Numerical Analysis of Shielded Coplanar Waveguides

A numerical method is presented to calculate the impedance and the effective dielectric constant for a coplanar waveguide with a ground plane under a thin dielectric. Impedance and effective dielectric constant values are given as a function of geometry for GaAs and alumina substrates. An approximate analytical expression is given to generate the numerical value of the impedance with good accuracy. The results can be used in designing shielded coplanar waveguides. Measurements of a tapered 50-Omega test structure are presented.     

Analysis of bilateral coplanar waveguides printed on anisotropicsubstrates for use in monolithic MICs

The spectral-domain method is applied to the analysis of bilateral (double-sided) coplanar waveguides that are printed on electric and/or magnetic anisotropic substrates. A nondecoupling approach is used to solve the coupled differential equations for the transverse propagation constants inside the substrate. The dyadic admittance Green's function is derived for both open and shielded bilateral coplanar waveguides, taking into account the anisotropy of the material. Finally, numerical results, describing the propagation characteristics of these structures, are presented for both electric and magnetic wall symmetries     

Electromagnetic coupling of coplanar waveguides and microstriplines to highly lossy dielectric media

The spectral-domain technique is utilized to analyze the coupling characteristics of coplanar waveguides and microstrip lines coupled with multilayer lossy dielectric media. Numerical results illustrating the dispersion characteristics of coplanar and microstrip lines, as well as the various electric field components coupled to highly lossy dielectric media, are presented. It is shown that the presence of a superstrate of lossless dielectric between the coplanar waveguide and the lossy medium plays a key role in setting up an axial electric field component that facilitates leaky-wave-type coupling to the lossy medium. The thickness of the superstrate relative to the gap width in the coplanar waveguide is important in controlling the magnitude of this axial electric field component. The coupling characteristics of the microstrip and coplanar lines are compared, and results generally show improved coupling if coplanar waveguides are utilized. Values of the attenuation constant α are higher for coplanar waveguide than for microstrip line, and for both structures α decreases with frequency     

Full wave analysis of conductor-backed and multi-layer high-T c superconducting coplanar waveguide

Dispersions, attenuation and characteristic impedance of shielded conductor-backed coplanar waveguide(CBCPW) and shielded three-layer coplanar waveguide (CPW) with finite conductor thickness as well as their superconducting applications are calculated. The method of lines(MoL) is employed to analyze these coplanar waveguides. The analysis is validated by a comparison of the calculated results with those published previously. Effects of finite width of grounded strip for a CPW are considered. Extensive investigation of the numerical convergence for calculation of the characteristic impedance is also described.     

Transverse scattering matrix formulation for a class of waveguideeigenvalue problems

Based on the mode-matching procedure, a unified transverse scattering matrix formulation is presented for the characterization of a class of waveguide eigenvalue problems, which include not only closed but also open structures. As examples, calculations are carried out on the dispersion characteristics of ridged waveguides and their variations, nonradiative dielectric (NRD) waveguides, groove guides, microstrip lines, finlines and coplanar waveguides. Comparisons with published data are made and verify the versatility and accuracy of the method. Besides its generality, this approach is also superior to some other techniques in simplicity and numerical efficiency     

Dispersion and leakage characteristics of coplanar waveguides

The dispersion and leakage characteristics of coplanar waveguides are treated using the spectral-domain approach together with the complex residue technique. To handle the complex propagation constant of the coplanar waveguide, the Fourier transform and Parseval's theorem in the complex plane are extended. A number of numerical results, such as the effective dielectric constant and normalized attenuation constant, are presented to illustrate the characteristics of the coplanar waveguide. Sharp peaks just after leakage together with broad peaks are two interesting phenomena observed in the attenuation characteristics. The physical mechanism of these peaks and the details of transition in the ϵ_eff and α/k₀ curves are still unclear     

Full-wave analysis of coplanar waveguides by variational conformalmapping technique

A new full-wave analysis of coplanar waveguides is presented. The modified mapping technique of C.P. Wen (1969) is used to map the original infinite domain into a finite image domain and also to account for the singularity of fields near the conductor edges. The finite thickness of the dielectric substrate is considered together with the assumptions of lossless guides and negligible metallization thickness. The current distributions on the center signal strip as well as the tangential electric fields over the slot along the air-dielectric interface are examined. Numerical results for the frequency-dependent effective dielectric constants and characteristic impedances of coplanar waveguides are presented. Particular attention is given to the electric field distributions over the air-dielectric interface of slots and the current distributions of the signal strip     

