPa. Retention of odor-active volatiles was highest in plate and frame filtered apple juice and lowest in vacuum drum filtered juice; the retention of odor-active volatiles in UF juice was intermediate to the two traditional filtration methods. Retention of odor-active volatiles in the permeate of a polyamide membrane was higher than that of a polysulfone membrane.     

混浊苹果汁生产工艺改进的研究

考察了苹果破碎时果浆所达到的最高温度对果汁的颜色、Vc、酚类物质、色泽和混浊稳定性等的影响,确定破碎温度为95℃。热处理增加了果胶的聚合度,促进果胶从果浆中释放,从而增加了果汁的黏度。热处理还可减小果汁中悬浮颗粒的尺寸。用新工艺生产出的产品有较高的浊度和较好的颜色。     

HACCP在浓缩苹果清汁生产中的应用

本文运用HACCP 原理对浓缩苹果清汁生产过程进行了危害分析及关键控制,确定了其关键控制点为:原料果和无菌包装材料的验收、原料果拣选、后巴氏杀菌和无菌灌装。通过对关键控制点的监控确保苹果清汁的质量。     

浑浊苹果汁生产工艺的改进

苹果破碎前在45℃热水中处理45min,在30℃破碎可以增加果汁中果胶的含量和悬浮颗粒的ξ电位,增加了果汁的浊度和浑浊稳定性.苹果破碎时用质量分数0.02%的VC和0.044%的NaCl组合防褐变剂代替国内报道工艺中使用的质量分数0.05%～0.08%的VC,既经济又较好地防止了褐变效果,且减轻了由VC降解引起的非酶褐变.该工艺生产出的产品有较高的浊度和较好的颜色,果汁中颗粒的平均粒径为1.770μm.     

复合酶制剂在混浊苹果汁加工中的应用

采用果胶酶、纤维素酶、半纤维素酶3种商业酶制剂复合生产苹果混汁。通过正交实验得出苹果在自然pH下酶解制取苹果混汁的最佳工艺参数:果胶酶制剂用量为0.10%(w/w)、纤维素酶制剂用量为0.005% (w/w)、半纤维素酶制剂用量为0.007%(w/w)、酶解时间40min、酶解温度50℃.并将该条件下制得的混汁与传统压榨法得到的相比较,发现利用酶法生产苹果混汁,不但提高了出汁率,而且混浊稳定性也明显增加,色泽也得到了改善。     

浓缩苹果汁生产过程中cAMP分布规律研究

探究浓缩苹果汁生产过程中3’,5’-环磷酸腺苷（3’,5’-cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP）含量的分布规律。利用HPLC方法测定水浸提和乙醇浸提两种不同方式处理榨汁后的苹果果渣的cAMP含量和浓缩果汁中cAMP的含量,分析不同稀释倍数、不同可溶性固形物含量的浓缩苹果汁cAMP变化规律,并利用cAMP分配系数（DCcAMP）描述榨汁过程中cAMP含量的分布规律。结果表明：榨汁后苹果果渣中cAMP含量为（63.444 1±2.323 6）μg/g,70 °Brix的浓缩苹果汁成品中cAMP含量为（58.611 3±1.349 3）μg/mL,30 °Brix的浓缩苹果汁半成品中cAMP含量为（12.018 3±0.583 9）μg/mL;建立了浓缩苹果汁中cAMP含量与可溶性固形物含量之间的关系方程为y= 0.808 5x-1.218 5;测定得到70 °Brix和30 °Brix浓缩苹果汁的DCcAMP分别为92%和19%。因此,在浓缩苹果汁生产过程中,cAMP更趋向于存在苹果果渣中,且浓缩工艺对cAMP有富集作用。