高压热膨胀式SF6断路器灭弧室的发展

介绍高压热膨胀式SF6断路器的制造公司、发展历史.对高压热膨胀式SF6断路器各代灭弧室的原理特点和操动机构的结构特点进行了比较、分析.     

Modeling of secondary arc on high‐voltage solar array in space

Secondary arc on solar arrays in space in defined as an arc discharge short‐circuiting adjacent solar cells. As the operational voltage of spacecraft increases to 100 V, there is more risk of secondary arc that can destroy solar array circuits. Secondary arc is categorized as a vacuum arc, although its current is very low, even less than 1 A. One‐dimensional modeling is carried out to derive sets of parameters that satisfy the governing equations. Genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal set of solutions. Even at a current less than 1 A, the solutions exist though the arc voltage is higher than the experimental values by several tens of volts. ©2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(4): 1– 8, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20571     

铁电极材料在电池中的应用

综述了铁及其化合物作为电极材料在各电池体系中的应用与研究现状,并指出了它们的优缺点,这些电池包括了铁镍电池、超铁电池、热电池、光电化学电池、锂离子电池等。同时指出,基于铁电极材料在原材料、环保和某些电化学性能方面所具有的优势,为此进一步开展对铁材料在电池体系中的应用研究是很有必要的。     

Effects of arc current and electrode size on electrode erosion in ac plasma torches

Heavy erosion of the electrode is a problem in using ac plasma torches. In a series of our studies, the effects of electrode stem size (diameter and length) and tip shape on the electrode erosion were clarified at a low current of 200 A. In this paper, on the basis of the 200-A data, in order to reduce the electrode erosion with the current increased, the effects of current and electrode size on electrode erosion were clarified experimentally and analytically between 100 and 550 A. The electrode used was of solid type and the material was tungsten containing 2 wt% of lanthanum oxide. The plasma gas was argon. Main results are as follows. (1) As the current increased, the electrode erosion increased linearly. In the case of thin electrodes (8 mm ø), between 450 and 550 A, the electrode tip was molten partially and the electrode erosion increased rapidly over 5 mg/h. However, for thick electrodes (13 mm ø), the electrode erosion did not increase rapidly. (2) The temperature distribution along the electrode axis was calculated. As a result, a good correlation was obtained between the calculated temperature of electrode tip and the measured electrode erosion. As the tip temperature decreased to 3000 K (cf. tungsten melting point: 3660 K), the electrode erosion decreased below 5 mg/h of the linearly increasing range.     

Ablated mass of PTFE nozzle due to high‐current SF6 arc exposure: Formulation of ablated mass

Characteristics of PTFE ablation due to SF₆ arc exposure were studied to predict the ablated mass of PTFE nozzle in high‐voltage circuit breaker. From the measurement of the ablated mass, the predominant factor of the PTFE ablation was revealed as a radiation power of SF₆ arc. Subsequently, the radiation power absorbed in PTFE was formulated on the basis of the radiation transfer property and the arc physics. The formulation for the prediction of the PTFE ablated mass was established with the formulated radiation power and the measured masses. Finally, the validity of the PTFE ablated mass prediction was shown from the results of the error verification with the measured masses.     

Characteristics of the Arc Voltage of a High‐Current Air Arc in a Sealed Chamber

The effect of the arc voltage on various factors of design and control was investigated for high currents in order to develop design guidelines for circuit breakers. In this study, the dependence on such factors, namely, the current, arc length, electrode surface area, and internal pressure of the arc voltage, was evaluated quantitatively. As a result of the evaluations, it was estimated that the arc voltage near the electrode surface rises linearly with the arc current and the power ?0.8 of the surface area, and that the voltage in the arc column rises as the 0.3 power of the pressure increase. We confirmed the validity of the estimated voltage characteristics by comparison with the generated voltage in an actual arc‐extinction chamber. The characteristics of the estimated voltage can provide effective guidelines for the design of arc extinguishing chambers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(1): 34–42, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22487     

低气压下空气间隙电弧对覆冰绝缘子串直流闪络的影响

覆冰绝缘子串在直流闪络过程特别是低气压条件下中易产生空气间隙电弧形成"飘弧"现象,飘弧易桥接覆冰绝缘子串,且空气间隙电弧和冰面电弧具有不同的伏安特性,而传统的覆冰绝缘子串直流闪络模型由冰面电弧和剩余冰层电阻构成,没有考虑空气间隙电弧,在低气压下计算结果与实际情况相差较大。为了解此一现象,首先从理论上分析了飘弧对低气压下覆冰绝缘子串直流闪络电压的影响,建立了考虑和忽略空气间隙电弧的覆冰绝缘子串直流闪络模型,根据理论模型计算了相应的闪络电压,并与试验结果进行了比较分析。试验与理论计算结果表明,飘弧现象随着气压的降低和绝缘子串覆冰及污秽的程度增加而增加,低气压下进行绝缘子串直流闪络建模、预测和特性试验时应考虑空气间隙电弧及其飘弧的影响。     

