分布式电源的配电网重构和电容器优化投切

综合考虑最优潮流、配电网重构和电容器优化投切,建立了计及分布式电源的配电网经济运行模型。鉴于模型的复杂性,采用结合最优潮流和改进蚁群算法的混合优化方法进行求解。该方法将最优潮流嵌入改进蚁群算法中,利用最优潮流求解考虑网络安全约束的分布式电源优化调度问题,利用改进蚁群算法优化配电网结构和电容器档位。为了提高蚁群算法的优化效率,建立含有局部搜索蚂蚁的混合蚁群,平衡蚁群算法的全局和局部搜索能力。通过对16节点和33节点的测试系统仿真,表明提出的模型和算法正确有效。     

计及灵活配电单元的分布式电源优化配置方法

分布式电源(distributed generation, DG)接入位置和容量的不合理规划会对配电网造成不利影响,而灵活配电单元具有灵活控制系统潮流分配和改善电压等优点,因此文中提出在规划中计及灵活配电单元的稳态计算模型和控制策略。为更合理地对DG进行选址和定容,文中首先建立基于全寿命周期成本(life cycle cost, LCC)、网络损耗和电压偏差3个指标的综合接受度标准模型。然后提出采用改进麻雀搜索算法(improved sparrow search algorithm, ISSA)对模型进行求解,并在算法中引入高斯变异和Tent混沌,提高算法的全局搜索能力及收敛速度。最后以IEEE 33节点配电网系统为例进行仿真,考虑未接入和接入灵活配电单元2种情况,分别运用粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization, PSO)算法、麻雀搜索算法(sparrow search algorithm, SSA)和ISSA进行求解。结果表明,计及灵活配电单元可以有效控制系统潮流,改善配置DG后的系统运行状态,并且ISSA比其他算法的优化结果更高效准确。     

Load variation impact on allowable output power of distributed generator with loss consideration

As more renewable energy is being utilized, the number of distributed generators (DGs) is continuously increasing. In general, DGs provide considerable benefits from both economic and engineering aspects. Determination of the appropriate DG capacity is generally performed under certain operating conditions. However, the system demand varies with the time of the day. Therefore, appropriate DG output power, taking into account distribution feeder loss reduction, also changes over time. This paper investigates the impact of load variation on determining the appropriate DG output power for feeder loss reduction purposes. The branch current decomposition loss allocation based method is further developed to determine an appropriate DG output power taking into account customer load profiles. It is anticipated that the proposed method would help planning engineers to determine the suitable DG power output to be fed into their systems in a short period of time. The obtained results also show that the feeder loss can be managed effectively with appropriate output power of the DG. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Extended flow algorithm for online reconfiguration of large‐scale distribution system with interconnected distributed generators

The interconnection of distributed generators (DGs) in a power system increases the difficulty of managing the system. The minimization of the voltage deviation by network reconfiguration is an important requirement for dealing with the issue. We had previously developed a reconfiguration technique, named the intelligent flow algorithm (IFA), for determining the optimum or suboptimum network configuration within a short computation time. In the present paper, we propose an extension of IFA, named the extended flow algorithm (EFA), for more effective determination of the optimal network configuration of a distribution system containing massive installations of DGs. EFA is a two‐stage method in which the configuration that produces uniform power supply, referred to as the balanced configuration, is first generated, and then used to seek the optimal configuration using an improved branch exchange approach. Accordingly, EFA is more simplified to improve its computation speed on large‐scale systems. The algorithm was tested by case studies of different test distribution systems in the MATLAB environment, and was confirmed to have high performance to cope with DG installations and large‐scale systems. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

倒送功率约束下的分布式电源最大接入容量分析

分布式电源(DG)接入配电网后,低电压等级电网可能倒送功率至高电压等级电网,对电网造成不利影响。在各种影响因素中,倒送功率限制是影响DG接入电网的主要因素。从倒送功率约束的角度出发,结合节点电压及潮流约束,建立了以DG接入容量最大为目标的数学模型,给出了最大接入容量的计算方法,并分析了DG的接入对配电网有功网损的影响。考虑节假日对负荷的影响,给出了调整倒送功率约束以增大DG接入容量的建议。以一个33节点的10 kV配电网接入分布式光伏电源为例,验证了所提方法的可行性。     

