Montmorillonite nanoclay filler effects on electrical conductivity,thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy‐based nanocomposites

Epoxy‐based nanocomposites with 2, 5, and 7 wt% of montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay were prepared using high shear melt mixing technique. The microstructural features of the nanocomposites were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thermal and mechanical properties were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). Further, the effect of voltage, temperature, seawater aging on the electrical conductivity (σ_DC) of the nanocomposites was also measured. To understand the free volume behavior upon filler loading, and to observe the connectivity between microstructure and other properties, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy was used. The TEM results revealed that MMT nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the epoxy matrix. Experimental results showed that the inclusion of 2 wt% MMT nanofiller increased the T_g, electrical conductivity, thermal stability, modulus, free volume of the epoxy nanocomposite significantly. This is well explained from the results of T_g (DSC and DMA), thermal stability, TGA residue, free volume analysis, and electrical conductivity. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Free‐volume effects on the thermomechanical performance of epoxy–SiO2 nanocomposites

In this study, free‐volume effects on the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy–SiO₂ nanocomposites were investigated. SiO₂ particles ranging from 15 nm to 2 µm were used, and the nature of the matrix–filler interphase was modified by surface grafting. Nanoparticles 15 nm in diameter yielded an increase in the glass‐transition temperature (T_g) of the composites up to 5 °C; at the same time, they increased the storage modulus (E′) from 2340 to 2725 MPa. Conversely, large particles markedly decreased both T_g and E′; this suggested the pivotal role of nanoparticle size on the final properties of the nanocomposite. The functionalization of SiO₂ nanoparticles markedly improved their dispersion within the epoxy matrix. The positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy results indicate that the free volume strongly depended on the interphase. These experimental findings obtained here could be extrapolated to industrially relevant nanocomposites and could provide a rationale for the comprehension of free‐volume effects on the thermal and mechanical properties of nanocomposite materials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45216.     

Effects of SiO2 and Al2O3 nanofillers on polyethylene properties

Polymers filled with inorganic nanoparticles have become interesting materials as dielectrics because of their improved mechanical and electrical properties compared with the unfilled polymers and with polymer microcomposites. These improvements are mainly due to the large surface area of nanoparticles and new polymer–nanofiller interface characteristics. In the present work, polyethylene nanocomposites with SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were prepared by melt mixing. Mechanical and electrical properties of these composites were determined and morphological aspects were revealed by scanning electron microscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy. The effect of nanostructure and the importance of nanofiller dispersion were analyzed in connection with mechanical and electrical properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

The physical properties of carbon nanoparticles dispersed into NBR/LLDPE nanocomposites for corrosion protection applications

In this study, novel acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) nanocomposites with improved electrical conductivity and mechanical properties were synthesized. Carbon nanoparticles (CNP)/NBR composites and CNP‐polyethylene/NBR nanocomposites were prepared by mixing via two‐roll mill. The first type of the nanocomposite was produced to determine the percolation threshold concentration (V_c). The second type with constant CNP concentration, slightly over V_c (0.2 vol %), was synthesized to investigate the influence of polyethylene content on the mechanical, electrical and swelling behavior of nanocomposites. Only the nanocomposites with 3 vol % polyethylene loading showed electrical conductivity. However, the composites with higher polyethylene loadings showed insulating behavior due to hindrance of CNP network by polyethylene layers. Swelling measurements revealed that the change in entropy of the swelling increased with the increase in disorder level but decreased with the increase in intercalation level of CNP in the disordered intercalated nanocomposite. The increase in solvent uptake was comparable with the free volume in NBR matrix upon inclusion of nanoparticles, whereas the inhibition in solvent uptake for higher polyethylene loading was described by bridging flocculation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Study of surface‐functionalized nano‐SiO2/polybenzoxazine composites

A series of the surface‐functionalized nano‐SiO₂/polybenzoxazine (PBOZ) composites was produced, and an attempt was made to improve the toughness of PBOZ material, without sacrificing other mechanical and thermal properties. A benzoxazine functional silane coupling agent was synthesized to modify the surface of nano‐SiO₂ particles, which were then mixed with benzoxazine monomers to produce the nano‐SiO₂‐PBOZ nanocomposites. The notched impact strength and the bending strength of the nano‐SiO₂‐PBOZ nanocomposites increase 40% and 50%, respectively, only with the addition of 3 wt % nano‐SiO₂. At the same load of nano‐SiO₂, the nano‐SiO₂‐PBOZ nanocomposites exhibit the highest storage modulus and glass‐transition temperature by dynamic viscoelastic analysis. Moreover, the thermal stability of the SiO₂/PBOZ nanocomposites was enhanced, as explored by the thermogravimetric analysis. The 5% weight loss temperatures increased with the nano‐SiO₂ content and were from 368°C (of the neat PBOZ) to 379°C or 405°C (of the neat PBOZ) to 426°C in air or nitrogen with additional 3 wt % nano‐SiO₂. The weight residue of the same nanocomposite was as high as 50% in nitrogen at 800°C. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Tribological properties of bismaleimide composites with surface‐modified SiO2 nanoparticles