LX88A高硬耐磨耐冲蚀电弧涂层材料在电厂锅炉中的应用

循环流化床锅炉(CFBC）运行中存在局部严重磨损的问题。针对这种新型燃烧技术存在的磨损类型驶特点．研制了一种新型电弧喷涂材料——LX88A，其电孤喷涂层的耐冲蚀磨损与耐磨粒磨损性能已达到或超过高建火焰(HVOF)喷埭NiCr-Cr3C2粉的涂层所具有的水平，被认为是当前解决循环流化床锅炉受热面磨损最有效的方法。     

Measurement of flow velocity for hydrogen introduced into a wall‐stabilized argon arc

Small solid particles are usually used as tracers for the measurement of flow velocity of a fluid. In the case of a high‐temperature thermal plasma, sometimes it is difficult to use solid tracers due to the loss by vaporization caused by strong heat transfer from the plasma. If gaseous tracers could be used, it would compensate for the difficulty in using conventional solid particle tracers. To investigate the feasibility of gaseous tracers, hydrogen was used as a gaseous tracer for flow velocity measurement of a well‐stabilized argon arc plasma. Propagation of Hα line emission along the arc axis was observed by high speed photography using a CCD camera with bandpass filters. The propagation velocity was 30 to 100 m/s which was influenced by the flow rate of argon. The Peclét number was calculated for the experimental condition. The result shows that the effect of the diffusion on the mass transport is smaller than that of the flow. This means that the propagating velocity of the Hα line emission closely corresponds to the flow velocity of the argon arc plasma with the added hydrogen. The measured velocity and the estimated average flow velocity of argon arc plasma were in good agreement. The principle of the gaseous tracer was confirmed, although further work will be needed for practical use. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(1): 15–23, 2001     

A feasibility study of pressure‐retarded osmosis power generation system based on measuring permeation volume using reverse osmosis membrane

A pressure‐retarded osmosis (PRO) power generation system is a hydroelectric power system which utilizes permeation flow through a semipermeable membrane. Permeation flow is generated by the potential energy of the salinity difference between sea water and fresh water. Since the cost of the membrane is high, the permeation performance of the membrane must be improved in order to realize PRO systems. We have investigated reverse osmosis (RO) membrane products as semipermeable membranes and measured the permeation volume of a few products. The generation power per unit membrane area calculated from the permeation volume is about 0.62 W/m². But as a result of our improvements (greater salt water volume, spacers for fresh water channel with the function of discharging concentrated salinity, extralow‐pressure type of membrane, washing the support layer of membrane when the generation power falls by half) the generated power may be 2.43 W/m². Then the power system cost would be about 4.1 million yen/kW. In addition, if the support layer of the membrane is made thinner and a PRO system is applied to equipment where pumping power for another purpose is available (wastewater treatment plants located at the seaside, thermal and nuclear power plants, sea water desalination plants), the generated power may be increased. These improvements may enable PRO systems to be realized at a cost close to that of photovoltaic power systems. 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 173(2): 8–20, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21000     

表面活性剂对锌电极电化学性能的影响

研究了碱性介质中阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)对锌电极钝化行为的影响,组装成锌-空气电池进行了测试。结果表明,在电解液中添加0.4%(质量百分数)的SDBS后,锌电极放电容量显著提高,活性物质利用率达到56.4%,与空白电解液的锌-空气电池相比有显著提高。析氢实验表明,SDBS通过覆盖效应对锌电极起到了一定的缓蚀作用。通过极化曲线测试和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析发现,由于SDBS在电极表面的吸附作用,使锌电极表面的放电产物变得更为细小,保持了天然的多孔结构不被破坏,延迟了钝化的产生。     

Effects of multiple interruptions on post‐arc current,reignition, and lifetime of distribution breaker

The purpose of this investigation is to study the interruption performance of the Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) currently used for the protection of low‐voltage circuits. It is anticipated that interruptions, especially numerous high‐current interruptions, will degrade interruption performance. In order to investigate the performance change after many interruptions, it is important to understand the interruption characteristics. Multiple‐interruption experiments at large currents were conducted and the phenomena which govern the success or failure of interruption were identified. It was shown that after multiple interruptions a post‐arc current begins to flow and that the duration of the arc is ten to a few hundred microseconds. In order to explore the relationship between the post‐arc current and the degradation of the interruption characteristics, the conditions governing the post‐arc current were investigated experimentally. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(4): 42–49, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10358     

降雨环境下弓网电弧动态特性研究

弓网电弧的危害严重阻碍了高速铁路的发展,恶劣的环境条件会促使弓网离线电弧频发,造成滑板和接触网导线磨耗加剧,受流质量下降。为提高高速铁路运行的安全性和稳定性,研究了降雨条件下弓网电弧运行动态特性。基于自制的弓网电弧实验系统,分别采集正常运行、小雨(降雨量30 g)及大雨(降雨量150 g)环境下电流电压波形,并利用高速摄像机拍摄弓网电弧图像。研究结果表明,工况条件一定时,降雨环境下弓网电弧被拉伸,呈现不规则状态,电弧面积和周长增大,且小雨环境下电弧周长和面积最大;降雨环境使电流纹波加重,零休时间变长,电弧尖峰电压增大,缩短了弓网电弧燃弧时间,提高了电弧发生率,其中小雨环境变化最为明显;降雨环境下电弧功率增大,电弧最小电阻值出现在电流峰值附近,且较无雨环境电弧最小电阻值增大。     

