Analysis of magnetic probe signals including effect of cylindrical conducting wall for field-reversed configuration experiment

A confinement field is disturbed by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) motions of a field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma in a cylindrical conductor. The effect of the conductor should be included to obtain a spatial structure of the disturbed field with a good precision. For this purpose, a toroidal current in the plasma and an eddy current on a conducting wall are replaced by magnetic dipole and image magnetic dipole moments, respectively. Typical spatial structures of the disturbed field are calculated by using the dipole moments for such MHD motions as radial shift, internal tilt, external tilt, and n=2 mode deformation. Then, analytic formulas for estimating the shift distance, tilt angle, and deformation rate of the MHD motions from magnetic probe signals are derived. It is estimated from the calculations by using the dipole moments that the analytic formulas include an approximately 40% error. Two kinds of experiment are carried out to investigate the reliability of the calculations. First, a magnetic field produced by a circular current is measured in an aluminum pipe to confirm the replacement of the eddy current with the image magnetic dipole moments. The measured fields coincide well with the calculated values including the image magnetic dipole moments. Second, magnetic probe signals measured from the FRC plasma are substituted into the analytic formulas to obtain shift distance and deformation rate. The experimental results are compared to the MHD motions measured by using a radiation from the plasma. If the error included in the analytic formulas and the difference between the magnetic and optical structures in the plasma are considered, the results of the radiation measurement support well those of the magnetic analysis.     

基于圆环磁体阵列的线型零磁场系统研究

磁性粒子成像是一种新型示踪剂成像技术,该技术利用磁性粒子在零磁场中的非线性磁化特性对被测物进行成像,其中零磁场的精细度决定其空间分辨率,而零磁场的精细度由空间磁场梯度决定。为了提高空间分辨率,设计了能产生大磁场梯度的静磁场结构,将其与驱动结构组合成线型零磁场系统。首先设计了基于圆环磁体阵列的静磁场结构,利用大梯度的静磁场构造精细线型零磁场;其次设计了基于亥姆霍兹线圈的驱动结构及其驱动方式,确定线型零磁场扫描范围与驱动电流之间的关系;最后计算线型零磁场系统的空间分辨率,研究磁场梯度、粒子粒径与空间分辨率之间的规律性。实验结果表明:基于圆环磁体阵列的静磁场结构产生的磁场梯度为4.804 T/m,当使用30 nm磁性粒子作为示踪剂时,系统的空间分辨率为0.540 mm,此时线型零磁场能在30 mm的范围内对被测物进行平移扫描。证明了基于圆环磁体阵列的线型零磁场系统用于提高磁性粒子成像分辨率的可行性。     

斜拉索表层断丝缺陷漏磁检测圆环阵列传感器

针对直径95 mm的斜拉索,建立了三维磁偶极子模型,计算分析了断丝缺陷圆截面的均布磁荷在三维空间形成的漏磁场,重点讨论了单根断丝形成的轴向漏磁场分量在空间的分布规律。构建了轴向漏磁场分量扫查系统,实验验证了模型对单根断丝漏磁场计算结果的准确性。采用-6 d B阈值法确定了轴向漏磁场分量在圆周方向的有效扩散角度约为±6°,以此确定了圆环阵列漏磁传感器的最低阵元数量为30。研制了适用于斜拉索表层断丝缺陷检测的圆环阵列传感器,在提离距离为8 mm的条件下实现了斜拉索表层多处断丝缺陷的扫查成像与定位,并对比分析了阵元数量对成像质量的影响。为研制大直径斜拉索表层缺陷漏磁检测圆环阵列传感器提供了方法借鉴。     

Heavy ion beam probe operation in time varying equilibria of improved confinement reversed field pinch discharges

Operation of a heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) on a reversed field pinch is unique from other toroidal applications because the magnetic field is more temporal and largely produced by plasma current. Improved confinement, produced through the transient application of a poloidal electric field which leads to a reduction of dynamo activity, exhibits gradual changes in equilibrium plasma quantities. A consequence of this is sweeping of the HIBP trajectories by the dynamic magnetic field, resulting in motion of the sample volume. In addition, the plasma potential evolves with the magnetic equilibrium. Measurement of the potential as a function of time is thus a combination of temporal changes of the equilibrium and motion of the sample volume. A frequent additional complication is a nonideal balance of ion current on the detectors resulting from changes in the beam trajectory (magnetic field) and energy (plasma potential). This necessitates use of data selection criteria. Nevertheless, the HIBP on the Madison Symmetric Torus has acquired measurements as a function of time throughout improved confinement. A technique developed to infer the potential in the improved confinement reversed field pinch from HIBP data in light of the time varying plasma equilibrium will be discussed.     

