超声法焊缝残余应力检测技术研究

文中基于声弹性理论,研究临界折射纵波(Critically Refracted Longitudinal wave,LCR wave)残余应力检测原理,通过超声波传播速度的变化,反映出构件表面和内部的残余应力,从而验证采用LCR波检测构件中残余应力的关键技术,具体包括LCR波的激发、接收和后续处理。设计并制作了基于声时的残余应力检测实验系统。声时是整个测量系统中的关键量,其测量水平决定残余应力的测量精度。在实现过程中采用"一发一收"的探头布局模式,通过测量固定长度上声时传播的变化,分析残余应力的分布情况。     

用LCR波检测零件内部切向应力的实验研究

本文介绍了一种基于声弹性理论,利用临界折射纵波（Critically Refracted Longitudinal．LCR）从表面测量零件内部切向应力的方法．依据固体中超声波传播特性与应力状态的关系,搭建了基于传播声时的实验测量系统．在传播声时的测量中采用“过零检测”方式减小由超声波信号幅度变化造成的误差,利用时间-数字芯片实现高精度的时间间隔测量。     

管道焊缝残余应力超声环形组合测量方法

重点阐述基于临界折射纵波(LCR波)的超声环形组合探头管道焊缝残余应力的测量方法,该方法用于实际测量,可提高管道焊缝残余应力检测的效率。详细介绍了检测系统硬件和软件,并对残余应力与纵波声速的线性关系进行实验分析,通过切块分离法验证了该方法测量输送管道焊缝残余应力的可行性。     

用临界折射纵波测量切向应力时的影响因素研究

研究了基于声弹性理论,利用临界折射纵波(critically refracted longitudinal wave,LCR波)从构件表面测量内部切向应力时的几个关键问题。应力测量接收到的波形非常复杂,其他的波形影响了对LCR波的识别,相关的影响因素也很多,包括楔块角和试块厚度的影响,进行了这两影响因素在LCR波传播中的对比实验,以构建适合测量切向应力的模型系统,达到对各影响因素优化组合的目的。     

临界折射纵波探头声束特性的边界元分析与测量

与其他超声应力测量方法相比,临界折射纵波(LCR波)方法对应力场敏感,受材料组织结构效应影响小,在材料表面或近表面残余应力无损测量中具有突出的优势.本文应用边界元方法对LCR波探头发射的临界折射纵波的传播特性和声束特性进行分析并进行了实验测量.建立了IIW试块圆弧反射部分的三维边界元模型.通过数值分析,清楚显示了LCR波在IIW试块中的传播过程,给出了LCR波探头的主声束指向特性.计算结果为有关LCR波应力测量中声波能量有效渗透深度和能量层厚度的确定提供了理论依据.利用IIW试块实验测量了LCR波探头的声束特性,实验测量与数值分析结果符合得很好.本文的研究结果对研究厚板材料内部切向残余应力的LCR波测量方法具有指导意义.     

金属材料表面残余应力超声测量方法

针对金属材料零件制造中的表面残余应力无损检测难题,提出一种平面应力状态超声测量方法.基于线弹性理论,引入晶粒取向表征因子,揭示晶粒取向对超声传播的影响机制.虑及材料力学性质(弹性常数、晶粒取向等)和应力状态对声速的共同影响,建立平面应力分量-声速解耦模型.基于临界折射纵波(LCR波)表面应力测量原理,分析温度与耦合状态对超声信号衰减、畸变以及声时的影响规律,并设计出一种一发双收直接耦合造波探头.以单向拉伸的变截面铝合金板和搅拌摩擦焊后的轧制铝合金板为典型对象,利用自主开发的超声应力测量系统进行表面应力测量试验,分别与有限元法和小孔法进行对比,应力测量结果具有良好的一致性,可为金属材料表面残余应力测量提供可行方案.     

