未知信号传播速度的TDOA定位方法研究

研究了未知信号传播速度时的到达时间差(Time-Difference-Of-Arrival, TDOA)定位问题,提出两种联合估计信号传播速度和目标位置的定位方法。第一种方法为两步加权最小二乘方法。在该方法中,首先不考虑变量之间关系,得到一个关于未知变量的初始加权最小二乘估计。为改进第一步估计的性能,第二步考虑第一步估计中变量之间的关系,将其转换为一个标准的广义信赖域子问题,最终获得更高精度的估计性能。第二种方法为半正定松弛方法,通过构建非线性非凸加权最小二乘问题,然后利用半正定松弛技术将其松弛为凸的半正定规划问题,容易求解。仿真结果表明,所提两种方法均能够在高斯噪声下,且噪声不太大时达到克拉美-罗界。     

基于TDOA方法的无线传感器网络运动参数估计方法

采用移动目标与信标节点间的到达时间差(TDOA)测量,提出了移动目标运动参数包括初始位置及速度的共同估计方法。通过建立移动目标运动参数估计的优化模型,首先推导了移动目标初始位置及运动速度估计的非约束线性最小二乘(ULLS)法。然后将优化模型松弛为凸优化的半正定规划(SDP)问题,又设计了运动参数估计的SDP算法。仿真分析表明,TDOA方法能有效避免到达时间(TOA)测量的时钟同向误差,提高位置的估计精度。由于使用了约束条件,基于TDOA测量的SDP算法估计误差比ULLS算法的估计误差更小,但是计算复杂度较大。TDOA-ULLS和TDOA-SDP算法能有效减少时钟同向误差引起的估计误差,采样周期和采样点数量的增加也能有效提高估计精度。     

一种新的星载TDOA/FDOA/AOA联合定位算法

针对双星时频差定位体制在星下轨迹附近区域存在定位盲区的问题,提出一种单星二维干涉仪测向（AOA）与双星到达时差（TDOA）/到达频差（FDOA）联合定位方法。采用更精确的WGS_84地球模型,通过构造子空间基矢量恒等式以及地球表面约束获取联合观测的伪线性定位方程,实现了双星TDOA/FDOA/AOA联合高精度定位。在相同场景下将时频差定位算法和提出的联合定位算法进行比较,仿真结果表明该算法可缓解时频差定位盲区缺陷,星下轨迹附近区域的定位精度可至少提升两倍以上。     

联合TDOA-AOA无线传感器网络半定规划定位算法研究

在无线传感器网络定位中,TDOA和AOA联合定位可有效利用多种位置信息提高定位精度.由于传统联合加权最小二乘(WLS)的目标函数非线性,在应用于无线传感器网络定位时,会产生多个局部最优解.因此,针对该问题本文将约束加权最小二乘问题转化为二次约束二次规划问题,之后通过引入半定松弛(SDR)方法将联合定位问题转换为低复杂度的半定规划问题(SDP),进而寻找全局最优解.并且针对实际应用中参考节点带误差的情形分析和推导了定位算法.与已有算法相比,提出的算法在参考节点无误差和有误差时都有更高的精度.此外,提出的SDP算法还能够实现只有两个参考节点下的目标定位.     

非视距环境下基于TOA的移动目标定位

研究了非视距(Non-Line-of-Sight, NLOS)环境下基于到达时间(Time-of-Arrival, TOA)的移动目标定位问题。假定移动目标速度在足够短的时间内为常数,则移动目标定位问题可转化为其初始位置和速度的估计问题。为降低非视距误差的影响,构造了约束最小二乘(Least Squares, LS)问题对移动目标的初始位置、移动速度和非视距误差进行联合估计,并通过合理近似减少了估计变量个数。由于所构造的约束LS问题为非凸优化问题,其全局最优解难以获得。为近似求解该问题,对其进行松弛,以转化为凸的半正定规划(Semidefinite Programming, SDP)问题。与现有方法相比,该方法不需要已知非视距误差的任何统计信息和路径状态。仿真结果表明,该方法缓解了非视距误差产生的负面影响,且在稀疏和密集的非视距环境下都取得了良好的性能。     

移动干扰源双星TDOA/FDOA定位方法研究

为准确给出移动干扰源的位置与速度,依据多普勒频移原理分别计算了干扰源经主星、邻星链路到达观测站的频率,并由此给出了频率差(FDOA)与时间差(TDOA)表达式,利用FDOA、TDOA表达式以及移动干扰源的位置关系建立了移动干扰源双星定位模型。利用最小二乘法给出了模型计算方法与步骤,最后通过实例计算验证了模型的有效性。     