36-segmented high magnetic field hexapole magnets for electron cyclotron resonance ion source

Two high magnetic field hexapoles for electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) have successfully fabricated to provide sufficient radial magnetic confinement to the ECR plasma. The highest magnetic field at the inner pole tip of one of the magnets exceeds 1.5 T, with the inner diameter (i.d.)=74 mm. The other hexapole magnet provides more than 1.35 T magnetic field at the inner pole tip, and the i.d. is 84 mm. In this article, we discuss the necessity to have a good radial magnetic field confinement and the importance of a Halbach hexapole to a high performance ECRIS. The way to design a high magnetic field Halbach structure hexapole and one possible solution to the self-demagnetization problem are both discussed. Based on the above discussions, two high magnetic field hexapoles have been fabricated to be utilized on two high performance ECRISs in Lanzhou. The preliminary results obtained from the two ECR ion sources are given.     

Magnetic flux array for spontaneous magnetic reconnection experiments

Experimental investigation of reconnection in magnetized plasmas relies on accurate characterization of the evolving magnetic fields. In experimental configurations where the plasma dynamics are reproducible, magnetic data can be collected in multiple discharges and combined to provide spatially resolved profiles of the plasma dynamics. However, in experiments on spontaneous magnetic reconnection recently undertaken at the Versatile Toroidal Facility at MIT, the reconnection process is not reproducible and all information on the plasma must be collected in a single discharge. This paper describes a newly developed magnetic flux array which directly measures the toroidal component of the magnetic vector potential, A(phi). From the measured A(phi), the magnetic field geometry, current density, and reconnection rate are readily obtained, facilitating studies of the three-dimensional dynamics of spontaneous magnetic reconnection. The novel design of the probe array allows for accurate characterization of profiles of A(phi) at multiple toroidal angles using a relatively small number of signal channels and with minimal disturbance of the plasma.     

双机械手操作的轴承阵列漏磁检测方法与系统

为满足对轴承套圈更快捷、更全面、更精细的自动化无损检测需求,提出了一种基于交直流复合磁化的漏磁检测方法。通过布置正交的交流、直流磁化器对套圈的检测面进行复合磁化,可以激励出不同方向裂纹的漏磁场,再通过设计的差分电感仿形阵列探头检测复合磁化下漏磁场的法向分量,通过分频处理分别得到周向和轴向的裂纹信号。在自动化检测过程中,双机械手在2个不同工位分别带动漏磁检测探头,通过快速精准的跟踪扫查运动实现对轴承套圈内、外径面及2个端面的全方位自动化探伤。试验表明,该系统的定位精度满足轴承套圈的检测需求,而且开放式可编程的结构有利于轴承生产中的快速换型。     

GMR array uniform eddy current probe for defect detection in conductive specimens

The usage of eddy current probes (ECP) with a single magnetic field sensor represents a common solution for defect detection in conductive specimens but it is a time consuming procedure that requires huge amount of scanning steps when large surface specimens are to be inspected. In order to speed-up the nondestructive testing procedure, eddy current probes including a single excitation coil and an array of sensing coils present a good solution. The solution investigated in this paper replaces the sensing coils for giant magneto-resistors (GMRs), due to their high sensitivity and frequency broadband response. Thus, the ECP excitation coil can be driven at lower frequencies than the traditional ones allowing defects to be detected in thicker structures.In this work an optimized uniform eddy current probe architecture including two planar excitation coils, a rectangular magnetic field biasing coil and a GMR magnetometer sensor array is presented. An ac current is applied to the planar spiral rectangular coil of the probe, while a set of GMR magnetometer sensors detects the induced magnetic field in the specimens under test. The rectangular coil provides the DC uniform magnetic field, assuring appropriate biasing of the GMR magnetometers of the probe, setting-up the functioning point on the linear region and at the same branch of the GMR static characteristics. The differences on the images obtained for the same specimen for each GMR are reduced if all sensors are biased on the same working point. Elements of the automated measurement system used to inspect the plate under test using the proposed eddy current probe, including a validation procedure based on a 2D template matching algorithm and the corresponding experimental results are included in the paper.     