一种基于图示求解的分布式发电优化配置方法

分布式发电(Distributed Generation)对配网潮流及电压的影响主要与其位置和容量有关。提出一种基于馈线潮流分布图示求解DG优化配置的新方法,DG和负荷均采用较简单的恒功率模型,馈线首端采用恒电压输出模型,得出馈线潮流分布图,根据引入DG对潮流和电压影响的规律,来求解DG的优化配置问题。该方法可以使得大部分目标函数和限制条件在图示中简单易了,避免传统优化算法繁琐的过程。最后通过仿真算例并于遗传算法结果进行比较证明了方法的有效性和准确性。该方法是不同于传统优化算法的一种新思路,可对DG注入容量、注入位置的选择提供理论参考依据。     

Determination of loss‐minimum configuration with mathematical optimality in a three‐sectionalized three connected distribution feeder network

In a distribution system, in order to enhance the reliability of power supply, the distribution feeder is divided into several sections by installing sectionalizing switches, and then each of the sectionalized sections is connected to a different feeder. For example, one feeder is divided into three sections by two sectionalizing switches, and then each of the divided sections is connected to the other feeder through sectionalizing switch. Since a distribution system with many feeders has many sectionalizing switches, the system configuration is determined by states (opened or closed) of sectionalizing switches. Usually, a power utility tries to obtain distribution loss‐minimum configuration among large numbers of configuration candidates. However, it is very difficult to determine the loss‐minimum configuration such that the mathematical optimality is guaranteed, because it is well known that determination of a distribution system's configuration is to decide whether each sectionalizing switch is opened or closed by solving a combinatorial optimization problem. In this paper, the authors propose a determination method of loss‐minimum configuration by which the mathematical optimality is guaranteed for a three‐sectionalized three‐connected distribution feeder network. A problem to determine the loss‐minimum configuration is formulated as a combinatorial optimization problems with four operational constraints ( feeder capacity, voltage limit, radial structure, and three‐sectionalization). In the proposed method, after picking up all partial configurations satisfied with radial structure constraint by using enumeration method, optimal combination of partial configurations is determined under the other operational constraints by using conventional optimization method. Numerical simulations are carried out for a distribution network model with 140 sectionalizing switches in order to examine the validity of the proposed algorithm in comparison with one of conventional meta‐heuristics (tabu search). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(1): 56– 65, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20530     

变流器型分布式电源的短路电流响应特性

分布式电源的短路电流计算是含分布式电源配电网的故障分析的基础。针对变流器并网型分布式电源,在分析电压源变流器控制系统结构的基础上,仿真研究了幅相控制、矢量解耦控制和电流瞬时值跟踪控制策略下变流器的短路电流变化特征,给出了配电网最严重短路情况下变流器型分布式电源输出电流的统一表达式。最后通过示例说明了分布式电源出力对短路电流的影响。     

Integrated method of determining transmission and distribution loss‐minimum network configurations

In Japan, the secondary transmission system (66 kV, 77 kV) and distribution system (6.6 kV) with loop structures are operated using the radial configuration. The transmission and distribution network configurations must be determined so as to keep the radial configuration and satisfy the operational constraints such as line capacity, voltage drop, and so on. However, the configuration candidates are too many, and it is not easy to determine transmission and distribution loss‐minimum network configurations comprehensively. In this paper, the authors propose an integrated method of determining the transmission and distribution loss‐minimum network configurations under the operational constraints within practical computation time. In order to check the validity of the proposed method of determination, numerical simulations using the proposed method are carried out for a real‐scale Japanese transmission and distribution network model with 2²⁰⁹⁸ configuration candidates. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Three‐phase voltage control method by single‐phase distributed generators connected to islanded distribution network

