Influence of various compounds on electrostatic charging tendency in insulating oil

The influence of various compounds on the increase of the electrostatic charging tendency (ECT) in insulating oil was investigated. Sulfide compounds, which are contained in new mineral oil, are identified for the first time as the original materials involved in the increase of the ECT. This is verified by heating tests of alkylbenzene with the addition of various compounds. Coexistence with copper and injection of oxygen enhance the increase of the ECT. Some sulfide and sulfoxide compounds increase the ECT markedly. On the other hand, the influence of sulfones, which are oxidation products of sulfoxides, is negligible. Although sulfonic acids, which are oxidation products of sulfones, markedly increase the ECT, the polarity is reverse. Thus, the ECT is influenced by the kinds and the molecular structures of additive sulfur compounds. The influence of nitrogen compounds and that of oxygen compounds are confirmed to be smaller than that of sulfur compounds. Since the amounts of nitrogen compounds and oxygen compounds are much smaller than those of sulfur compounds in mineral insulating oils, the influence of these compounds is considered negligible. Since the ECT of oils with the addition of sulfides or sulfoxides increases after heating, the other compounds should be created from these compounds that increase the ECT directly. Thus, the increase of the ECT is mostly caused by the oxidation of sulfides, which creates sulfoxides. Then certain compounds, which directly increase the ECT, are created from sulfoxides. If sulfones or sulfonic acids are created by the oxidation of sulfoxides, the ECT decreases because of the influence of these compounds on the ECT. It is most likely that some process other than oxidation occurs in the creation of the compounds that increase the ECT directly. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(3): 29–36, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21112     

Increase of static electrification in an aged oil‐immersed transformer

Increase of static electrification activity and discharge generation was experienced during the service operation of an aged power transformer. The transformer oil had high sulfide and sulfoxide contents and was liable to show high ECT value after aging. However, there was no apparent increase in standard ECT (electrostatic charging tendency) measurement of the insulating oil and, therefore, deterioration of pressboard was suspected as the cause of the increase. The ECT tests with aged oil and pressboard sampled from the aged transformer were insufficient to demonstrate the increase in static electrification for the aged transformer. On the other hand, the results suggested a possibility that increase in static electrification can be caused by adsorption of some deterioration compound in the aged oil to the pressboard. In order to make more effective evaluation to the transformer insulation, potential measurement on the pressboard in the oil duct was carried out. The experimental results demonstrated strong increase of the accumulated charge by the aged pressboard, which suggested effectiveness of potential measurement for the assessment of static electrification in transformers. The device of potential measurement for practical use was designed by reducing the necessary amount of oil sampling. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(3): 10–19, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20789     

大型变压器绝缘油中硫腐蚀的危害及防护对策研究

针对电网大型变压器在运行中发现的硫腐蚀问题,初步分析了产生硫腐蚀的原因及对设备安全运行的危害;在此基础上开展了防护对策的研究,提出了向运行设备绝缘油中添加钝化剂以避免硫腐蚀发生的解决方法,介绍了钝化剂技术在华东电网500kV变压器上的具体应用情况.     

金属钝化剂BTA对变压器硫腐蚀的抑制效果及绝缘油性能的影响研究

油中的腐蚀性硫化物会侵蚀变压器绝缘绕组,导致油纸绝缘性能下降,给变压器的运行带来安全隐患,工程上常通过加入金属钝化剂来抑制腐蚀性硫化物与铜离子的结合,进而延缓硫腐蚀过程的发生。研究了油中常用金属钝化剂苯并三氮唑(BTA)对铜硫化物形成的抑制效果,并研究了钝化剂在长期运行过程中对变压器绝缘油性能的影响。结果表明,在含有腐蚀性硫的绝缘油中加入BTA可以有效缓解变压器硫腐蚀,但高浓度的BTA会促使油中铜离子含量增加,而油中铜离子能通过传递分解过氧化氢产生过氧化自由基,加速油品劣化,导致油纸绝缘老化加速。     

油／气绝缘套管出线变压器现场试验方法

通过油／气套管和GIS连接的电力变压器是一种新型结构电力设备。对其进行介质损耗和电容测量试验,需要将SF6气室打开才能进行试验接线,现场处理难度大,并且容易在处理过程引起新的设备缺陷。文中介绍不打开SF6气室,对变压器进行介质损耗和电容测量的试验方法。理论分析和现场试验证明,该试验方法简单,测试数据可靠。     

Application of Kalman filter to hot‐spot temperature monitoring in oil‐immersed power transformer

Winding hot‐spot temperature (HST) is an important factor that affects the insulation life of an oil‐immersed power transformer. Thus, precise prediction and close monitoring of HSTs are necessary to avoid thermal damage. In this paper, a differential equation for HST prediction is presented, which takes into consideration the effects of the top‐oil temperature variations and thermal dynamics of the load. A discrete form of this equation based on the framework of the Kalman filter (KF) algorithm was used to establish a real‐time estimation model for the HST. The KF‐based model was validated by a sample heat‐run test involving a transformer setup in the laboratory. Moreover, the proposed model was applied to a real, large power transformer and compared with the classical IEEE‐Annex G method. Results show that the HSTs estimated by the KF‐based model are closer to the measured values. The exhibited potential applicability and generality in real‐time prediction for HST demonstrate that the proposed model can be employed for online monitoring of HSTs for large power transformers. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Corrosion control by antioxidant DBPC in insulating oil