Mapping the magnetic field vector in a fountain clock

We show how the mapping of the magnetic field vector components can be achieved in a fountain clock by measuring the Larmor transition frequency in atoms that are used as a spatial probe. We control two vector components of the magnetic field and apply audio frequency magnetic pulses to localize and measure the field vector through Zeeman spectroscopy.     

奥氏体不锈钢涡流阵列C扫成像检测技术的仿真研究与应用

为了解探头设计参数对涡流阵列C扫成像效果的影响和涡流阵列C扫成像检测技术对奥氏体不锈钢材料典型缺陷定性能力,采用CIVA软件仿真方法建立奥氏体不锈钢试样上平底孔、刻槽试样的涡流阵列C扫模型,研究涡流阵列探头的设计参数如探头工作模式、线圈外径和阵列排数对涡流阵列C扫成像的影响,并通过试验分析了裂纹、圆形缺陷等典型表面开口缺陷的涡流阵列C扫成像特征。结果表明,对于涡流阵列探头,绝对发射-接收式工作模式对缺陷方向敏感,不利于涡流阵列C扫成像,而绝对桥式工作模式对缺陷不敏感,有利于涡流阵列C扫成像;涡流阵列探头的线圈外径越小,阵列排数越多,涡流阵列C扫成像的纵向分辨力越小,更有利于涡流阵列C扫成像;奥氏体不锈钢均匀表面对涡流阵列C扫成像技术干扰少,涡流阵列C扫成像技术能够反映表面开口缺陷形状特征,可在一定程度上对表面开口缺陷进行定性。     

Poloidal beta and internal inductance measurement on HT-7 superconducting tokamak

Poloidal beta beta(theta) and internal inductance l(i) measurements are very important for tokamak operation. Much more plasma parameters can be inferred from the two parameters, such as the plasma energy confinement time, the plasma toroidal current profile, and magnetohydrodynamics instability. Using diamagnetic and compensation loop, combining with poloidal magnetic probe array signals, poloidal beta beta(theta) and internal inductance l(i) are measured. In this article, the measurement system and arithmetic are introduced. Different experimental results are given in different plasma discharges on HT-7 superconducting tokamak.     

管道损伤磁梯度共振稀疏分解与BMSR辨识方法

为更好地提取埋地钢质管道地磁环境下由应力集中产生的磁力信号,克服现有磁力检测缺乏有效高灵敏度多元探头阵列和信号处理技术的问题,提出一种磁梯度张量共振稀疏分解结合偏置单稳随机共振(bias monostable stochastic resonance,简称BMSR)的辨识方法对管道损伤进行有效评估。首先,探头布置采用十字张量阵列形式;其次,针对管道缺陷和现场干扰信号特点,用不同品质因子对信号进行共振稀疏分解,剔除掉一部分干扰信号;最后,加入不同时域恢复的随机共振系统结合量子遗传算法进行参数寻优。将该辨识方法用于实际站场管道张量检测信号,比较传统低通滤波、不同随机共振系统结合共振稀疏分解的处理结果,验证了磁梯度张量共振稀疏分解加偏置单稳处理算法在提取管道损伤磁场和表征管道应力集中的有效性。     

The magnetic-distortion probe: velocimetry in conducting fluids

A new type of velocimeter, capable of local velocity measurements in conducting fluids, is introduced. The principle of the "magnetic-distortion probe" is based on the measurement of the induced magnetic field by the flow of a conducting fluid in the vicinity of a localized magnetic field. The new velocimeter has no moving parts, and can be enclosed in a sealed cap, easing the implementation in harsh environments, such as liquid metals. The proposed method allows one to probe both the continuous part and fluctuations of the velocity, the temporal and spatial resolution being linked to the actual geometric configuration of the probe. A prototype probe has been tested in a gallinstan pipe flow and in a fully turbulent flow of liquid gallium generated by the counter rotation of two coaxial impellers in a cylinder. The signals have been compared to a reference potential probe and show very good agreement both for time-averaged velocities and turbulent fluctuations. The prototype is shown to detect motion from a few cm s(-1) to a few m s(-1). Moreover, the use of the magnetic-distortion probe with large-scale applied magnetic field is discussed.     