TDOA/AOA数据融合定位算法

基于非视距传播（NLOS）环境下的几何结构单次反射统计信道模型,提出了到达时间差/电波到达角（TDOA/AOA）数据融合定位算法。利用TDOA定位算法和AOA定位算法分别估算移动台（MS）位置,然后利用数据融合方法确定MS位置。仿真结果表明,本文算法在NLOS环境下有较高的定位精度,性能优于TDOA定位算法和AOA定位算法。     

LEO卫星TDOA/DOA定位性能分析

随着以“星链”卫星为代表的低轨（LEO）互联网卫星系统的快速发展,星载相控阵列天线的应用数量飞速增长,未来LEO互联网卫星便于提供星载电磁波到达方向（DOA）检测能力。卫星覆盖区内的非法干扰进行定位排查,是未来互联网卫星系统正常运维的重要保障。目前常用的双星到达时差（TDOA）/到达频差（FDOA）定位体制存在定位误差显著增大的“定位盲区”造成盲区内的干扰源无法定位的问题,提出了一种基于加权最小二乘约束优化模型的TDOA/DOA双星干扰源定位技术体制。分析了几何稀释精度因子（GDOP）的定位误差,仿真实验表明该定位方法具有不存在“定位盲区”的优点,在经纬度张角为4°×4°的波束范围内定位误差小于0.2 km,定位误差的地理平均为0.112 km,满足非法干扰定位排查的应用需求。通过定位解算的根均方差（RMSE）的蒙特卡洛方法,验证了GDOP误差精度。该定位方法的定位误差地理稳定性优于目前常规的双星TDOA/FDOA定位算法。     

加权最小二乘联合遗传算法的无源定位

针对复杂环境下运动通信辐射源的无源定位,闭式解方法对于时频差模型中的测量噪声敏感且存在定位均方根误差较大问题.为了改善大观测误差下的定位性能,本文提出一种加权最小二乘联合遗传算法的递推式混合TDOA/FDOA定位方法.该方法首先利用已知站点观测大量时频差数据并建立误差模型,基于模型对定位过程中的多组时频差序列进行数据处理;其次通过加权最小二乘求解目标位置的初始值;然后采用改进的遗传算法在初始值的基础上通过多组时频差序列不断迭代、递推求解,修正位置坐标;最后利用位置估计和频差模型完成对目标速度估计.仿真结果表明,本文定位算法相比于经典两步加权最小二乘法具有更低的均方根误差,在大观测误差下能保持较高精度.同时相比于其他混合定位算法收敛速度快,可以有效减少计算量.     

低轨卫星多目标无源定位到达时差分选方法

低地球轨道（Low Earth Orbit,LEO）卫星无源定位场景中不同目标辐射源之间相互干扰、时频混叠,不同目标的到达时差（Time Difference Of Arrival,TDOA）参数混杂难以区分,较难实现精准目标定位。基于网格密度聚类算法（Clustering Algorithm based on Grid Density,CAGD）的基本原理,并利用TDOA参数的多复杂特征,构建多目标TDOA参数分选模型,实现TDOA定位参数分选。模型通过定义网格密度波谷,解决了定位目标间数据被聚为一类的问题,同时引入位置相连原则实现最佳类簇合并,最终实现定位参数分选。仿真结果表明,相较于传统网格及密度聚类方法,本方法对LEO卫星无源定位场景下的多目标TDOA参数分选表现更好。     

On the use of calibration sensors in source localization using TDOA and FDOA measurements

The accuracy of a source location estimate is very sensitive to the presence of the random noise in the known sensor positions. This paper investigates the use of calibration sensors, each of which is capable of broadcasting calibration signals to other sensors as well as receiving the signals from the source and other calibration sensors, to reduce the loss in the source localization accuracy due to uncertainties in sensor positions. We begin the study with deriving the Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) for source localization using time difference of arrival (TDOA) and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) measurements when a single calibration sensor is available. The obtained CRLB result is then extended to the more general case with multiple calibration sensors. The performance improvement due to the use of calibration sensors is established analytically. We then propose a closed-form algorithm that can explore efficiently the calibration sensors to improve the source localization accuracy when the sensor positions are subject to random errors. We prove analytically that the newly developed localization method attains the CRLB accuracy under some mild approximations. Simulations verify the theoretical developments.     