In this article, the surface of SiO₂ nanoparticles was modified by silane coupling agent N‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐γ‐aminopropylmethyl dimethoxy silane. The bismaleimide nanocomposites with surface‐modified SiO₂ nanoparticles or unmodified SiO₂ nanoparticles were prepared by the same casting method. The tribological performance of the nanocomposites was studied on an M‐200 friction and wear tester. The results indicated that the addition of SiO₂ nanoparticles could decrease the frictional coefficient and the wear rate of the composites. The nanocomposites with surface‐modified SiO₂ nanoparticles showed better wear resistance and lower frictional coefficient than that with the unmodified nanoparticles SiO₂. The specific wear rate and the steady frictional coefficient of the composite with 1.0 wt % surface‐modified SiO₂ nanoparticles are only 1.8 × 10^?6 mm³/N m and 0.21, respectively. The dispersion of surface‐modified SiO₂ nanoparticles in resin matrix was observed with transmission electron microscope, and the worn surfaces of pure resin matrix and the nanocomposites were observed with scanning electron microscope. The different tribological behavior of the resin matrix and the filled composites should be dependent on their different mechanical properties and wear mechanism. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Dynamic mechanical properties of three‐component composites (acrylic polymer/epoxy/SiO2) in the glass‐transition region

In previous studies, we reported the linear and nonlinear rheological properties of three‐component composites consisting of acrylic polymer (AP), epoxy resin (EP), and various SiO₂ contents (AP/EP/SiO₂) in the molten state. In this study, the dynamic mechanical properties of AP/EP/SiO₂ composites with different particle sizes (0.5 and 8 μm) were investigated in the glass‐transition region. The EP consisted of three kinds of EP components. The α relaxation due to the glass transition shifted to a higher temperature with an increase in the volume fraction (?) for the AP/EP/SiO₂ composites having a particle size of 0.5 μm, but the α relaxation scarcely shifted for the composite having a particle size of 8 μm as a general result. This result suggested that the SiO₂ nanoparticles that were 0.5 μm in size adsorbed a lot of the low‐glass‐transition‐temperature (T_g) component because of their large surface area. The AP/SiO₂ composites did not exhibit a shift in T_g; this indicated that the composite did not adsorb any component. The modulus in the glassy state (E′_g) exhibited a very weak &phis; dependence for the AP/EP/SiO₂ composites having particle sizes of 0.5 and 8 μm, although E′_g of the AP/SiO₂ composites increased with &phis;. The AP/EP/SiO₂ composites exhibited a peculiar dynamic mechanical behavior, although the AP/SiO₂ composites showed the behavior of general two‐component composites. Scanning electron microscopic observations indicated that some components in the EP were adsorbed on the surface of the SiO₂ particles. We concluded that the peculiar behavior of the AP/EP/SiO₂ composites was due to the selective adsorption of the EP component. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40409.     

Coincorporation of nano‐silica and nano‐calcium carbonate in polypropylene

In this study, various polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending method. The effects of different spherical nanofillers, such as 50 nm CaCO₃ and 20 nm SiO₂, on the linear viscoelastic property, crystallization behavior, morphology and mechanical property of the resulting PP nanocomposites were examined. Rheological study indicated that coincorporation of nano‐SiO₂ and nano‐CaCO₃ favored the uniform dispersion of nanoparticles in the PP matrix. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and polarizing optical microscopy (POM) studies revealed that the coincorporation of SiO₂ and CaCO₃ nanoparticles could effectively improve PP crystallizability, which gave rise to a lower supercooling temperature (ΔT), a shorter crystallization half‐life (t_1/2) and a smaller spherulite size in comparison with those nanocomposites incorporating only one type of CaCO₃ or SiO₂ nanoparticles. The mechanical analysis results also showed that addition of two types of nanoparticles into PP matrix gave rise to enhanced performance than the nanocomposites containing CaCO₃ or SiO₂ individually. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Effects of SiO2 nanoparticles on the performance of carboxyl‐randomized liquid butadiene–acrylonitrile rubber modified epoxy nanocomposites