We have proposed a concept model of emergency islanded operation by using distributed generators (DGs) such as photovoltaics, electric vehicles, or batteries, which can provide power to customers via undamaged distribution network in order to develop the resilient power system against large disasters, and it is named Islanded Distribution Network (IDN). Since there is no guarantee that the three‐phase generation system is interconnected to the IDN, the single‐phase DGs that are installed in the distribution network may be treated as main generators in the IDN operation. If the IDN has only single‐phase DGs, it is difficult to regulate the three‐phase voltage within the allowable range and to compensate the unbalance voltage. The aim of this study is to develop the method to supply three‐phase balanced voltage by single‐phase generators in the IDN. First, the operating condition of the generators is proposed for the supply of three‐phase balanced voltage in the IDN model by algebra calculation. The control method for three single‐phase generators has been developed by using the conditions obtained from the derivation of the generators conditions.     

分布式电源接入下配电网电压无功控制效果分析

分布式电源的接入对配电网的运行状况会有很大的影响,尤其是配电网的电压分布以及网络损耗方面。首先给出了分布式电源和负荷的详细模型,通过准确建模真实模拟电网潮流变化情况。然后引入一种基于规则的电压无功控制方法,以加入分布式电源和具体负荷的IEEE13节点典型馈线系统作为仿真算例,通过电压变化曲线和系统消耗功率等指标验证该算法在分布式电源接入情况下的有效性,并分析接入分布式电源的配电网的电压无功连续控制效果。     

含分布式电源的配电网多代理故障自恢复系统

提出一种完全分布式的多代理系统(multi-agent system,MAS),来实现包含分布式电源配电网的故障自恢复功能。该MAS由母线代理组成,每一个母线代理(bus agents,BA)都具备独立引导供电恢复的能力,通过BA之间的通讯与协作来完成供电恢复任务。为保障BA间通讯的有效进行,制定了深度优先通讯机制,该通讯机制与深度优先搜索类似。该MAS不仅能处理单一故障的情况,而且能处理连锁故障的极端情况。采用Java语言和多代理开发框架设计MAS。通过典型的故障算例验证了该MAS的有效性。     

基于锥优化的储能系统参与配电网运行调节快速计算方法

储能技术在配用电侧的广泛应用为提高可再生能源消纳能力、优化系统运行状态提供了新的手段。但是,储能系统参与到配电网运行调节后,使得配电网的优化问题更加复杂,对优化算法提出了更高的要求。为此,文中提出了一种基于锥优化的储能系统参与配电网运行调节的快速计算方法。首先,针对储能系统参与配电网运行调节的优化模型,提出了该问题的锥模型转化方法,得到标准形式的锥优化模型,进而利用锥优化工具实现问题的快速、准确求解。最后,通过算例测试验证了锥模型转化的正确性和锥优化方法的快速性。     

计及分布式电源局部调压能力的10 kV配电网低电压治理方法

为了充分利用分布式电源局部调压能力治理10 kV配电网的低电压问题,提出了一种利用分布式电源改善电压的方法。根据配电网5种典型运行案例的节点电压,利用模糊聚类分析对配电网中节点进行二次分区,并利用改进的粒子群算法在分区内优化配置分布式电源和无功补偿设备。计及分布式电源和无功补偿设备的输出电流以及有载调压变压器变比的影响,推导出了计算节点电压变化量的公式以及基于电流的电压灵敏度分析矩阵,并提出了基于灵敏度分析矩阵的电压控制策略。以存在"低电压"问题10 kV配电网为例,对所提出的方法进行了分析和验证,结果表明了所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

计及分布式电源的配电网供电可靠性研究

首先分析了分布式电源接人配电网的方式、作为等效电源的模式、配电网孤岛运行方式以及它们对配电网供电可靠性的影响,然后根据供需平衡原则,提出配电网孤岛划分策略,在此基础上,建立了计及分布式电源影响的配电网供电可靠性分析计算模型,最后通过对一典型配电网的仿真计算,说明该模型的合理性与有效性.以计算结果表明,分布式电源接入配电网后,可以大大提高配电网供电的可靠性.     

