疏水壳聚糖的制备及其凝血性能

为增强壳聚糖的止血效果,采用酰基化改性在壳聚糖氨基上连接长链烷基以形成疏水性壳聚糖。采用单因素实验对反应温度、月桂酸酐的浓度进行筛选,以疏水壳聚糖的黏度、取代度及凝血效果作为评价指标,通过梯度设计筛选得到的最优工艺条件为:温度55℃,壳聚糖质量分数为1%,月桂酸酐浓度7.84×10-3 mol/L。采用红外、核磁共振、接触角测试仪对其进行了表征,表明合成了疏水壳聚糖。体外凝血实验结果表明:疏水壳聚糖的止血效果与氨基的取代度在一定范围内呈正相关性,当取代度为10.8%和15.9%的疏水壳聚糖与血液分别混合后(疏水壳聚糖在混合物中质量分数不小于0.75%),1~4 s左右可形成稳定的凝胶,从而凝血。又通过小鼠肝脏止血实验发现疏水壳聚糖粉末能够迅速止血,且效果显著优于壳聚糖。     

基于香豆胶的疏水改性阴离子聚电解质溶液性能

将十二烷基（Dod）与十六烷基（Cet）以酯键方式分别引入经羧甲基化改性的香豆胶大分子骨架上,制备了基于香豆胶的疏水改性阴离子聚电解质衍生物（HmCmFG）。通过荧光探针芘的激发光谱、发射光谱以及紫外光谱研究了HmCmFG溶液中的疏水缔合行为,研究发现,此疏水缔合行为受到HmCmFG大分子上烷基链长与取代度以及溶液中小分子电解质NaCl的显著影响,增加烷基链长、提高烷基取代度或增大NaCl浓度均有利于溶液中疏水缔合微区的形成。采用黏度法研究了溶液中HmCmFG大分子与NaCl、表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）及十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）的相互作用。结果表明,Dod取代度小于5.7时,NaCl的加入以增强HmCmFG分子间缔合为主,溶液黏度增加,加入CTAB对于Dod取代度小于5.7时的溶液黏度值的影响高于SDS;Dod取代度为10.2或Cet取代度为6.3时,加入NaCl、CTAB或SDS后使HmCmFG分子内缔合占优势,溶液黏度降低。     

壳聚糖接枝聚丙烯酸/石墨烯复合水凝胶的制备及表征

首先采用改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨烯,将壳聚糖溶解在乙酸溶液中,后加入引发剂过硫酸钾和单体丙烯酸,引发丙烯酸发生接枝聚合,将丙烯酸接枝聚合到壳聚糖上得到壳聚糖接枝聚丙烯酸（CS-g-PAA）。将CS-g-PAA分散在蒸馏水中,加入石墨烯（GO）形成分散液,最后采用戊二醛交联得到CS-g-PAA/GO复合水凝胶。水凝胶呈现纤维状,直径为723±125 nm。CS-g-PAA:GO从3:1降低到1:1,水凝胶的孔隙率和比表面积分别为从94.33%和55.31 m2/g增加至96.12%和60.90 m2/g。体外凝血实验表明,CS-g-PAA和CS-g-PAA/GO水凝胶均可促进血液凝结,相比较纯的CS-g-PAA,复合水凝胶中引入GO后,水凝胶的血液凝固指数（BCI）从65.12%降低到40.19%。主要归因于GO促进血小板聚集和CS-g-PAA/GO具有更强的物理吸收能力的结合作用。CS-g-PAA/GO复合水凝胶有望成为理想的止血材料。     

壳聚糖与柠檬醛缩合反应产席夫碱及其抗菌活性

通过壳聚糖与柠檬醛在超声波振荡下反应制备了壳聚糖缩柠檬醛席夫碱。采用[L9（33）]正交实验探讨了反应时间、反应温度及反应物配比对壳聚糖席夫碱缩合率和取代度的影响。最佳条件为：反应物配比n（壳聚糖）∶n（柠檬醛）=1∶6,反应温度40～50 ℃,反应时间10 h,壳聚糖席夫碱的缩合率可达86%,取代度为0.82。红外光谱和X射线衍射光谱结果表明产物具有壳聚糖席夫碱的结构特征。对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉的抗菌实验表明,该产物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉的最低抑菌浓度分别为1 g/L、1 g/L和5 g/L,其抗菌活性随浓度的增加而增加,且优于壳聚糖。     