In order to evaluate corrosive sulfur in insulating oil quantitatively, wave length dispersive X-ray (WDX) technique has been reported (1) . Using this technique, antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (DBPC) was found to be effective to suppress corrosion caused by dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS). The effect of corrosion prevention continues for a long term when a certain amount of DBPC is added to oil. The durability of DBPC was also evaluated by HPLC. It is possible to add relatively a good deal of DBPC to oil because DBPC has higher solubility than passivator and little effect on dielectric strength. Furthermore, DBPC was used with passivator simultaneously, and corrosion control time was far extended by their synergy effect. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Influence of oil aging on the space charge dynamics of oil‐immersed paper insulation under a DC electric field

The formation of space charge in oil/paper insulation system can lead to material degradation in the region of high electric field. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that affect space charge formation in oil/paper insulation system. In this paper, the effect of oil aging on space charge dynamics in oil/paper insulation system is investigated using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) technique under a DC electric field at room temperature. The ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectrum of the oil shifts to longer wavelengths, and the oil acidity increases as the aging time increases. It has been found that the oil property has a significant effect on the space charge distribution in the oil/paper insulation sample. The more the deterioration of the oil, the larger amount of negative and positive charges accumulated in the bulk of the oil/paper insulation sample. The total amount of slow moving charges, the surface trap energy density, and the electric field distortion of the oil/paper insulation sample increased with the degree of deterioration due to oil aging. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

变压器油中腐蚀性硫的研究进展及应用

综述了变压器油中腐蚀性硫的研究进展;结合研究现状,对贵州电网220kV及以上电压等级主变压器（含高抗）油进行腐蚀性硫的检测;对含腐蚀性硫的变压器油进行了添加钝化剂的处理,添加钝化剂前后的试验数据对比证实了这种处理方法的有效性,具有推广价值。     

Dielectric characteristics of oil‐filled transformer in the presence of nonstandard lightning surge waveforms

To achieve a rational insulation design for transformers, it is important to evaluate dielectric strength against surges actually impinging on equipment on‐site. This paper deals with the breakdown voltage characteristics of an oil gap under nonstandard lightning surge waveforms combined with oscillatory voltages. It is found that the breakdown voltages of the oil gap under nonstandard impulse waveforms are higher than standard lightning impulse voltages. The results can be ascribed to V–t characteristics of the oil gap in short‐time impulse voltage ranges. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(3): 39–45, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10229     

变压器油中的糠醛萃取新技术

针对目前国内没有专用的变压器油糠醛萃取设备问题,研制了专用的变压器油糠醛萃取装置,方便了变压器油的糠醛萃取工作,为变压器固体绝缘老化的诊断分析提供了手段和方法,实现了对变压器固体绝缘老化的有效监督,从而为变压器设备的状态检修工作提供了有利的技术支持。应用测试结果表明,糠醛的萃取效率达95%以上,萃取效果十分明显。     

Research on influencing factors of corrosive sulfur attacking copper in insulating oil and prevention

The influencing factors (temperature, electric field, and oxygen) of sulfur attack in transformer oil are studied through comparative tests on new oil, oil in service, and these two oils with the deactivator additive BTA (benzotriazole, C₆H₄N₃H). The influence of these factors on the chemical reaction between copper and corrosive sulfur is analyzed in further. The results show that temperature, electric field, and oxygen can promote the reaction between copper and corrosive sulfur. Moreover, oxygen also accelerates the aging of the insulating oil. On the contrary, recharging nitrogen can remove oxygen and reduce sulfur's corrosive activity. Adding the BTA deactivator can also prevent corrosion, even during the accelerated aging of oil with oxygen. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

某110kV变压器油介质损耗增大原因分析

针对1台110 kV变压器油介质损耗因数增大问题,通过调查分析,确定其原因是绝缘油老化引起的设备缺陷。为此,制定变压器油处理的工艺及验证试验方案,并付诸实施。结果表明:使用绝缘油的再生—净化处理工艺降低了绝缘油的介损指标,高压试验介质损耗合格,绝缘恢复正常。     

High‐frequency voltage oscillation in transformer windings and electrical breakdown properties of interturn insulation immersed in oil at VFT voltage

Switching operations in gas insulated switchgear (GIS) can generate very fast transient overvoltages (VFTO) which propagate in the GIS with little attenuation. When a transformer is directly connected to the GIS through a gas/oil bushing, the VFTO can enter the transformer and excite the voltage oscillation in the windings. In the paper, we firstly show a resonance phenomenon due to the superposition of the traveling waves which was found in the experiments using the coil windings of a 500 kV transformer. The fundamental resonance frequency ranged at about 2 MHz, and its voltage at the interturn (turn‐to‐turn) of the coil could reach 0.25 times of the applied voltage in the worst case. Secondly, the electrical breakdown properties of interturn insulation in oil were studied, applying the unipolar and bipolar voltages with 2 MHz oscillatory frequency. The breakdown voltages at the unipolar and bipolar VFT oscillatory stresses were about 1.25 and 1.40 times higher than that at the standard lighting impulse, respectively. We discuss the experimental breakdown stresses with the ones estimated from the analysis of VFTO in the transformer windings and also show the methods to cope with the VFTO. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(4): 45–52, 2000     

