Fast‐transient DC‐DC converter using a high‐performance error amplifier with a rapid output‐voltage control technique

This letter presents a method for improving the transient response of DC‐DC converters. The proposed technique replaces the conventional error amplifier with a combination of two different amplifiers to achieve a high loop gain and high slew rate. In addition, a rapid output‐voltage control circuit is employed to further reduce the recovery time. The proposed technique was applied to a four‐phase buck converter, and the chip was implemented using a 0.18‐μm CMOS process. The switching frequency of each phase was set at 2 MHz. Using a supply voltage of 2.7–5.5 V and an output voltage of 0.6–1.5 V, the regulator provided up to 2‐A load current with maximum measured recovery time of only 6.2 and 6.5 μs for increasing and decreasing load current, respectively. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design and implementation of a high‐efficiency bidirectional DC‐DC Converter for DC micro‐grid system applications

This paper studies the design and implementation of a non‐isolated dual‐half‐bridge bidirectional DC‐DC converter for DC micro‐grid system applications. High efficiency can be achieved under wide‐range load variations by the zero‐voltage‐switching features and an adaptive phase‐shift control method. A three‐stage charging scheme is designed to meet the fast‐charging demand and prolong the lifetime of LiFePO₄ batteries. A digital‐signal‐processing control IC is used to realize the power flow control, DC‐bus voltage regulation, and battery charging/ discharging of the studied bidirectional DC‐DC converter. Finally, a 10 kW prototype converter with Enhanced Controller Area Network communication function is built and tested for micro‐grid system applications. A light‐load efficiency over 96% and a rated‐load efficiency over 98% can be achieved. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design of a ZVS PWM DC–DC converter for high gain applications

In this paper, a pulse width modulation DC‐DC converter with high step‐up voltage gain is proposed. The proposed converter achieves high step‐up voltage gain with appropriate duty ratio, coupled inductor, and voltage multiplier technique. The energy stored in the leakage inductor of the coupled inductor can be recycled in the proposed converter. Moreover, because both main and auxiliary switches can be turned on with zero‐voltage switching, switching loss can be reduced by soft‐switching technique. So the overall conversion efficiency is improved significantly. The theoretical steady‐state analyses and the operating principles of the proposed converter are discussed in detail for both continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode. Finally, a laboratory prototype circuit of the proposed converter is implemented to verify the performance of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Single‐Inductor Dual‐Output DC–DC Converter Design Using RC Ripple Regulator Method

In this paper, we have proposed Single‐Inductor Dual‐Output (SIDO) buck–buck and boost–boost dc–dc converter using improved RC ripple regulator control. The proposed SIDO buck–buck converter has the characteristics of low‐ripple and high control frequency. RC ripple regulator control cannot be applied to SIDO boost–boost converter because RC ripple regulator undergoes self‐excited oscillation and two self‐excited oscillating controllers make the SIDO converter unstable. Thus we proposed the priority circuit for RC ripple regulator control. The proposed control circuit improves response characteristic and simplicity of the control circuit. Simulations are performed to verify the validity of the proposed SIDO converter. Simulation results indicate good performance of the proposed SIDO converter.     

Study on Improving Precision of Analysis of Boost Ratio and Power Efficiency of Tapped‐Inductor DC–DC Converter Circuit

Analysis precision of boost ratio and power efficiency in boost DC–DC converter circuit is improved by proposing adaptive equivalent circuit of output diode of the circuit. In experiment, boost ratio and power efficiency in high boost ratio circuit were 9.89% and 76.5% respectively with its load resistance of 20 Ω driven by output voltage 10 V. In experimental results, error in theoretical values of boost ratio compared with the measured values of that was reduced to ?3.79% from 57.5% in the conventional circuit. In a tapped‐inductor high boost ratio circuit, error in theoretical values of boost ratio was reduced to 3.54% from 31.8%. Error in theoretical values of power efficiency with the measured values of that was reduced to 5.51% from 33.2% in the conventional circuit. In a high boost ratio circuit, error in theoretical values of power efficiency was reduced to ?3.32% from 17.3%. Power loss of every element in boost DC–DC converter circuits was analyzed with high precision by analysis of inductance current waveforms in those circuits. Error in theoretical values of power loss compared with measured values was reduced to equal or less than 5%.     