Calculation of the loss‐minimum configuration in the IEEJ local power system model

In Japan, local power systems (77 kV) are served from the 275‐ or 154‐kV substations. For enhancement of power supply reliability, the transmission lines are connected to several substations, and the operational configuration is radial. The local power system's configuration is determined by connecting and disconnecting transmission lines so as to keep the radial structure and satisfy the operation constraints. When a local power system has a number of transmission lines, many configuration candidates occur. Recently, an IEEJ committee made a practical scale local system model (IEEJ Local System Model). Since the IEEJ Local System Model has 76 transmission lines, the total number of configuration candidates is 2⁷⁶ (approximately 7.5 × 10²²). In this paper, the authors try to strictly obtain the loss‐minimum configuration under constraints such as substation capacity, line capacity, and radial structure in the IEEJ Local System Model. In order to obtain the optimal configuration, a new computation algorithm is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, the configuration determination problem is replaced as two combinatorial optimization problems based on the operational constraints [(1) substation capacity, (2) line capacity, and (3) radial structure]. One combinatorial optimization problem (subproblem 1) is to pick up all partial configurations so as to minimize total line loss under the substation capacity constraint. By using the enumeration method, subproblem 1 is solved. Subproblem 2 is solved by using the reduced ordered binary decision diagram (ROBDD). Since the proposed method is based on enumeration and Boolean function, the optimality of obtained solution is guaranteed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(4): 34–42, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10226     

Equivalent model of multi-type distributed generators under faults with fast-iterative calculation method based on improved PSO algorithm

There are various types of distributed generators (DGs) with diferent grid integration strategies. The transient char? acteristics of the fault currents provided by the DGs are diferent to those of conventional synchronous generators. In this paper, a distribution network with multi-type DGs is investigated, including consideration of DG low-voltage ride through (LVRT). The fault current characteristics of two typical DGs, i.e. an inverter-interfaced distributed generator (IIDG) and a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), are analyzed, considering the specifc operation modes. Based on analysis of the fault characteristics, an equivalent model of the multi-type DGs under symmetrical/asymmetrical fault conditions is established. A fast-iterative fault calculation method for enhancing the calculation efciency while avoid? ing local convergence is then proposed using an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. A simula? tion system of the distribution network with multi-type DGs is established in PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results validate the high accuracy and calculation efciency of the proposed calculation method of the fault components. This can assist in the settings of the protection threshold.     

计及不确定性因素的配电网网架规划方法

为了在配电网网络架构规划中计及分布式电源出力与负荷不确定性的影响,提出了模糊规划法。通过三角模糊数表述分布式电源(Distributed Generation, DG)出力的不确定性,并利用可信度理论构建配电网网架规划模型;提出了一种快速生成树算法形成待规划系统的初始网络架构,再利用遗传算法对初始网架进行调整寻优,最终得到系统最优网架。通过算例仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于经济运行分析的分布式电源配电网线损分摊

为了从经济运行角度研究分布式电源配电网线损分摊,给出一种基于经济运行分析的分布式电源配电网线损分摊计算方法。首先,采用等效电阻法计算最小配电网线损,并据此计算接入分布式电源前后配电网的经济运行负载区间;其次,分析配电网接入分布式电源前后经济运行负载区间变化的原因,并据此构建不同的运行场景;最后,采用潮流追踪算法计算分布式电源线损分摊电量,设置对应的奖惩系数修正计算的线损分摊电量。实例分析结果验证了所给方法的有效性和合理性。     

分布式电源并网动态无功优化调度的研究

根据分布式电源并网的控制特性,将分布式电源设计为电压控制型和无功补偿型,考虑其与地区电网的电压无功控制手段相结合,参与地区电网动态无功优化调度。建立以降低地区电网网损、抑制电压波动为综合目标的地区电网模糊动态无功优化调度模型。在该模型中,通过构造模糊评价函数,将目标函数转化为对优化结果的满意度,并利用自适应权重法将综合目标进行归一化处理。最后采用改进遗传算法有效求解含分布式电源的地区电网动态无功优化调度策略。算例表明,提出的模型和方法是合理的,具有一定参考价值。