Development of a controller for a high‐power electrostatic motor

Development of a controller for high‐power electrostatic motors is described in this paper. The controller includes stereo audio amplifiers, small transformers, and an operation signal generator. The signal generator generates controlled operation signals for dual‐frequency operation methods so that a motor can generate commanded thrust force. By using frequencies of several kilohertz for operation signals and by using resonance between an electrostatic motor and transformers, it became possible to use commercially available audio amplifiers as power sources and to use small transformers, resulting in an inexpensive and compact controller. This paper mainly discusses the design of the signal generator and the transformers. Some experimental results are also shown. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 133(4): 91–99, 2000     

减小变压器油色谱分析误差的方法

油色谱分析法是判断变压器内部故障的主要方法之一,在变压器故障判断及处理过程中起着重要作用。可是由于种种原因．在实际操作中存在着各种误差。本文结合变压器油色谱分析的基本过程,从油样采集、脱气、标定和进样分析四个环节分析了变压器油色谱分析中误差的性质和原因;结合自己的工作经验,提出了减少变压器油色谱分析结果误差的方法。     

关于绝缘油体积电阻率试验和介质损耗因数试验的分析

结合具体实例．分析了在反映绝缘油油质方面．绝缘油的体积电阻率试验和介质损耗因数试验的相同和差异之处,阐述了同时开展体积电阻率试验和介质损耗因数试验的必要性．指出不应简单地以等同的概念去理解和实施这两项试验。     

矿物绝缘油中噻吩类非活性硫诱发绕组腐蚀的反应机理研究

矿物绝缘油中腐蚀活性较强的硫化物已被证实会诱发油浸式电力设备绝缘故障,在绝缘油精炼过程中会被去除。部分非活性硫因其高效抗氧化性保留于矿物绝缘油中以提高油品的氧化安定性。然而,非活性硫在油浸式电力设备运行条件下的活化问题及其对绝缘性能造成的影响并未得到关注。本文针对矿物绝缘油中的典型非活性硫噻吩类硫化物,聚焦油纸绝缘中非活性硫诱发绕组腐蚀的反应机理。采用材料物相分析方法探究噻吩类硫化物的热裂解产物,结合热解动力学分析方法,分析噻吩类硫化物在不同升温速率下的活化能变化规律,并开展非活性硫噻吩类硫化物在油纸绝缘热场作用下的试验研究。热裂解解气相色谱、质谱以及热解傅里叶红外光谱结果表明,噻吩类硫化物(噻吩、苯并噻吩、二苯并噻吩)在热解过程中的主要活化产物为具有极强腐蚀性与挥发性的H₂S。不同热解升温速率下,噻吩类硫化物的热重和微分热重曲线形状基本一致,其中噻吩最容易发生热解、其次是苯并噻吩、最后为二苯并噻吩。在油纸绝缘低温过热条件下,由于体系能量的不断积累,导致非活性硫噻吩类硫化物会发生活化进而生成低分子强腐蚀性硫化物,加剧了油品腐蚀性,最终导致油纸绝缘发生硫腐蚀。     

A study on hot spot detection possibility in simulated oil‐filled‐type transformer tank by using ultrasonic methods

Failure of oil‐filled‐type (OFT) power transformers usually results in very big losses comprising the loss of the transformer itself as well as production loss in industry. Most of the energy lost in OFT transformers, induced by faults, will become heat at a location close to the fault, which then becomes a hot spot. The detection of hot spots in OFT transformers can be an effective way for transformer fault location and diagnosis. As the OFT transformer enclosure is completely sealed and is opaque, to date there is no effective way to find out hot spots in them. It is known that ultrasonic energy can be transmitted into the sealed transformer enclosure which is filled with the fluid, and ultrasonic waves can be affected by the temperature of the materials they propagate through; so the ultrasonic method can be a possible method for hot spot detection. In this paper, we describe a study on the possibility of developing a method to detect hot spots in an environment filled with a fluid, simulating a transformer. Trails using a different times‐of‐flight (TOFs) evaluation techniques and attenuation measurement of the ultrasonic energy propagated were carried out, which showed encouraging results for locating the hot spot as well as measuring the hot spot temperature in fluids; we also discuss the possibility of applying these results to the diagnosis of OFT transformers eventually. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

新型全自动绝缘油介质损耗数字测量仪

为解决介质损耗测量仪操作繁琐、测试时间长等问题,研制了一种新型一体化全自动绝缘油介质损耗测量仪,采取相应办法和抗干扰措施提高测量精度,保证测试系统的高精度测量实施,结果证明该仪器测试数据准确稳定,测试时间短,自动化程度高,便于推广使用。