Operation of superconducting fault current limiter using vacuum interrupter driven by electromagnetic repulsion force for commutating switch

Using conventional high‐temperature superconducting wire, a model superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is made and tested. Solenoid coil using Bi2223 silver sheath wire is so made that inductance is as small as possible and a vacuum interrupter is connected in series to it. A conventional reactor coil is connected in parallel. When the fault current flows in this equipment, superconducting wire is quenched and current is transferred into the parallel coil because of voltage drop of superconducting wire. This large current in parallel coil actuates magnetic repulsion mechanism of vacuum interrupter. Due to opening of vacuum interrupter, the current in superconducting wire is broken. By using this equipment, current flow time in superconducting wire can be easily minimized. On the other hand, the fault current is also easily limited by large reactance of parallel coil. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(1): 52–61, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20315     

Application study of a high‐temperature superconducting fault current limiter for electric power system

Using high‐temperature superconductors, a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) was fabricated and tested. The superconductor and a vacuum interrupter serving as a commutation switch were connected in parallel with a bypass coil. When a fault occurs and excessive current flows, the superconductor is first quenched and the current is transferred to the bypass coil because of the voltage drop of the superconductor. At the same time, since a magnetic field is generated by the current flowing in the bypass coil, the commutation switch is immediately driven by an electromagnetic repulsion plate connected to the driving rod of the vacuum interrupter (VI), and the superconductor is separated from this circuit. Using the test model, we were able to separate the superconductor from the circuit by the movement of the VI within a half current cycle and to transfer all current to the bypass coil. Since the operation of the commutation switch is included in the current limiting operation of this test model, it will be a useful circuit in the development of SFCL in the future. Moreover, since it can make the energy consumption of the superconductor small during the fault state due to the realization of a high‐speed switch with simple composition, the burden on the superconductor is reduced compared with the conventional resistive type of SFCL and it is considered that the flexibility of SFCL design is increased. Cooperation with a circuit breaker was also considered; trial calculations of the parameters and energy of operation were conducted and a discussion of the installation of the SFCL in an electric power system is presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 20–29, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20265     

Study of shunt type SFCL equipped with electromagnetic repulsion switch for large capacity

Using a high‐temperature superconductor, we constructed and tested a model Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL). The SFCL that we proposed has a vacuum interrupter with electromagnetic repulsion mechanism. We set out to construct a high‐voltage‐class SFCL. We produced an electromagnetic repulsion switch equipped with a 24‐kV vacuum interrupter (VI). However, the opening speed becomes slower, because the larger vacuum interrupter needs a heavier‐weight contact. For this reason, the current which flows in a superconductor may not be interruptible within a half cycle of current. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to change the design of the coil connected in parallel and to strengthen the electromagnetic repulsion force at the time of opening the vacuum interrupter. Thus, the design of the coil was changed, and in order to examine whether the problem is solvable, a current limiting test was conducted. We carried out a current limiting test using second‐generation (2G) HTS wire. The element used in this experiment has a stainless steel stabilizer on both sides of the wire. In the experiment we succeeded in interrupting the current of a superconductor within a half cycle. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 173(4): 20–27, 2010; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21039     

Superconducting DC breaker

The scheme of a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) rated for operation in the DC electric networks at the maximum current of 300 A, is proposed. This device incorporates a module based on 2G high-temperature superconductors and a quick-action vacuum DC interrupter. Authors present the investigation results relating both to the current-limiting capacity of DC SFCL and to recovery time of the super-conducting state after current disconnection at the voltage of 3.5 kV.     

基于MgB2的新型电阻型超导故障限流器的研制和性能分析

超导故障限流器对限制短路电流和短路容量具有重要的研究意义。文中基于MgB2的特性,采用先变形后退火的方法,并利用特制高温玻璃纤维进行绝缘,在退火处理后再通过环氧树脂胶黏剂固化,研制了一台小体积电阻型超导故障限流器样机。同时通过液氦和氦气冷却,对其性能进行测试;通过建立电阻型超导故障限流器的一维热传导模型和电路方程,对其动作特性进行仿真。测试和仿真结果表明该样机限流效果明显,限流百分比可达44%以上,然而限流器的失超长度、超导线材温度和失超电阻随着时间呈非线性变化且限流器的线材并未全部失超。失超恢复时间约为1.5s,可通过交替连接方式满足重合闸需求。最后针对10kV电力系统,提出了MgB2的小体积电阻型超导故障限流器工程设计原理,并分析了其在工程应用中的可行性。     

Proposal for an RMS thermoelectric model for a resistive-type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL)

In general, predictions of the limiting characteristics of a resistive superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) include the electrical and thermal behaviour of the superconductor. Acknowledging that these two phenomena have very different time scales for limiters inserted in an electric power system, we propose in this paper a root mean squared (RMS) thermoelectric model for a resistive-type superconducting fault current limiter.     

桥式超导故障限流器的数字仿真研究

桥式超导故障限流器,它由超导磁体、二极管桥路和直流偏压源组成。超导故障限流器与常规限流电抗器不同之处是:将其接入电网,当电力系统正常运行时,超导体电阻几乎为零,对电力系统运行无影响;当电网发生短路故障时,超导线圈可以无时延地被自动串入线路,从而限制了短路故障电流,使得轻型断路器可以正常动作。通过PSCAD软件对超导故障限流器的运行特性进行仿真分析,证明超导故障限流器在电力系统中应用的意义与前景。     

工频零点电流转移限流及40.5kV快速真空开关仿真

随着电网的发展和负荷密度的增加,故障电流不断增大,如不采取措施,一些区域的故障电流将超过现有断路器的开断能力。笔者提出了一种基于工频零点电流转移的限流器方案。由快速真空开关和限流阻抗并联组成限流器,放弃限制故障电流的第一个峰值,降低了限流器实现的难度。笔者从工作电压、电流转移、动稳定性和热稳定性,以及快速真空开关等方面,论证了这种限流器的可行性。建立了基于等效回路法的仿真分析方法,对40.5kV真空断路器的电磁斥力机构进行了计算和优化。结果表明,工频零点电流转移型限流器所需的快速真空开关是可以实现的。     

12kV直动式快速真空开关研制

基于电磁斥力原理的操动机构始动时间短,可由增加电流的简单方式提高动作速度,非常适合于快速开关的应用场合。采用有限元方法仿真分析了金属盘厚度、线圈盘盖板和底板材质对斥力驱动机构特性的影响,并研制了一台基于斥力驱动装置和永磁保持装置的12 kV直动式快速真空开关。经测试和优化,该开关分闸始动时间达到0.5 ms以内,满行程时间达到5 ms以内,提高了分闸速度并增加了可靠性。     

高压快速转换开关的研制

对高压快速转换开关进行了研究,并开发出一台单相试品。该开关由6 kV/400 A真空接触器灭弧室、双向电磁推力操动机构和双稳碟簧机构组成。试验表明,该快速开关的分闸时间为0.8 ms,合闸时间为2.3 ms。     

BSCCO超导带材的工艺要点与应用

高温超导材料的发现,推进了超导技术的实用化。作为典型的高温超导材料,铋系(BSCCO)超导带材目前已在超导电缆、超导限流器和超导储能等领域实现商用。粉末套管法是制备BSCCO超导带材最常用的方法,主要工艺步骤包括装粉、拉拔、轧制和热处理等。本文介绍了粉末套管法的工艺,重点介绍了各工艺步骤中的关键点,阐述了超导带材在超导限流器和超导储能系统中的应用,提出了BSCCO超导带材未来的发展方向。     

直流电网中超导限流器与高压直流断路器的协调配合方法

为缓和直流电网中直流断路器(DCCB)的最大切除时间和切断故障电流大小之间的矛盾,研究超导限流器(SFCL)抑制直流故障电流的方法,提出一种SFCL与DCCB的协调配合方案。分析了不同阻值SFCL的限流特性,并针对超导体并联电阻值、限流电抗值等影响因素进行了比较,在此基础上提出了SFCL与DCCB的时序配合条件。在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了含SFCL的5端直流电网测试模型,仿真结果验证了SFCL的故障限流特性,通过合理选择SFCL参数与限流电抗器值可以有效抑制故障电流值,减少DCCB中耗能支路耗散的能量,加速故障隔离过程。     

基于旋转灭弧的SF6气体分界负荷开关的研究和应用

介绍了一种基于自力消弧即旋转灭弧方式的新型SF6气体分界负荷开关,其原理是利用了主回路流通电流产生的电磁力来灭弧,采用与以往分界负荷开关不同的接地检测方法,即方向性接地检测法来判断界内发生的故障并予以保护,可极大地减少由于线路故障导致的停电,缩短用户停电时间,提高供电可靠性。将该分界负荷开关应用在某变电站10 kV线路上,并设计了1套由电力监管计算机、指定手机、遥控器、掌上电脑、控制器等组成,依靠无线通信实行数据传输的监控系统。经过8个多月的运行统计,应用该系统变电站故障次数较前两年明显减少,接地保护故障与相间短路故障得到了有效抑制,提高了重合闸成功率。     

Recovery time to superconducting state after quench in superconducting fault‐current limiter

Since fault current tends to increase with electrical power demand, current‐limiting technology for overcurrents has been investigated. As a promising candidate, the superconducting fault‐current limiter (SC‐FCL) is expected to be introduced into power systems. One of the most important features of the SC‐FCL is recovery to a normal operating mode, that is, superconducting state rapidly after current interruption. In this paper, the recovery time of an SC‐FCL introduced into a distribution power system is discussed. To obtain the fundamental data, the recovery time of short Nb‐Ti superconducting cables was measured. We developed a method of calculation of the recovery time and it was confirmed that the calculated results agree with the measured ones. We studied the recovery characteristics of an SC‐FCL in a 6.6‐kV distribution system for the short‐circuit fault near the substation. We considered 3 and 17 cycles as the period from fault occurrence until current interruption. As a result, the superconducting cable length required to recover within the high‐speed reclosing time of 0.3 s are more that 270 and 480 m for 3 and 17 cycles, respectively. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(4): 34–44, 2000     

An analysis of superconducting fault current limiter for stabilization of synchronous generators in multimachine system: A two‐machine infinite bus system

This paper presents the results of analyses of the effectiveness of a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) to stabilize the synchronous generators, suppress turbine shaft torque oscillations, and limit the fault current in a two‐machine infinite bus system. In this study, the system model with two SFCLs having shunt resistance installed at each generator terminal was used taking 3LG (three lines to ground) fault at 12 fault points into account. These analyses were performed using EMTP/ATP. It is found that the use of SFCL with a shunt resistance value of 1.1 pu is most effective for all fault points for the stabilization of synchronous generators, the suppression of turbine shaft torque oscillations, and the limitation of fault current. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(3): 44–53, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10272     

超导限流器引入配电系统后的短路行为仿真

借助EMTP对10 kV配电系统中引入超导限流器的短路行为进行了仿真。给出了超导限流器的数学模型,着重分析了超导限流器限流电阻和故障检测时间对短路电流峰值、非故障线电压、超导限流器上的电压的影响。仿真结果表明, 增大限流电阻可以显著降低短路电流的峰值,并有利于维持非故障线的电压,但限流器上的电压也会增加。故障检测时间是影响超导限流器性能的关键参数,快速故障检测对提高超导限流器的性能、降低开关开断后的恢复电压非常有利。     

Relationship between current waveform just before current zero and interruption ability of high‐speed VCB

A high‐speed vacuum circuit breaker which forces the fault current to zero was investigated. The test circuit breaker consisted of a vacuum interrupter and a high‐frequency current source. A vacuum interrupter with an axial magnetic field electrode and a disk‐shaped electrode was tested. The arcing period of the high‐speed vacuum circuit breaker is much shorter than that of a conventional circuit breaker. The arc behavior of the test electrodes immediately after the contact separation was observed by a high‐speed video recorder. The relation between the current waveform just before the current zero point and the interruption ability was investigated experimentally by varying the high‐frequency current source. The results demonstrate the interruption ability and the arc behavior of the high‐speed vacuum circuit breaker. Effective current interruption is made possible by a low current period just before the current zero point, even though the arcing time is short and the arc is concentrated. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 172(2): 20–27, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20915     

直流SMC铁心高温超导故障限流器的研究

分析了直流电力系统保护的发展现状,设计了一种铁心型高温超导故障限流器。为了尽量延长限流的时间,限流器的铁心采用软磁复合材料(SMC)。限流器在系统正常工作时对电力系统影响很小,当短路故障发生时,它会很快表现为大阻抗以限制短路电流。基于磁场有限元与电路耦合的计算方法,首先对限流线圈在短路过程中的非线性电感进行精确计算,然后结合计算结果,在电路仿真程序中计算短路电流。通过对比SMC与硅钢铁心材料限流器的限流情况,可以看出SMC铁心限流器对于直流电力系统短路故障的限流效果更好。在短路故障发生后8 ms时,该限流器能将短路电流限制到最大值的12%。     

高温超导直流限流器的研究与应用综述

实现快速有效的故障限流是直流系统控制保护的关键技术之一,利用超导特性研制的超导直流限流器具有理想的限流性能,近年来得到广泛研究和持续发展.以超导模块呈现的限流效果为依据,归纳了现有高温超导直流限流器的主要类别和工作原理,阐述了超导材料对超导限流器限流性能和适用性的影响,梳理了超导限流器在直流系统中的接入方案,并结合超导直流限流器、换流器和直流断路器的配合关系,提炼了直流系统对配置超导直流限流器的性能要求,总结了超导直流限流器的演变规律,并指出其未来的应用趋势.     

适用于直流断路器的大电流快速开关分闸特性

快速开关分闸稳定性是影响直流断路器开断性能的关键要素。文中对大电流快速开关的双弹簧永磁操动和电磁斥力双动机构的分闸过程,用有限元方法进行电磁、热和位移等多物理场耦合计算,分析了永磁操动机构驱动线圈是否有必要投入以及不同驱动线圈电流对双动机构分闸特性的影响。结果表明：在永磁操动机构驱动线圈投入的情况下,可提前将永磁吸力抵消,进而避免电磁斥力因做功时间较短而引起分闸回弹现象;由于分闸初期电磁斥力非常大,永磁操动机构驱动线圈的投入对分闸初期的速度影响较小;在电磁斥力消失后,永磁操动机构驱动线圈电流在一定范围内越大,到达额定开距的速度越大,为避免其造成分闸反弹,应合理选择驱动线圈电流值。将仿真结果与实际样机分闸特性曲线进行对比,二者具有较好的一致性,验证了仿真方法的正确性。