A CAD-oriented analytical model for the losses of generalasymmetric coplanar lines in hybrid and monolithic MICs

New analytical approximations are derived for the conductor losses of asymmetric coplanar waveguides (ACPW) and coplanar striplines (ACPS) on a finite-thickness dielectric substrate. The expressions hold for lines whose metallizations have thickness much smaller than the slot and strip widths, but suitably larger than the skin penetration depth at the operating frequency. The derivation is based on an extension of the conformal mapping approach formerly proposed by Owyang and Wu (1958) for symmetric lines in air. Comparisons with published data from quasistatic or full-wave numerical analyses are presented to validate the expressions derived for both the symmetric and the asymmetric case. The analytical characterization presented in the paper is well suited for inclusion into CAD codes for MMIC design     

Analytical formulas for coplanar lines in hybrid and monolithic MICs

Some analytical formulas for the parameters of coplanar lines are discussed and validated; a chart is given for the design of coplanar waveguides on GaAs. The formulas discussed here, together with those presented previously by us (1983) represent a suitable set for the design of coplanar lines for hybrid and monolithic MICs (microwave integrated circuits).     

Neural models for quasi-static analysis of conventional and supported coplanar waveguides

Neural models based on multilayered perceptrons (MLPs) for computing the effective permittivities and the characteristic impedances of both the conventional coplanar waveguides (CCPWs) and the supported coplanar waveguides (SCPWs) are presented. Six learning algorithms, Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), Bayesian regularization (BR), quasi-Newton (QN), scaled conjugate gradient (SCG), conjugate gradient of Fletcher–Powell (CGF), and resilient propagation (RP), are used to train the MLPs. The results of neural models presented in this paper are compared with the results of the experimental works, the conformal mapping technique (CMT), the spectral domain approach (SDA), and three commercial electromagnetic simulators such as IE3D, CAPIND2D, and MMICTL. The neural results are in very good agreement with the theoretical and experimental results. When the performances of neural models are compared with each other, the best result is obtained from the MLPs trained by the LM algorithm.     

Dispersion in Shielded Planar Transmission Lines on Two-Layer Composite Substrate

The singular integral equation technique has been used to analyze a shielded planar transmission line, which allows one to calculate the dispersion characteristics of shielded microstrips on two-layer substrates as well as the effect of shielding on coplanar waveguides. Dispersion curves for suspended substrate microstrips and the variation of the relative phase velocity, with frequency, of coplanar waveguide (CPW) on alumina substrates of finite thicknesses and variable ground plane positions are presented. The results of computations with the lowest order 4 x 4 determinant show good agreement with the available data.     

Theoretical and experimental study of various types of compensateddielectric bridges for millimeter-wave coplanar applications

This paper describes a new approach for the integration of dielectric bridges in microwave-integrated-circuit uniplanar technology. Taking into account the electrical influence of these elements on coplanar waveguide, a simple way to compensate these parasitic effects is presented. It consists of locally tuning the dimensions of both the bridges and associated compensation lines. Theoretical and experimental results on coplanar waveguides and T-junctions are given for the millimeter frequency range. Finally, to validate the proposed technique, a bandpass filter including compensated dielectric bridges is implemented     

A closed-form CAD-oriented model for the high-frequency conductorattenuation of symmetrical coupled coplanar waveguides

Closed-form CAD-oriented conformal-mapping approximations are presented for the HF attenuation of two-conductor symmetrical coupled coplanar waveguides (CCPWs). The expressions are compared with the results obtained from a full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulator and found to yield acceptable agreement. A modified form is also presented, which partly overcomes the low-frequency limitations of the skin-effect approximation     

Spectral representation of self-adjoint problems for layeredanisotropic waveguides