烷基化壳聚糖/多巴胺/氧化石墨烯粉末用于快速止血

壳聚糖（CS）及其衍生物价廉易得，止血性及生物相容性良好，广泛应用于抗菌、止血等材料的开发。使用十二醛对CS进行N-烷基化改性制备烷基化壳聚糖（N-CS），并在乙酸溶液中将N-CS嵌入到多巴胺修饰的氧化石墨烯（DGO）骨架中制备新型的止血粉末（N-CS/DGO）。FTIR，SEM和BET等表明N-CS/DGO止血粉末表面含有大量的活性基团，且具有优异的亲水性，大比表面积以及丰富的孔结构。DGO占比为15%具有最佳止血潜力，此时材料的吸水率为430%,降解速度适宜，五周达到88%，对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈分别为1.92 mm、1.98 mm，具备一定抑菌能力，凝血指数达到最小值32%，体外凝血时间缩短至126±6 s，这些都表明N-CS/DGO材料具备止血方面的潜力。     

止血性壳聚糖的制备及其凝血效果的研究

在温和均相条件下,对较高脱乙酰度的壳聚糖进行乙酰化,制备不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖;测试不同脱乙酰度和分子量的壳聚糖醋酸溶液的凝血效果。中药—壳聚糖复合止血材料的制备及其止血功能的研究。     

羧烷基-季铵两性壳聚糖的制备及其阻垢杀菌性能

采用氯乙酸、丙烯酸和2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵对壳聚糖（CTS）改性,制得羧甲基-季铵壳聚糖（CMQAC）和羧乙基-季铵壳聚糖（CEQAC）,并通过IR、1H NMR、XRD对产物进行了结构确证。用静态阻垢的方法对两性壳聚糖衍生物阻硫酸钙垢的性能进行了评价,结果表明两性壳聚糖用量为16 mg/L、[Ca2＋]〈2000 mg/L、[SO42-]〈4800 mg/L时,阻垢率可达到100%。用小瓶测试法测定不同季铵取代度（DS）的两性壳聚糖对异养菌的杀菌效果。研究结果表明,在用量为30 mg/L时,CMQAC季铵取代度为0.73时杀菌率为99.7%,CEQAC季铵取代度为0.50时杀菌率为99.2%,改性后壳聚糖衍生物的阻垢和杀菌性能与壳聚糖相比有了明显提高。     

硅胶改性壳聚糖膜的制备及其对Cu2+的吸附性能

重金属是水体中十分严重的生态环境污染之一,而壳聚糖具有较强的重金属吸附能力。采用硅胶粒子浸出法制备出大孔壳聚糖膜,并且研究了其对重金属Cu²⁺的吸附性能。发现3.0 g壳聚糖溶于10%（质量分数）的乙酸溶液中,加入3.0 g硅胶再经过戊二醛交联后制备出大孔壳聚糖膜的吸附能力较好。在40 mL、400 mg/L的CuSO₄溶液中,加入0.4 g制备好的壳聚糖膜,经过25 h后,壳聚糖膜呈蓝色,用紫脲酸铵指示反应为紫色,吸附率为93%。说明壳聚糖膜对Cu²⁺具有良好的吸附能力,吸附过后膜很容易从溶液中取出,克服了传统的吸附剂在溶液中固液分离困难的问题。     

壳聚糖含量紫外分光光度检测方法的建立及验证

目的建立检测壳聚糖(chitosan,CTS)含量的紫外分光光度法,并进行验证。方法通过对反应体系溶液及标准曲线稀释倍数的优化,建立紫外分光光度法检测CTS含量,并对该方法进行专属性、线性范围、准确度、精密度(重复性、中间精密度)及耐用性验证。结果确定以0.2%乙酸溶液作为反应体系溶液,2倍系列稀释作为标准曲线的稀释倍数。该方法检测0.2%乙酸溶液组CTS的回收率为8.07%,而CTS溶液组的回收率可达101.38%;该方法的线性范围为0~62.5μg/ml;CTS溶液浓度在25.0~75.0μg/ml之间,该方法具有良好的准确度;重复性、中间精密度及耐用性检测结果的变异系数(CV)均20%。结论建立了CTS含量紫外分光光度检测方法,该方法具有良好的专属性、重复性及中间精密度,且在25.0~62.5μg/ml具有良好的准确度,0~62.5μg/ml具有良好的线性。     

溶菌酶、过氧化氢对壳聚糖降解性能的影响

以溶菌酶和过氧化氢为催化剂研究了壳聚糖降解速率的变化。研究结果表明:溶菌酶可以大大提高壳聚糖的降解速率。无溶菌酶时,壳聚糖11天降解了19%;而在溶菌酶的作用下,壳聚糖11天降解了44%。若将溶菌酶与壳聚糖复合在一起形成缓释材料后,壳聚糖降解速率要比直接在溶菌酶溶液中的降解速率慢,前者29天降解了38%,后者29天降解了53%。在利用过氧化氢作为催化剂研究壳聚糖的降解行为时发现:当过氧化氢的浓度小于0.03×10-5g mL时,过氧化氢对壳聚糖的降解基本无效果,而高于此浓度时,过氧化氢则大大提高了壳聚糖的降解速率。选择不同过氧化氢浓度便可有效调节壳聚糖的降解速率。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.