应力波时间仪的研制及其应用

本文阐述了用加速度传感器将应力波能量转换成电信号,放置两个在被检测材料的两端,一个作为“开门”端,一个作为“关门”端。应力波经过两端所用时间可用微秒时间间隔测量单元测得。从而可以得到应力波的传播速率。本文给出了信号放大、信号变换及门信号产生、时间间隔测量电路的设计原理和过程。     

基于脉搏波传导时间的血压检测研究进展

为了能够更加清楚地了解一种可以连续测量的非接触式血压检测方法,介绍了基于脉搏波传导时间的能够在不接触身体的情况下完成的血压测量方法。详细叙述了采用脉搏波进行血压测量的发展史和两种不同的测量脉搏波传导时间的方法,以及基于两种测量方法的特征点提取和建模分析、血压计算方法等,并比较两种方法的优缺点。最后对采用脉搏波测量更多的生理参数进行了展望。     

基于DeviceNet网络的PLC双机热备系统设计

针对传统PLC双机热备系统中存在的问题,提出了基于DeviceNet网络的双机架热备系统,通过分析该系统的工作原理,给出了采用"心跳"方式检测状态的软件设计方案.     

LCR测量仪的研究与设计

针对传统LCR测试仪存在精度低、响应速度慢以及量程小等缺点,设计了一种基于双MCU的LCR测量系统。系统以ARM和CPLD双MCU为开发平台,利用CPLD+DDS技术产生系统所需的精密信号源,采用矢量电压/电流信号检测电路和相敏检波电路实现矢量信号的精密检测,选用S3C6410微控制器实现数字信号的滤波、转换以及矢量分解。多次测试结果表明,设计的LCR测试仪检测稳定性好,方差小于0.05%,检测精度高,各项性能符合设计指标。     

Nondestructive testing and characterization of residual stress field using an ultrasonic method

To address the difficulty in testing and calibrating the stress gradient in the depth direction of mechanical components, a new technology of nondestructive testing and characterization of the residual stress gradient field by ultrasonic method is proposed based on acoustoelasticity theory. By carrying out theoretical analysis, the sensitivity coefficients of different types of ultrasonic are obtained by taking the low carbon steel(12%C) as a research object. By fixing the interval distance between sending and receiving transducers, the mathematical expressions of the change of stress and the variation of time are established. To design one sending-one receiving and oblique incidence ultrasonic detection probes, according to Snell law, the critically refracted longitudinal wave (LCR wave) is excited at a certain depth of the fixed distance of the tested components. Then, the relationship between the depth of LCR wave detection and the center frequency of the probe in Q235 steel is obtained through experimental study. To detect the stress gradient in the depth direction, a stress gradient LCR wave detection model is established, through which the stress gradient formula is derived by the relationship between center frequency and detecting depth. A C-shaped stress specimen of Q235 steel is designedto conduct stress loading tests, and the stress is measured with the five group probes at different center frequencies. The accuracy of ultrasonic testing is verified by X-ray stress analyzer. The stress value of each specific depth is calculated using the stress gradient formula. Accordingly, the ultrasonic characterization of residual stress field is realized. Characterization results show that the stress gradient distribution is consistent with the simulation in ANSYS. The new technology can be widely applied in the detection of the residual stress gradient field caused by mechanical processing, such as welding and shot peening.     

The Law of Response of L<Subscript>CR</Subscript> Wave in the Plastic and Elastic Deformation in A36 Steel

Nowadays the method of the longitudinal critical refraction wave (L_CR wave) is an effective method to nondestructively measure the on-line stress in the huge steel structures. The present study and research of the method of L_CR wave are mainly focused on measuring the residual stress in the steel structures, in contrast to the few research findings related to the on-line stress measurement in steel structures (including the elastic and plastic deformation). Based on the Acoustoelastic effect, the L_CR wave stress measurement system is built to measure the change of time of L_CR wave propagating, stress coefficient and the energy of L_CR wave in A36 steel test specimens from the elastic deformation to the plastic deformation. The conclusion is: At the free-stress condition, the flight time of L_CR wave and stress coefficient show an obvious change between the elastically deformed test stage and plastically deformed stage. The change of flight time and the intensity attenuation of L_CR wave show a turning point, when the specimen undergoes the process from elastic deformation to plastic deformation. And the extent of plastic deformation in the steel structure can be evaluated by the extent of intensity attenuation of L_CR wave. The experimental method will be showed in this paper for measuring the extent of plastic deformation in the steel structures in service on construction scene using the L_CR wave method.     

