基于STM32的四旋翼飞行器姿态解算的研究

分析了四旋翼飞行器的姿态解算原理,提出了一种基于 STM32的姿态测量系统。系统由 STM32F407微控制器和捷联惯性测量组件(IMU)组成。利用四元数描述姿态进行坐标换算,采用多传感器数据融合方案,通过互补滤波算法进行数据融合,获取精确的姿态角,并完成姿态解算。实验结果表明,采用互补滤波算法有效融合了捷联惯性测量组件的传感器数据,实现了四旋翼飞行器的高精度姿态解算。     

互补滤波算法在四旋翼飞行器姿态解算中的应用

针对四旋翼飞行器飞行过程中的姿态最优估计问题,本着准确、快速的原则,选择了基于陀螺仪、加速度计和电子罗盘的捷联式惯性测量系统.由于这些传感器存在温度漂移和噪声干扰等问题,采用互补滤波算法,通过融合IMU多传感器的数据信号,对测得的姿态数据进行补偿修正,解算出高精度的姿态角.为了验证互补滤波算法的有效性和实用性,通过实际的四旋翼飞行器角度测量系统对互补滤波算法展开研究.结果表明姿态角解算中采用互补滤波算法能够快速、稳定的输出高精度姿态数据,姿态角最大跟踪误差控制在±2°以内,满足四旋翼飞行器飞行控制的要求,成功完成了姿态的最优估计.     

自适应显式互补滤波在六旋翼飞行器中的应用

针对六旋翼飞行器的惯性传感器在测量过程中存在漂移的问题,提出了基于自适应显式互补滤波的姿态解算算法,并对该算法的原理和稳定性进行分析;搭建了六旋翼飞行器的实验测试装置,并进行机体的动、静态测试实验.在实验中,对自适应显式互补滤波算法、显式互补滤波算法以及陀螺仪传感器测量方法进行比较.实验结果表明:自适应显式互补滤波算法能够实现惯性传感器的解算姿态角误差收敛,且动态误差最小.     

基于非线性互补滤波算法的四旋翼飞行器姿态信息融合处理

针对四旋翼飞行器的MEMS惯性测量单元在姿态测量过程中存在着漂移和噪声误差等问题,在经典互补滤波融合算法的基础上提出了一种改进型的姿态融合处理算法,并搭建了以MPU6050为姿态测量单元的四旋翼飞行器硬件测试平台,分别在静态和动态环境下对惯性测量单元直接解算得到的姿态数据、传统互补滤波融合得到的姿态数据及改进后滤波算法融合得到的姿态信息进行对比.结果表明,改进后的姿态融合算法在静态环境和动态环境下都表现出了优于传统互补滤波的姿态融合处理效果.     

基于ARM的四旋翼姿态控制器设计

四旋翼姿态控制器采用集成了加速度计和陀螺仪的惯性测量单元,实时采集姿态数据,传输给Cortex-M4内核的处理芯片,利用四元数姿态解算方法,对加速度和角速度数据融合解算处理;采用位置式PID控制算法,控制4个无刷电机的转速,实现控制四旋翼飞行器的飞行姿态;建立万向云台调试系统,通过实践调试验证该控制器能实现控制四旋翼姿态的稳定性;稳定飞行时,姿态角的平均振荡范围为5°。     

示教机械臂姿态解算改进方法仿真研究

在示教机械臂姿态解算精度优化的研究中,针对使用单组传感器进行数据融合,姿态解算的传统方法中存在的精度低,稳定性差的问题,设计了一种组合MEMS传感器的姿态解算方法。将六组传感器安装于载体坐标系三个轴上,分别测量两组传感器数据。以传感器量测数据与四元数估计数据的向量积代替姿态角误差作为互补滤波器的输入量,分别利用模糊控制器和PI控制器,根据互补滤波原理调节陀螺仪输出量。通过拓展卡尔曼滤波器进行姿态估计,得到更精确的四元数,进而转化为姿态角。仿真结果表明,在静态和动态情况下,多组传感器组合调节后的姿态角数据相比单组传感器PI调节在姿态角精度和系统稳定性上有进一步提高。     

四旋翼惯性导航姿态解算算法的改进与仿真

为了实现四旋翼飞行器的高精度导航,提出了互补滤波法和四元数算法对传感器获得的数据进行修正,最大限度的抑制干扰误差并提高姿态角解算的准确度;首先简单推导了捷联式惯性导航系统的算法基本原理并利用互补滤波算法进行改进,然后给出了惯性导航系统的力学编排模型分析旋翼飞行器的运动姿态;最后仿真验证数据选用惯性仪表MPU6050和HMC5883所得到实测数据采集并进行仿真分析,平台处理器选用STM32来仿真惯性仪表的测量速度,最终得到实验结果证明算法可行性。     

改进扩展卡尔曼滤波的四旋翼姿态估计算法

为了提高标准扩展卡尔曼姿态估计算法的精确度和快速性,将运动加速度抑制的动态步长梯度下降算法融入扩展卡尔曼中,提出一种改进扩展卡尔曼的四旋翼姿态估计算法。该算法在卡尔曼测量更新中采用梯度下降法进行非线性观测,消除标准扩展卡尔曼算法在线性化时带来的线性化误差,提高算法的准确性和快速性;对梯度下降法的梯度步长进行动态处理,使算法步长与四旋翼飞行器的运动合角速度成正比,增强微型四旋翼飞行器姿态解算的动态性能;对强机动运动过程中机体产生的运动加速度进行抑制处理,消除运动加速度对姿态解算的不利影响,提高了微型四旋翼飞行器姿态解算的跟踪精度。为了验证所设计算法的可行性和有效性,基于STM32单片机搭建四旋翼实验平台系统进行实时在线性能验证。结果表明,所设计算法能提高四旋翼飞行器在强机动、高速运动情况下的姿态跟踪精度、动态性能,增强姿态融合算法的抗干扰性,保证微型四旋翼飞行器的稳定飞行。     

组合导航系统在四旋翼无人机上的实现

针对无人飞行器行业的快速发展和导航系统对飞行器的重要性,提出了组合导航系统的融合方案。介绍了捷联惯导系统的原理、姿态算法。通过对惯性传感器进行误差标定和补偿,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波器建立了INS/GPS组合导航系统。仿真实验表明,组合导航系统的工作性能要优于纯惯性导航系统,能够为飞行器提供较高的导航精度。最后,将这种组合导航系统在四旋翼无人飞行器上进行了实现。     

低成本无人机姿态测量系统研究

由于低成本的MEMS惯性器件本身的限制,单独使用时精度低、稳定性差,在短时间内会产生较大的误差,无法完成长时间中等精度的导航,解决这个问题常用的方法是采用现代信息融合技术来提高姿态测量系统的精度。利用地磁场、重力场这2个姿态参考向量,采用扩展Kalman滤波(EKF)对不同来源姿态数据进行数据融合,实现了低精度MIMU与磁传感器组合航姿系统。仿真和实验证明:3个姿态角的静态误差小于0.5°,航向角的动态误差小于3°,该系统能够保证无人机姿态测量的精度。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.