Layered waveguides with lossless anisotropic layers in the polar configuration are analyzed through the unifying concept of a real self-adjoint operator. For a suitable definition of two-vector transverse eigenfunctions, general properties such as orthogonality and completeness relations are derived. The linear operator formalism is applied to closed waveguides inhomogeneously filled with anisotropic materials, including crystals and gyrotropic media. As an extension of the former theory to open waveguides, a grounded uniaxial dielectric slab with a coplanar optic axis is also analyzed: as for open isotropic waveguides, a complete spectral representation including the surface (proper eigenfunctions) and the pseudosurface modes (improper eigenfunctions) is presented     

Characterization and attenuation mechanism of CMOS-compatible micromachined edge-suspended coplanar waveguides on low-resistivity silicon substrate

This paper presents detailed characterization of a category of edge-suspended coplanar waveguides that were fabricated on low-resistivity silicon substrates using improved CMOS-compatible micromachining techniques. The edge-suspended structure is proposed to provide reduced substrate loss and strong mechanical support at the same time. It is revealed that, at radio or microwave frequencies, the electromagnetic waves are highly concentrated along the edges of the signal line. Removing the silicon underneath the edges of the signal line, along with the silicon between the signal and ground lines, can effectively reduce the substrate coupling and loss. The edge-suspended structure has been implemented by a combination of deep reactive ion etching and anisotropic wet etching. Compared to the conventional silicon-based coplanar waveguides, which show an insertion loss of 2.5dB/mm, the loss of edge-suspended coplanar waveguides with the same dimensions is reduced to as low as 0.5 dB/mm and a much reduced attenuation per wavelength (dB//spl lambda//sub g/) at 39 GHz. Most importantly, the edge-suspended coplanar waveguides feature strong mechanical support provided by the silicon remaining underneath the center of the signal line. The performance of the coplanar waveguides is evaluated by high-frequency measurement and full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation. In addition, the resistance, inductance, conductance, capacitance (RLGC) line parameters and the propagation constant of the coplanar waveguides (CPWs) were extracted and analyzed.     

Optimum design of coplanar waveguide for LiNbO3 opticalmodulator

In this paper, we first present a novel finite element method combined with the conformal mapping (FEM-CM) for a quasi-static analysis of coplanar waveguides (CPW). Using this approach, the optimum CPW structures for the use in the Ti:LiNbO₃ optical modulator are discussed in detail to realize optical-microwave phase velocity match and electrode-source characteristic impedance match. Our numerical results reveal that both conditions can be satisfied simultaneously by introducing a SiO₂ buffer layer and thicker electrodes. The modulator efficiency with respect to the voltage-length product is also evaluated for the optimized structures. Finally, the design guidelines to the optimum CPW structure are presented     

The influence of ground-plane width on the ohmic losses of coplanarwaveguides with finite lateral ground planes

In this paper, analytical computer-aided design (CAD)-oriented conformal-mapping approximations are presented for the high-frequency attenuation of symmetric and asymmetric coplanar waveguides (ACPWs) with finite-extent lateral ground planes. A discussion is presented on the effect of ground-plane width on the losses, and design criteria are derived     

悬置共面波导的基本参数

悬置共面波导兼有鳍线和悬置带线的优点。本文用共形变换技术分析悬置共面波导,得到严格的解,考虑有限基片情况下给出了悬置共面波导的有效介电常数,单位长度电容和特性阻抗的闭合表达。     

Efficient quasi-TEM frequency-dependent analysis of lossy multiconductor lines through a fast reduced-order FEM model

An efficient finite-element reduced-order quasi-TEM model for the frequency-dependent characteristics of lossy multiconductor transmission lines is presented. Conductor losses are evaluated as functions of frequency through a magneto-quasi-static model. Numerically generated problem-matched basis functions reduce the problem size and, therefore, the CPU time required by frequency sweeps without appreciable loss of accuracy. The proposed approach is applied to complex coplanar waveguides and to multiconductor interconnects; its results are compared with quasi-analytical techniques and with the full-wave finite-element method.     

有限尺寸介质基片上的共面波导

有限尺寸介质基片上的共面波导是一种非常接近于工程应用状态的物理模型.本文用共形映射技术分析有限尺寸介质基片上的共面波导,得到了它的单位长度电容、有效介电常数和特性阻抗等基本参数,与介质基片宽度为无限大的理想化模型作了比较,给出了介质基片为多宽可以认为是无限宽的判别公式.