基于Rayleigh表面波的无损测压方法

超声波在材料内部的传播速度与所受应力有关,由此提出了基于Rayleigh表面波的无损测压新方法,以中低压容器为研究对象,以应力为中间变量,建立了被测压力与由此引起的表面波速度差之间的关系模型,从实际测量的角度进一步推导出了表面波传播一定距离的时间变化量与被测压力变化之间的关系,并对测量中应变的影响给予了修正,实验数据证明了模型的正确性和采用表面波无损测压方法的可行性。     

Characterization of gas-liquid two phase flows using dielectric Sensors

Two phase flow regime identification and void fraction measurement is an area of considerable interest because of its wide applications in process industries. The principle involved in dielectric measurement is that the two phase flow regime is characterized by the changes in effective permittivity of the two phase fluid mixture. In the present work, a pair of parallel copper electrodes on the two sides of a glass tube acts as a dielectric sensor. As the void fraction in the glass tube changes, the effective permittivity of the medium changes. This causes a variation in the capacitance value across the electrodes. A standard IC, Oscillator 555 is employed as a tool to generate a rectangular wave. The variation in dielectric constant is analyzed based on the change in time period of the trough (T₀) of the rectangular wave that is recorded online by a data acquisition system. Experiments were performed in a 4.7 mm diameter tube with air-water, air-palmolein oil two phase fluids to study the variation in dielectric constant which is indicated as a change in time period of trough. The effect of conductivity of water on the capacitance variation is examined with water having Total dissolved solids (TDS) which is a measure of movable ions in the range 10-4000 ppm (16 µS/cm–6.3 mS/cm). The novelty in the present work is the determination of changes in capacitance value based on the change in time of trough of the rectangular wave. The technique does not require amplification or a filtering circuit, thereby leading to a precise identification of two phase flow regime.     

Damage detection of concrete piles subject to typical damage types based on stress wave measurement using embedded smart aggregates transducers

Concrete piles are the most common types of foundation structures. Pile damages, such as fractures, cracks, mud intrusion and secondary concrete pouring, are the leading causes of pile structural failure, which may directly result in casualties and economic loss. It is desirable to develop a monitoring system that can detect these pile damages. In this paper, embedded piezoceramic-based smart aggregates transducers along with the active sensing approach are developed to detect common types of pile damages, including crack, partial mud intrusion, secondary pouring, and full mud intrusion, based stress wave measurement. With the active sensing approach, one smart aggregate is used as an actuator to generate a stress wave that will propagate along the pile, and other smart aggregate(s) will measure the propagating wave. All damages, which introduce new interfaces and discontinuities, attenuate the stress wave propagation. The attenuations of the stress waves based on different pile damages were compared by the received sensor signal in time domain. A wavelet packet-based energy analysis was used to develop an energy index to assist the detection of damages. Experimental results demonstrated the feasibility that the proposed approach can detect all four types of common damages associated with concrete piles.     

基于压电晶片阵列的管中导波时反检测方法研究

为提高超声导波技术对管中小缺陷的检测能力,提出一种采用窄带高压脉冲激发安装在管道外表面的压电晶片阵列实现管中导波时间反转检测的新方法。该方法采用窄带脉冲同时激励沿管道表面轴对称安装的压电晶片阵列,从各压电晶片接收到的反射回波中提取含L(n, 2)模态的缺陷信息进行时间反转,并用获得的时反波再次激励阵列中对应压电晶片,整个阵列将同时接收到较单一L(n, 2)模态信号。试验结果表明,该方法能较好地抑制导波的频散、多模态特性,提高缺陷回波信噪比,增加对小缺陷的检测能力。同时,时反前、后所检测到的管道端面和缺陷反射回波的导波模态几乎相同,可采用特定频率的L(0, 2)模态群速度作为时反后缺陷波包的传播速度;且时反后的幅值最大的缺陷波包能重构窄带初始激励信号幅值最大的波包,可有效增加缺陷波包的辨识能力。