A non‐isolated high step‐up DC‐DC converter with integrated 3 winding coupled inductor and reduced switch voltage stress

In this paper, a non‐isolated high step‐up dc‐dc converter based on coupled inductor is proposed. The proposed converter can be used in renewable energy applications. In suggested converter, the high voltage is achieved using 3‐winding coupled inductor, which leads to low voltage rate of the switch. A clamp circuit is used to recycle the leakage inductance energy. Also, the clamp circuit prevents the creation of voltage spikes on semiconductor devices and causes the voltage stress of elements are limited to less than the output voltage. The presented theoretical analyses show that the operation of suggested converter in continuous conduction mode needs to small magnetic inductor. Therefore, the size of coupled inductor's core is reduced, and so the size and cost of presented converter will be decreased. Analysis of the proposed converter is provided with laboratory results to verify its performance.     

A systematic approach to designing a wide‐current range,MOS capacitor‐based switched‐capacitor DC‐DC converter with an augmenting LDO

Switched‐capacitor DC‐DC converters (SC DC‐DC) are analyzed for loss sources, voltage regulation integrity, start‐up latency, and ripple size, while the trade‐offs between these metrics are derived. These analyses are used to design a SC DC‐DC that achieves high efficiency in a wide load current range. Four‐way interleaving was employed to reduce the output ripple and efficiency loss due to this ripple. The design can be reconfigured to achieve gains of 1/3 and 2/5 for inputs ranging between 1.4 and 3.6 V to generate output voltage range of 0.4 to 1.27 V and can supply peak load current of 22 mA. It uses thin‐oxide MOS capacitors for their high density and achieves 75.4% peak efficiency with an input frequency of 100 MHz and a load capacitor of 10 nF. An augmenting LDO that only regulates during sudden load transients helps the converter respond fast to these transients. The chip was implemented using a 65‐nm standard CMOS process.     

软开关三电平DC/DC变换电路的发展及分析

介绍了三电平直流变换器的突出优点及其与软开关技术相结合的发展趋势、各发展时期有技术代表性的典型电路拓扑结构及其主要性能特点。针对零电流技术中因引入储能电容而引起的副边高电压应力问题,提出了一种新型的零电压零电流软开关三电平直流变换电路拓扑:通过耦合电感实现电流回零,通过改变耦合电感的变比来方便地设定原边环流置零时间,降低环流损耗,实现内管的零电流关断。实验样机验证了这种电路的主要性能,电压电流实验波形显示了三电平的低电压应力特点和零电压开通、零电流关断的软开关性能。     

DC/DC变换器快速动态响应分析

下一代微处理器及其数字信号处理工作速度越来越快,因此对其电源的低输出电压和动态响应提出了更高要求.本文以Buck同步整流电路为例分析了影响系统动态响应的滤波装置和控制电路的特点;设计了Buck同步整流电路并研制出了样机.最后给出的实验结果证明,系统从半载到满载和从满载到半载的跳变再到输出稳定的时间不到40 μs,满足了快速动态响应要求.     

A Commutation Overlap Period Reduction Method Expanding the Buck Operating Range for a Bidirectional Isolated DC–DC Converter

This paper proposes a bidirectional isolated DC–DC converter with an active clamp circuit and two novel control methods in the buck mode. A circulating current reduction method decreases the conduction loss. A commutation overlap period reduction method maintains the output power by expanding the maximum actual duty cycle even if the input voltage decreases. The experimental results show that the proposed method increased the maximum output 1.5 times, without increasing the voltage applied to the low‐voltage side MOSFETs under the minimum input voltage condition. A 2‐kW class prototype showed a higher than 90% efficiency over a wide operating range for a greater than 20 input–output voltage ratio at 100‐kHz switching frequency.     