The effects of SiO₂ nanoparticles on the performance of carboxyl‐randomized liquid butadiene–acrylonitrile rubber (CRBN) modified epoxy resin (EP) nanocomposites were studied. With the addition of an appropriate amount of SiO₂ (2%) to EP/CRBN (95/5), the nanocomposites could achieve the desired impact strength and modulus. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The nanocomposites showed a three‐phase system; both the rubber particles and SiO₂ nanoparticles showed uniform dispersions in the EP matrix, with their phases all nanosized. A good correlation between the free‐volume hole radius and mechanical properties was found. The introduction of a small amount of nanoparticles (both rubber and SiO₂) into EP led to the formation of interactions between the EP and nanoparticles. The interactions restricted the segment motion and the mobilization of the EP chains and then reduced the free‐volume concentration in the amorphous region of EP. The fact that the average free‐volume hole radius of EP/CRBN was larger than that of pure EP was mainly attributed to the contribution of the larger size of the free‐volume holes within the rubber phase. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

The mechanism for inorganic fillers accelerating and inhibiting the UV irradiation aging behaviors of rigid poly(vinyl chloride)

The UV irradiation aging behaviors of PVC composites with several inorganic fillers were studied through Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV‐Vis), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical property test. It was found that incorporation of a small amount of the inorganic fillers such as CaCO₃, talc and SiO₂ could hold up the UV aging behaviors of PVC. Those filler‐filled PVC composites sheets after 20 days UV irradiation maintain lower carbonyl index (CI) and good appearance of surfaces, as compared with the corresponding neat PVC sheets, ascribed to high reflection of those fillers to UV light. While montmorillonite (MMT) and pyrophyllite fillers could accelerate the UV aging behaviors of PVC, which could be concluded from both the sharp increase of the CI and lower T_g due to the chain scission reactions because of their high absorbance of these fillers to UV light in 290–400 nm. In these two PVC composites, UV irradiation caused the deterioration of their mechanical properties and the appearance of rough, cracked and chalked surfaces after 20 days UV irradiation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Antibacterial activity and antistatic composites of polyester/Ag‐SiO2 prepared by a sol–gel method

Poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) composites containing silver‐silica (Ag‐SiO₂) were prepared using an in‐situ sol–gel process. Maleic anhydride‐grafted PBAT (PBAT‐g‐MA) and multihydroxyl‐functionalized Ag‐SiO₂ were used to improve the compatibility and dispersibility of Ag‐SiO₂ within the PBAT matrix. The composites were characterized morphologically using transmission electron microscopy and chemically using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The existence of Ag‐SiO₂ nanoparticles on the substrate was confirmed by the ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra. The antibacterial and antistatic properties of the composites were evaluated whether SiO₂ enhanced the electrical conductivity was tested as well as whether Ag enhanced the antibacterial activity of the PBAT‐g‐MA/SiO₂ or PBAT/SiO₂ composites. The PBAT‐g‐MA/SiO₂ or PBAT/SiO₂ composite that contained Ag had better antibacterial activity (more than 1.3‐fold). The functionalized PBAT‐g‐MA/Ag‐SiO₂ composite can markedly enhanced antibacterial and antistatic properties due to the carboxyl groups of maleic anhydride, which acted as coordination sites for the Ag‐SiO₂ phase, allowing the formation of stronger chemical bonds. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Effect of phenol functionalization of carbon nanotubes on properties of natural rubber nanocomposites

This paper reports the results of studies on the effect of phenol functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR) composites. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) indicates characteristic peaks for ether and aromatic rings in the case of phenol functionalized CNT. Although differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies show no changes in the glass‐rubber transition temperature (T_g) of NR in the nanocomposites due to surface modification of CNT, dynamic mechanical studies show marginal shifting of T_g to higher temperature, the effect being pronounced in the case of functionalized CNT. Stress‐strain plots suggest an optimum loading of 5 phr CNT in NR formulations and the phenolic functionalization of CNT does not affect significantly the stress‐strain properties of the NR nanocomposites. The storage moduli register an increase in the presence of CNT and this increase is greater in the case of functionalized CNT. Loss tangent showed a decrease in the presence of CNT, and the effect is more pronounced in the case of phenol functionalized CNT. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that phenol functionalization causes improvement in dispersion of CNT in NR matrix. This is corroborated by the increase in electrical resistivity in the case of phenol functionalized CNT/NR composites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites prepared by in situ grafting‐melt intercalation with a novel cointercalating monomer

Polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt‐compounding PP with organomontmorillonite (OMT), using maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MA) as the primary compatibilizer and N‐imidazol‐O‐(bicyclo pentaerythritol phosphate)‐O‐(ethyl methacrylate) phosphate (PEBI) as the cointercalating monomer. X‐ray diffraction patterns indicated that the larger interlayer spacing of OMT in PP was obtained due to the cointercalation monomer having a large steric volume and the d‐spacing further increased with the addition of PP‐g‐MA, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the PEBI‐containing PP nanocomposites exhibited better thermal stability than PEBI‐free PP composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated that the storage modulus was significantly enhanced, and the glass transition temperature (T_g) shifted slightly to low temperature with the incorporation of clay for PP/OMT hybrids. PEBI‐containing PP/OMT composites gave a lower T_g value because of the strong internal plasticization effect of PEBI in the system. Cone calorimetry showed that the flame‐retardancy properties of PP nanocomposites were highly improved with the incorporation of PEBI. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Effect of the addition of silane coupling agents on the properties of wollastonite‐reinforced poly(ether ether ketone) composites

The wollastonite was grafted with different silane coupling agents, which could improve interface adhesion. Wollastonite and modified wollastonite‐reinforced poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) composites were prepared by melt blending. The mechanical properties, rheology behavior, and thermal properties of the composites were investigated. The modified wollastonite‐reinforced PEEK composites exhibited better mechanical properties than the unmodified wollastonite‐reinforced PEEK composites based on good interfacial adhesion. The composites had lower activation volume and complex shear viscosity. Furthermore, the modified wollastonite‐reinforced PEEK composites had higher crystallization peak temperature (T_c) and crystalline fraction (χ_c) compared with the unmodified wollastonite‐reinforced PEEK composites. This study shows that the traditional silane coupling agents could effectively improve the performance of PEEK composites. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Investigation on the mechanical performances of ternary nylon 6/SEBS elastomer/nano‐SiO2 hybrid composites with controlled morphology

The distribution of maleated styrene‐hydrogenated butadiene‐styrene (mSEBS) elastomer and nano‐SiO₂ in nylon 6 matrix was controlled by varying the blending procedure. Nano‐SiO₂ particles with different surface properties (hydrophilic versus hydrophobic) were adopted to adjust their interactions with other components. Two different structures, separate dispersion of nano‐SiO₂ and elastomer particles as well as encapsulation of nano‐SiO₂ fillers by the elastomer, were obtained. The structures were confirmed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation. The mechanical measurement results showed that the microstructure and the interactions among the components had dramatic influences on the final mechanical properties, especially Izod fracture toughness, for the ternary nanocomposites. The nanocomposites containing hydrophilic nano‐SiO₂ had better mechanical performances compared with the composites filled with hydrophobic SiO₂ when they were in the same microstructure. The nanocomposites with separate dispersion structure showed higher stiffness compared with those of encapsulation type. However, the separately dispersed nano‐SiO₂ particles restricted the cavitation of elastomer phases that led to low toughening effectiveness. The difference of cavitation intensity for elastomer phase was revealed by SEM investigation on the facture surfaces for the nanocomposites with the two different microstructures. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Enhanced breakdown strength and electrical tree resistance properties of MMT/SiO2/LDPE multielement composites

Montmorillonite (MMT)/low-density polyethylene (LDPE) nanocomposites have excellent partial discharge resistance and electrical tree resistance compared with pure LDPE. However, the MMT/LDPE nanocomposites have low breakdown strength due to the poor compatibility between nano-MMT and LDPE. In order to improve the breakdown strength of the MMT/LDPE composites without changing the LDPE matrix, an MMT/SiO₂/LDPE multielement composite was prepared by melt blending, and its breakdown strength and electrical tree resistance properties were investigated. The results show that the MMT/SiO₂/LDPE multielement composite has excellent breakdown strength and electrical tree resistance properties compared with the MMT/LDPE composite. The reasons for the excellent insulation properties of the MMT/SiO₂/LDPE multielement composites were analyzed by exploring the effects of MMT and SiO₂ on the microstructure and trap characteristics of LDPE. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47364.     