Prediction Model on Room Temperature Side Effect due to FastADR Aggregation for a Cluster of Building Air‐Conditioning Facilities

In this paper, we have constructed an auto regressive and neural network combined type prediction model for responsive change in the room temperature trend due to the fast automated demand response (FastADR) power limitation of office building air‐conditioning facilities. We defined the average of differences between room temperature and set point of each indoor unit for the entire building as a FastADR side effect index for the building. Prediction experiments using an actual office building showed that the root mean square prediction error of our model was 0.23 °C for 5 min after the FastADR. This prediction ability is considered sufficient to estimate the side effect of FastADR power limitation.     

浅谈改变滑车悬挂高度导线观测弧垂的调整

架空输电线路工程架线施工过程中,由于地形限制、工期与外部施工环境、物资供应等多重因素的矛盾,往往需要采取改变悬挂放线滑车高度的方法进行放线及弧垂观测。针对弧垂观测过程中部分塔位采取拉棒替代绝缘子悬挂滑车,在弧垂观测过程中对观测弧垂及线夹调整值进行分析计算,为改变滑车悬挂高度的情况下观测弧垂提出了建议。     

气体扩散层对空气电极寿命的影响

以乙炔黑、60%PTFE乳液为原料,用辊压法制备空气电极的气体扩散层。研究了烧结与未烧结气体扩散层的性能参数及其对空气电极寿命的影响。用压汞分析法和SEM研究了气体扩散层的孔结构及形貌。结果表明:相对未烧结扩散层的空气电极,烧结扩散层的空气电极寿命更长,1 000 h寿命试验中无渗液现象,且性能较好。烧结提高了电极材料的疏水性和孔隙率。烧结后气体扩散层适宜的孔结构为:孔隙率约为70%,平均孔径约为70 nm。     

Pressure Rise and Propagation Phenomena Due to Fault Arc in Container with Opened Pipe

This paper describes experimental and analytic studies on pressure rise and propagation phenomena due to high current arcs in a container with opened pipes. The shape of the experimental container was chosen taking into account underground common ducts. First, arcs were ignited in the container with varying diameter D and length L of the opened pipes and at arc currents of 4 kA to 12.5 kA and an arc duration of 0.1 s. Based on measured waveforms, the maximum pressure rise and the pressure oscillation frequency were obtained. It was found that there is a tendency for to increase with decreasing D and increasing L, and that D has a much greater impact on . In addition, the tendencies of with changing D and L can be approximately explained by Helmholtz resonance. Second, a CFD model for the container with opened pipe was developed based on the experimental results, and simulations were performed. The simulation results were found to correspond to the experimental pressure rise.     

低气压下染污覆冰表面和冰凌间隙的直流电弧特性

低气压下染污覆冰表面沿面电弧和冰凌空气间隙电弧伏安特性是研究高海拔、污秽、覆冰综合环境中绝缘子放电机理和放电模型的基础,为此,利用三角平板玻璃先染污后覆冰和冰凌间隙模型在低温低气压实验室分别试验研究了低气压下覆冰沿面电弧和冰凌间隙电弧直流伏安特性。结果表明:染污覆冰表面沿面电弧和冰凌间隙电弧的伏安特性E-I关系呈负幂函数,相同条件下,正极性沿面电弧电压高于负极性,而空气间隙电弧伏安特性受极性影响很小;沿面电弧和空气间隙电弧直流伏安特性均随着气压降低而下降,且空气间隙电弧受气压影响较沿面电弧大。研究结果为建立低气压下染污覆冰绝缘子串直流放电模型提供了基础。     

Influences of gas density depletion on high‐pressure,pulsed‐glow discharge

High‐pressure, pulsed glow discharge has been studied for the excitation discharge in TEA gas lasers. Various instabilities occur in the subsequent discharge, which induce the arc and collapse for the highly repetitive operation. In this paper, the influences of the gas density depletion on the high‐pressure, pulsed glow discharge have been investigated, eliminating the other instabilities such as shock waves, residual ions, discharge products, and electrode heating. The gas density depletion was produced by utilizing a subsonic flow between the curved electrodes. The comparison has been made on the discharge occurring in the presence of the gas density depletion with that by the double‐pulse experiment in a stable gas. The big gas density nonuniformity tends to cause the arc without the shocks, ions, discharge products, and electrode heating. The transition from glow to arc discharge discontinuously occurs with respect to the gas density depletion. On the other hand, the second discharge in the double‐pulse experiment becomes an arc in much smaller gas density nonuniformity, and the transition from glow to arc occurs gradually. The arc discharge might be driven by some factors other than the gas density depletion. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(4): 9–16, 2000     

电解液中Cu杂质对负极镉压的影响

在试验电池的电解液中添加不同含量的铜杂质,测量充电后期电池的端电压及负极镉压的变化,以分析铜杂质的含量对负极镉压的影响,为提高整组电池电压的均衡性寻找解决措施。