弱场激励下铁磁性试件疲劳拉伸磁信号研究

研究了铁磁性材料试件,在弱磁激励条件下进行疲劳拉伸,并检测试件表面沿拉伸方向表面磁场信号的变化及其分布特征。选用16MnR进行试验,对预制缺陷的试件进行弹性范围内的疲劳拉伸。利用基于巨磁阻芯片的阵列式传感器探头进行不同拉伸阶段的试件表面磁场扫描测量,并对信号进行滤波处理和对本征信号及其梯度进行成像。对不同拉伸阶段和传感器阵列中不同传感器通道的磁信号进行了分析,探讨了弱磁激励状态下疲劳拉伸试件表面磁信号对无损性评估铁磁性机械试件的有效性。     

A straightforward specimen holder modification for remnant magnetic-field measurement in TEM

We report a simple means to modify an analytic sample holder to perform ambient Hall probe measurements of the sample area inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). These measurements are important in the case of electron microscopy studies involving magnetic materials. We characterize the magnetic field of the JEOL 2100F-LM, a microscope dedicated in design to perform magnetic imaging, and also of the JEOL 3000F FEG-TEM operated in Lorentz mode. In the case of the 3000F, we measure vertical remnant field about 300 Oe due to the objective lens of the microscope. In the case of the 2100F, design of the objective lens reduces the remnant field to about 4 Oe. We characterize the field along two orthogonal directions, and spatial characteristics of the field profile are made for both microscopes during all stages of specimen entry into the column. In the case of the 2100F, we additionally measure the field conditions as a function of objective lens excitation, which is important for in situ magnetization experiments. Finally, we provide experimental results illustrating the importance of these measurements.     

Multichannel Langmuir probe for turbulence study in Heliotron J

New multichannel Langmuir probe system was developed and installed to Heliotron J. The objective of the new probe is to characterize basic turbulence property and the resulting transport in advanced helical configuration. The probe developed here consists of four sets of triple probe and one pin for floating potential measurement. Initial experiments in neutral beam heating plasma were conducted and fluctuation profile of radial and poloidal electric fields and Reynolds stress were estimated. For precise evaluation of the electric fields and Reynolds stress, a technique to compensate radial change of tilt angle between probe array and magnetic surface was proposed and applied to the initial results obtained in edge region of Heliotron J where the complicated magnetic structure exists.     

基于环形阵列的空间滤波器结构损伤扫描监测方法研究

本文提出了一种基于环形阵列的空间滤波器结构损伤扫描监测方法,在结构中央布置环形压电传感器阵列实现对结构的全方位扫描监测,消除了主动Lamb波空间滤波器监测方法中盲区及远场对监测效果的影响。环形阵列由直径方向不同角度的4个线阵组成,每个线阵采用主动Lamb波空间滤波监测方法对结构损伤进行监测、成像,各阵列成像结果通过PCA-小波变换进行融合对损伤位置进行判别,从而实现结构全方位损伤扫描监测,消除单个阵列损伤监测的盲区、远场及虚假成像等影响,进而获得更加准确的损伤监测结果。通过实验研究,验证了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

Atomic and magnetic force microscopy imaging of thin-film recording heads

Investigations on the use of the scanning probe microscope (SPM) in the atomic force microscopy (AFM) mode for topography imaging and the magnetic force microscopy (MFM) mode for magnetic imaging are presented for a thin-film recording head. Results showed that the SPM is suitable for imaging the surface profile of the recording head, determining the width of the pole gap region, and mapping the magnetic field patterns of the recording head excited under current bias conditions of different polarity. For the cobalt sputter-coated tips used in MFM imaging, it was found that the magnetic field patterns obtained under different polarities of the current bias to the recording head were similar. This can be explained by the nature of the thin-film MFM tip, in which the direction of the tip magnetic moment can follow the stray magnetic field of the sample as the current bias to the recording head reverses in direction.