Effect of nanosilica on the thermal,mechanical, and dielectric properties of polyarylene ether nitriles terminated with phthalonitrile

Nanosilica/polyarylene ether nitriles terminated with phthalonitrile (SiO₂/PEN‐t‐Ph) composites were prepared by hot‐press approach. To ensure the nano‐SiO₂ can disperse uniformly, the solution casting method combined with ultrasonic dispersion technology had been taken previously. The mass fraction of nano‐SiO₂ particles was varied to investigate their effect on the thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties of the nanocomposites. From scanning electron microscope images, it was found that the nanoSiO₂ particles were dispersed uniformly in the PEN‐t‐Ph matrix when the addition of nano‐SiO₂ was less than 16.0 wt%. However, when the mass fraction of nano‐SiO₂ increased to 20.0 wt%, the nano‐SiO₂ particles tend to self‐aggregate and form microns sized particles. Thermal studies revealed that nano‐SiO₂ particles did not weaken the thermal stabilities of the PEN‐t‐Ph matrix. Mechanical investigation manifested that the SiO₂/PEN‐t‐Ph nanocomposites with 12.0 wt% nano‐SiO₂ loading showed the best mechanical performance with tensile strength of 108.2 MPa and tensile modulus of 2107.5 Mpa, increasing by 14% and 19%, respectively as compared with the pure PEN‐t‐Ph film. Dielectric measurement showed that the dielectric constant increased from 3.70 to 4.15 when the nano‐SiO₂ particles varied from 0.0 to 20.0 wt% at 1 kHz. Therefore, such composite was a good candidate for high performance materials at elevated temperature environment. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:344–350, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic vulcanizate/silica nanocomposites

This article describes the preparation, characterization, and properties of thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV)/silica nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were prepared by the melt blending of TPV and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (mPP) into organically modified SiO₂ (m‐SiO₂), treated with n‐hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide as a grafting agent for TPV during the melt mixing. The thermal stability and storage modulus of the 1 wt % m‐SiO₂ containing TPV/mPP/m‐SiO₂ nanocomposite were higher than those of pristine TPV. The most important observation was obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis, which revealed that the glass‐transition temperature of the polypropylene phase of the nanocomposites increased (in comparison with that of virgin TPV), whereas the ethylene–propylene–diene monomer phase remained almost the same. The adhesion strength between the TPV/mPP/m‐SiO₂ nanocomposites and steel also increased with increasing m‐SiO₂ content. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2058–2063, 2005     

A series of 0‐3 composites of lead zirconate titanate and ferroelectric nylon77: Preparation and electrical properties

A series of 0‐3 composites of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and nylon77 was prepared with PZT volume fractions between 0.1 and 0.6 using the combined method of solvent casting and hot pressing. Depending upon the volume fraction of PZT, the relative permittivities of the composites were found to be in the range of 200–2000 when measured at the highest practically possible temperature of 200°C. As PZT volume fraction increases, both the relative permittivity and the piezoelectric constant d₃₃ increase. The best combination of electrical properties and flexibility was obtained in 0.5 PZT volume fraction composites. At this composition, the remanent polarization P_r of composites was up to 1000 mC/m² at the applied electric field of 40 MV/m and it increased with an increase in temperature. The highest piezoelectric strain coefficient d₃₃ was obtained at 17 pC/N in 0.6 PZT volume fraction composites. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

The viscoelastic properties of modified thermoplastic impregnated multiaxial aramid fabrics

This study reports the manufacture of new fabric forms from the preparation of hybrid laminated multiaxial composites with enhanced thermo‐mechanical properties. Thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis of polymer matrix films and fabricated hybrid composites were used to determine the optimal material composition and reinforcement content for composites with improved viscoelastic properties. The introduction of 5 wt% silica nanoparticles in a composite of p‐aramid–poly(vinyl butyral) led to significant improvements in the mechanical properties, and the addition of silane coupling agents yielded maximal values of the storage modulus for hybrid nanocomposites. The introduction of silane led to a better dispersion and deagglomeration of SiO₂ particles, and to the formation of chemical bonds between organic and inorganic constituents, or p‐aramid–poly(vinyl butyral) composites. In this way, the mobility of macromolecules was reduced, which can be seen from the decreasing value of damping factor for the p‐aramid–poly(vinyl butyral) composite. Analysis of the glass transition temperature of the composite with amino‐functionalized silica nanoparticles revealed improved thermal stability in addition to the aforementioned mechanical properties of the tested materials. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers