认知Ad hoc网络的频谱接入跨层设计方案*

为提高分布式认知Ad hoc网络的频谱感知精准性和能量有效性,提出了一种基于能量效率的频谱接入跨层设计方案。首先通过基于感知因子的完全二分图分解法对网络进行分簇,进而在簇内联合优化次用户的发射功率和接入概率,最终得到最优信道接入和功率分配方案。仿真结果表明,与传统算法相比该方案可通过合理分簇提高分布式认知网络的感知精度,在保证感知性能的条件下使系统能量效率得到有效提升。     

基于信誉机制的认知Ad hoc网络分簇协作频谱感知

为了提高认知Ad hoc网络频谱感知的准确率,并抵抗可能存在的SSDF攻击,提出一种基于信誉机制的认知Ad hoc网络分簇协作频谱感知方法。首先,引入检测因子来描述节点的感知能力,采用基于公平性的分簇方法将SU分为不同的簇;然后,对簇内SU设定初始信誉值,并根据感知结果对信誉值进行更新;最后,采用检测因子判决机制对感知数据进行融合,并计算得出漏检概率与虚警概率上界。仿真结果表明,所提方法能有效识别恶意次用户和抵御频谱感知数据伪造攻击,同时具有较小的虚警概率、漏检概率和较好的容错能力。     

基于能耗的分簇频谱感知方法

在协作频谱感知中,当信道经历衰落和阴影时,各用户的感知性能会有不同程度影响,某些受影响严重的次用户甚至可能会严重影响到整个感知网络的性能.同时参与协作的用户数越多,认知传感器网络面临的问题越大.为了解决这些问题,提出了一种基于能耗的分簇协作感知算法.该算法引入基于节点能量的LEACH分簇算法,将认知传感器网络中的各个节点按该分簇算法分入若干簇内;在每个簇内,构造了同时考虑检测性能和能量消耗的效用函数,基于该效用函数对最佳协作用户数和用户进行选择,使每个簇内的检测性能和能耗达到很好的折中;在汇聚节点运用OR规则将簇头发送过来的感知信息进行融合,得到最终判决结果.仿真结果表明,该基于能耗的分簇协作频谱感知算法可以有效地延长认知传感器网络的生存时间,节省网络的能耗,并且保证良好的检测性能.     

基于信誉度的合作式频谱感知

认知无线电网络中存在阴影和多径衰落效应等问题,从而导致单认知用户感知结果不准确。为此,提出一种基于二重双向信誉度的合作频谱感知算法。每个次用户有自己的自私信誉度,用于判定次用户是否为恶意用户。不同地区的次用户又有不同的位置信誉度,可反映出该地域是否受阴影和多径衰落的影响。基于用户之间的互动反馈,实时更新2种信誉度,并根据不同的信誉度给出不同的权重以用于合作式频谱感知。仿真结果表明,该算法在恶意用户存在的情况下仍能取得较高检测率。     

衰落信道下提高协作频谱感知能力的方法

由于协作频谱感知能够更准确地确定主用户的存在与否,因此,它被认为是认知无线电技术中的一个重要研究分支.在协作频谱感知中,各认知用户需要通过报告信道发送其本地判决结果(0或1)到融合中心(FC).然而,在实际中,报告信道通常受衰落的影响,这将降低频谱感知的检测性能.针对这个问题,首先,文中提出一种基于认知用户选择的协作频谱感知算法.该算法通过减小由衰落信道引入的误码概率来提高协作频谱感知的检测性能.其基本思想为:只有具有较好瞬时信道增益报告信道的认知用户才将其本地二进制判决结果发送到FC,否则,该认知用户不发送其本地检测结果到FC.其次,提出一种基于空时编码的协作频谱感知方法.通过在CR网络中,利用空间分集增益来降低由衰落型报告信道引入的误码概率,从而提高检测性能.最后,对提出的这两种协作频谱感知方法的检测性能进行理论分析研究,并对其进行数值仿真.仿真结果表明:相比于传统的协作频谱感知,本文提出的这两种协作频谱感知算法都能提高对主用户的检测性能.     

基于深度强化学习的认知无线电协作频谱感知

为了解决频谱资源利用率低的问题,引入了认知无线网络的概念.在认知无线网络中,次要用户可以在不影响主要用户正常工作的前提下机会性地接入授权频段,故精确地感知频谱的状态并快速准确地接入授权频段就显得尤为重要.由于网络中存在干扰和阴影衰落等因素,传统的频谱感知效果不理想.本文引入了协作频谱感知技术,通过强化学习算法选择参与协...     

基于PCA与主动学习AdaBoost的频谱感知算法

针对认知网络中各低信噪比环境下主用户信号检测率偏低的问题,提出一种基于主成分分析和主动学习AdaBoost的主用户信号频谱感知算法.该算法首先采用主成分分析算法对信号特征参数进行提取,获得信号的主成分,之后利用主动学习算法通过多次迭代抽样,获取有利于提高分类性能的样本,并对AdaBoost分类器进行训练,最后利用训练完成的AdaBoost分类器对待测信号进行分类检测.仿真实验表明,在各低信噪比情况下与ANN和MME算法相比较,所提算法具有较高的分类感知性能,有效地实现了对主用户信号的频谱感知.     

基于绝对值累积的主用户动态到达频谱感知算法

在认知无线电网络的主用户动态到达频谱感知场景中,针对拉普拉斯脉冲噪声干扰导致频谱检测性能下降的问题,提出基于绝对值累积(AVC)的频谱感知算法。假设接收到的主用户信号服从泊松分布,对接收信号进行AVC处理抑制脉冲噪声干扰,并将处理信号累积求和作为判决统计量,得到判决统计量的均值与方差,求出判决门限理论表达式以判断主用户是否动态到达,从而实现频谱感知。理论分析与仿真结果表明,该算法在不同虚警概率、信噪比及累积求和采样点数量下的检测概率均优于改进的能量检测算法。     

一种时域—码域联合的认知无线电频谱感知算法

为了提高认知无线电系统中频谱感知的性能,对多维联合的频谱感知进行了研究,提出一种时域—码域联合的频谱感知算法。该算法主要利用了直接序列扩频主用户信号频谱空间中时域与码域的特性,分别从时域与码域的角度对信道的状态进行检测,其中时域采用能量感知,码域分析扩频主用户信号的二次功率谱,最终共同确认信道状态。仿真结果表明,联合感知算法对应的检测性能优于单纯时域或码域感知,能够直接应用于直接序列扩频主用户的频谱感知。     

认知无线电中基于分簇的能量序贯协作检测算法

在认知无线电系统中,频谱感知技术是保证频谱资源分配以及重构网络参数的前提条件。针对复杂信道环境低信噪比下传统频谱感知技术感知性能恶化、感知时间变长和对授权用户位置不固定适应性差的问题,提出基于分簇的并行能量序贯检测的方法。该方法按照地理位置信息划分簇,按照减少传输误差和节省传输功率原则选取簇头,各簇分段并行计算似然比统计量的方法进行序贯检测,任一簇内判决成功即可结束检测。仿真结果表明,在低信噪比情况下,该算法相较现有的多节点分段序贯检测和单节点序贯检测可以有效缩短检测时间。分析分簇数对所提算法系统综合性能的影响,结果表明信噪比越低,选择分簇数越大,越能降低检测时间。     

Distributed cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio for ad hoc networks

Cognitive radio refers to an intelligent radio with the capability of sensing the radio environment and dynamically reconfiguring the operating parameters. Recent research has focused on using cognitive radios in ad hoc environments. Spectrum sensing is the most important aspect of successful cognitive radio ad hoc network deployment to overcome spectrum scarcity. Multiple cognitive radio users can cooperate to sense the primary user and improve sensing performance. Cognitive radio ad hoc networks are dynamic in nature and have no central point for data fusion. In this paper, gradient-based fully distributed cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio is proposed for ad hoc networks. The licensed band used for TV transmission is considered the primary user. The gradient field changes with the energy sensed by cognitive radios, and the gradient is calculated based on the components, which include energy sensed by secondary users and received from neighbors. The proposed scheme was evaluated from the perspective of reliable sensing, convergence time, and energy consumption. Simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

认知无线电网络多用户智能协作频谱感知算法

认知无线电网络中,单用户频谱感知容易受到阴影效应、多径衰落及隐蔽终端等不利因素的影响,造成感知结果的误判.为了提高系统的检测性能,并减少感知花销,提出了多用户智能协作频谱感知算法.各个认知用户根据估计信噪比自适应选择不同的感知策略,当估计信噪比高于选择阈值时采用双门限能量感知,低于选择阈值时则采用循环平稳特征检测,并在同一个感知周期内只进行一种较优的感知策略,从而在不明显增加计算复杂度的情况下,克服了能量感知在低信噪比条件下鲁棒性差的缺点,实现了智能检测.仿真结果表明,智能协作频谱感知有效提高了系统检测概率,缩短了平均感知时间,有较好的鲁棒性.     

单天线认知无线电中的协作频谱感知和无线能量传输

在单天线认知无线电中,可以通过天线协作频谱检测来提高检测衰落信道中主用户(Primary User,PU)存在的传感性能。然而,由于协作频谱检测,认知无线电(Cognitive Radio,CR)可能消耗更多的存储能量,从而降低其传输性能。为了保证其传输性能,提出了一种同步协作频谱检测和无线功率传输的方案,该方案可以收集PU信号的射频(Radio Frequency,RF)能量,以提供频谱检测消耗的能量。提出了时间分流模型、实现了协作频谱检测,能量收集和数据传输的同步。制定了适用于该方案的优化问题,以最大化同步协作频谱检测和无线功率传输模型中认知无线电的频谱效率,分别受限于检测的概率和收集的能量。最后通过计算得到的最佳分配因子,以实现了频谱效率的最大值,并通过仿真得出了结论。     

Detection time analysis for the multiple-user cooperative spectrum sensing scheme in cognitive radio networks

In this paper, a novel multiple-user cooperative spectrum sensing (MCSS) scheme is proposed to achieve the spatial diversity gains for cognitive radio (CR) networks, where only the best relay, selected among all the candidate relays in accordance with the quality of channel conditions, is utilized to cooperatively detect the primary user. Closed-form expressions of detection time for the traditional non-cooperative and the proposed MCSS schemes are derived over Rayleigh fading channels. In addition, numeric...     

A weighted cooperative spectrum sensing framework for infrastructure-based cognitive radio networks

Spectrum sensing plays a critical role in cognitive radio networks. A good sensing scheme can reduce the false alarm probability and the miss detection probability, and thus improves spectrum utilization. This paper presents a weighted cooperative spectrum sensing framework for infrastructure-based cognitive radio networks, to increase the spectrum sensing accuracy. The framework contains two modules. In the first module, each cognitive radio performs local spectrum sensing and computes the total error probability, which combines the false alarm probability and the miss detection probability. The total error probability and the energy signal from the primary user are then sent to the base station. In the second module, the base station makes a final decision after combining the weighted energy signals from all cognitive radios. The final decision is then broadcasted back to all cognitive radios. To reduce the computation complexity and communication overhead, the base station also instructs the cognitive radios that have large total error probabilities not to report their local sensing results. We have developed a theoretical model for the proposed framework, and derived the optimal detection threshold, as well as the minimum number of cognitive radios required to participate in cooperative sensing, subject to a given total error probability. Numerical results verify that the proposed weighted cooperative spectrum sensing framework significantly improves the sensing accuracy.     

RAC: Range Adaptive Cognitive Radio Networks

In recent years, cognitive radio has received a great attention due to tremendous potential to improve the utilization of the radio spectrum by efficiently reusing and sharing the licensed spectrum bands, as long as the interference power inflicted on the primary users of the band remains below a predefined threshold level. Cognitive radio allows the secondary users in the cognitive radio network to access the licensed spectrum of the primary users opportunistically. In this paper, an autonomous distributed adaptive transmission range control scheme for cognitive radio networks which is called the RAC is proposed. The RAC considers the QoS requirements of both the primary and the secondary users simultaneously. The cognitive user's maximization of its achievable throughput without interfering the primary user by adapting transmission range of the secondary users dynamically is the key feature of the RAC. One of the advantages of using the proposed scheme is its implementation simplicity. The RAC is compared to other cognitive radio schemes in a simulation environment by using ns2. Simulations indicate that, the RAC can well fit into the mobile cognitive radio ad hoc networks and improve the network performance. Having compared to the other schemes utilizing contemporary cognitive radio technology, the RAC provides better adaptability to the environment and maximizes throughput and minimizes data delivery latency.     

Robust cooperative spectrum sensing schemes for fading channels in cognitive radio networks

In cognitive radio systems, cooperative spectrum sensing can detect the presence of the primary user accurately. In practice, however, since the sensing observations are forwarded to a data collector through fading channels, the sensing performance is severely degraded. To deal with this problem, in this paper, we first propose a secondary user selection based cooperative spectrum sensing method to improve sensing performance by decreasing the reporting errors introduced by the fading channels. Mo...