An interleaved high step‐up DC‐DC converter with double boost paths

This paper proposed a novel high step‐up converter with double boost paths. The circuit uses two switches and one double‐path voltage multiplier cell to own the double boost and interleaved effects simultaneously. The voltage gain ratio of the proposed DC‐DC converter can be three times the ratio of the conventional boost converter such that the voltage stress of the switch can be lower. The high step‐up performance is in accordance with only one double‐path voltage multiplier cell. Therefore, the number of diodes and capacitors in the proposed converter can be reduced. Furthermore, the interleaved property of the proposed circuit can reduce the losses in the rectifier diode and capacitor. The prototype circuit with 24‐V input voltage, 250‐V output voltage, and 150‐W output power is experimentally realized to verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A soft‐switching high step‐up DC‐DC converter with a single magnetic component

A soft‐switching high step‐up DC‐DC converter with a single magnetic component is presented in this paper. The proposed converter can provide high voltage gain with a relatively low turn ratio of a transformer. Voltage doubler structure is selected for the output stage. Due to this structure, the voltage gain can be increased, and the voltage stresses of output diodes are clamped as the output voltage. Moreover, the output diode currents are controlled by a leakage inductance of a transformer, and the reverse‐recovery loss of the output diodes is significantly reduced. Two power switches in the proposed converter can operate with soft‐switching due to the reflected secondary current. The voltages across the power switches are confined to the clamping capacitor voltage. Steady‐state analysis, simulation, and experimental results for the proposed converter are presented to validate the feasibility and the performance of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Five‐Element Multiplex Resonant Full‐Bridge DC‐DC Converter with a Variable Inductive Reactance

A five‐element multiplex resonant (LLCLC) full‐bridge DC‐DC converter controlled by pulse frequency modulation (PFM) is proposed in this paper. The high frequency (HF)‐link resonant DC‐DC converter proposed herein can perform wide‐range output power and voltage regulation with a narrow frequency range due to an antiresonant tank that works effectively as a wide‐range variable inductor. The advantageous characteristics of the antiresonant tank provide overcurrent protection in the case of the short‐circuited load condition as well as in the startup interval. Thus, the technical challenges of a conventional LLC DC‐DC converter can be overcome, and the reliability of the relevant switch‐mode power supplies can be improved. The operating principle of the LLCLC DC‐DC converter is described, after which its performance is evaluated in an experimental setup based on the 2.5 kW prototype. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed DC‐DC converter is discussed from a practical point of view.     

一种功能解耦型高增益DC/DC变换器分析与设计

传统Boost变换器存在实际增益受限、器件应力大、变换效率低等不足,难以实现高效率、高增益DC/DC变换。为此,提出一种由直流变压器和辅助变换器组合而成的功能解耦型高增益变换器,其中直流变压器主要实现高效、固定增益变换功能,而辅助变换器主要实现输出稳压功能。首先,对组合型高增益变换器的不同组合方式进行对比分析,确定功能解耦型高增益变换器的结构。然后,对直流变压器和辅助变换器的拓扑选择及控制策略进行讨论。在此基础上提出电路参数的优化设计方法,特别是直流变压器的参数定量设计。最后,根据所确定电路参数,搭建一台输出功率为400W的实验样机,实验结果验证了理论分析的正确性,实测最高变换效率为94.1%。     

A switch‐mode boost DC–DC converter for IR‐drop compensation of charging cable

A switch‐mode boost DC–DC converter has been developed to compensate for the IR‐drop because of the finite resistance of a charging cable. The boost ratio of the DC–DC converter is adaptively controlled by an IR‐drop sensing circuit to provide the required voltage level to a battery charger regardless of the cable resistance. Implemented in a 0.18 µm BCDMOS process, the IR‐drop compensating switch‐mode boost DC–DC converter occupies 6.2 mm² active area and shows the 93.2% peak efficiency. The proposed IR‐drop compensating boost converter can be applied to compensate for the IR‐drop of any type of charging cables. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于饱和电感的DC/DC开关变换器特性分析

移相全桥DC/DC变换器以其电路结构简单、开关损耗小、控制方便等优点在许多中大功率场合中得到了普遍的应用,但该变换器存在滞后桥臂换流困难、占空比丢失等问题,导致电路环流损耗增加,降低了变换器效率。针对以上问题,设计了一种基于饱和电感的DC/DC开关变换器。在分析变换器电路工作过程的基础上,讨论了饱和电感对电路局部谐振的影响,给出了饱和电抗器设计方法。最后通过实验验证了理论分析的正确性和可行性,实现了滞后桥臂的零电流开关,降低了环流能量,提高了DC/DC变换电路的效率。     

Pulse current regenerative resonant snubber‐assisted two‐switch flyback‐type ZVS PWM DC‐DC converter

In this paper, a two‐switch high‐frequency flyback transformer‐type zero voltage soft‐switching PWM DC‐DC converter using IGBTs is proposed. Effective applications for this power converter can be found in auxiliary power supplies of rolling stock transportation and electric vehicles. This power converter is basically composed of two active power switches and a flyback high‐frequency transformer. In addition to these, two passive lossless snubbers with power regeneration loops for energy recovery, consisting of a three‐winding auxiliary high‐frequency transformer, auxiliary capacitors and diodes are introduced to achieve zero voltage soft switching from light to full load conditions. Furthermore, this power converter has some advantages such as low cost circuit configuration, simple control scheme, and high efficiency. Its operating principle is described and to determine circuit parameters, some practical design considerations are discussed. The effectiveness of the proposed power converter is evaluated and compared with the hard switching PWM DC‐DC converter from an experimental point of view, and the comparative electromagnetic conduction and radiation noise characteristics of both DC‐DC power converter circuits are also depicted. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(3): 74–81, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20081     

Reliability challenge for impedance network‐based DC‐DC boost converters

In this paper, reliability evaluation is proposed for some of the most famous impedance network‐based DC‐DC boost converters. Markov reliability approach is used to evaluate the reliability of the converters. Also, some other factors such as components' failure rates, reliability functions, and mean time to failures are introduced and evaluated. Detailed explanations for the evaluation methods of the mentioned factors are also provided in the context of the paper. In addition to the mathematical analysis, numerical calculations are also done through the simulation results of the converters. Simulations are done in PSCAD/EMTDC. Finally, a numerical and graphical reliability comparison is provided for the mentioned converters. The purpose of this paper is to give a comprehensive reliability evaluation and comparison for some of the most popular impedance network‐based DC‐DC converters. In addition, this paper gives a detailed reliability analysis that can be used in reliability assessment of all types of power electronic converters, so it can help the researchers to consider reliability calculations into their designing.     

Formulation of buffer energy and experimental results of energy factor of DC–DC converters

Two concepts of buffer energy and energy factor for switched‐mode power converters are proposed and examined. They can describe the nonactive power as well as predict and evaluate the performance of DC–DC converters. The concepts can also find usage in both DC and AC systems. The energy factors of six basic topologies of DC–DC converter have been studied, and they can be used to compare the performance of different topologies. It can be shown that both buffer energy and energy factor provide an alternative understanding of the energy processes in DC–DC converters. Experimental results demonstrate that energy factors and buffer energy can be measured. The measured results for some basic converters are consistent with the theoretical values. Buffer energy, energy factor, and their related concepts proposed in this article have promising application in the design of DC–DC converters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MMC-HVDC典型扰动暂态响应特性分析

为揭示具有新型拓扑结构的基于模块化多电平换流器直流输电系统MMC-HVDC(modular multilevel converter high voltage direct current)的电磁暂态特性,对该系统进行典型扰动暂态响应的特性分析根据MMC拓扑结构,推导了交流电网不平衡时的MMC交流侧电磁暂态模型,并基于...