基于AUPF的TDOA几何定位跟踪算法研究

使用无源时差（TDOA）定位技术确定无人机等小型辐射源目标的位置是当前研究的热点,针对时差定位算法较为复杂的实际情况,推导了时差双曲线的几何解,并提出了一种基于自适应无迹粒子滤波（AUPF）技术的移动目标定位跟踪方法。通过仿真对该方法在不同场景的应用效果进行了验证,进一步比较分析了算法的定位精度。结果表明,基于自适应无迹粒子滤波的时差几何定位跟踪算法可以在多种情况下较好地拟合出目标真实运动轨迹,实现对运动目标的定位跟踪,同时拥有更低的定位误差和更高的轨迹包容度,使用该方法可以显著提高对非合作移动辐射源目标的位置估计性能。     

Localization of multiple disjoint sources with prior knowledge on source locations in the presence of sensor location errors

Sensor location errors are known to be able to degrade the source localization accuracy significantly. This paper considers the problem of localizing multiple disjoint sources where prior knowledge on the source locations is available to mitigate the effect of sensor location uncertainty. The error in the priorly known source location is assumed to follow a zero-mean Gaussian distribution. When a source location is completely unknown, the covariance matrix of its prior location would go to infinity. The localization of multiple disjoint sources is achieved through exploring the time difference of arrival (TDOA) and the frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) measurements. In this work, we derive the Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the source location estimates. The CRLB is shown analytically to be able to unify several CRLBs introduced in literature. We next compare the localization performance when multiple source locations are determined jointly and individually. In the presence of sensor location errors, the superiority of joint localization of multiple sources in terms of greatly improved localization accuracy is established. Two methods for localizing multiple disjoint sources are proposed, one for the case where only some sources have prior location information and the other for the scenario where all sources have prior location information. Both algorithms can reach the CRLB accuracy when sensor location errors are small. Simulations corroborate the theoretical developments.     

基于飞行理论萤火虫算法的TDOA与GROA定位机制

节点定位是无线传感器网络中最为关键的一项技术。针对无源定位的问题,提出一种到达时间差(TDOA)和到达信号增益比(GROA)联合定位算法,并且采用飞行机制的萤火虫算法(GSO)来求得最终结果。结合TDOA和GROA定位模型,引入辅助变量将方程伪线性化,然后采用修正两步加权最小二乘算法(TSWLS)来进行求解。并且在不影响收敛速度和精度的前提下,采用带有飞行机制的GSO算法来寻求目标定位的最优解,克服粒子群算法易陷入局部最优的缺点。仿真结果表明,该算法相比较TDOA算法而言,定位精度提高了23 dB,并且具有相对较高和较稳定的定位精度。     

利用外辐射源的TDOA和FDOA目标定位算法

针对单站外辐射源条件下的目标定位问题,提出了一种基于最大似然的时差-频差联合定位算法。首先根据时差和频差的观测方程,构建目标位置和速度的最大似然估计模型。然后采用牛顿迭代算法对最大似然估计模型求解,得到目标位置和速度估计。最后,推导了算法的克拉美罗界和理论误差,并证明了二者相等。仿真结果表明,算法定位精度高于两步加权最小二乘算法和约束总体最小二乘算法,在测量误差较高时仍能达到克拉美罗界。通过对系统几何精度因子图的分析,确定目标及外辐射源数量和位置也是影响定位精度的重要因素。     

TOA source localization and DOA estimation algorithms using prior distribution for calibrated source

This paper presents an a priori probability density function (pdf)-based time-of-arrival (TOA) source localization algorithms. Range measurements are used to estimate the location parameter for TOA source localization. Previous information on the position of the calibrated source is employed to improve the existing likelihood-based localization method. The cost function where the prior distribution was combined with the likelihood function is minimized by the adaptive expectation maximization (EM) and space-alternating generalized expectation–maximization (SAGE) algorithms. The variance of the prior distribution does not need to be known a priori because it can be estimated using Bayes inference in the proposed adaptive EM algorithm. Note that the variance of the prior distribution should be known in the existing three-step WLS method [1]. The resulting positioning accuracy of the proposed methods was much better than the existing algorithms in regimes of large noise variances. Furthermore, the proposed algorithms can also effectively perform the localization in line-of-sight (LOS)/non-line-of-sight (NLOS) mixture situations.     

TDOA/FDOA based target tracking with imperfect position and velocity data of distributed moving sensors

This paper addresses the target tracking problem using time difference of arrival (TDOA) and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) measured by moving sensor network whose position and velocity are noise contaminated. It is a known fact that the existing approaches to this problem still have two unsolved technical issues; the unsatisfactory convergence behavior of the tracking filter mainly caused by severe nonlinearity of the problem itself and the tracking performance degradation due to the sensor position and velocity errors. In order to resolve these matters radically, the given target tracking problem is formulated as the robust state estimation problem of the linear system with stochastic uncertainties in its measurement matrix and solved by using the robust Kalman filter theory. The proposed scheme enables us to overcome the inherent limitations of the conventional nonlinear filters for its linear filter structure. It can also prevent the performance degradation due to imperfect sensor position and velocity information. Through the simulations, the effectiveness and reliable target tracking performance of the proposed method are demonstrated.     

基于麦克风阵列的室内三维声源定位优化算法

针对基于相位变换加权的可控响应功率(Steered Response Power-PHAse Transform,SRP-PHAT)定位算法精度高但实时性差的问题,本文引入基于到达时间差(Time Difference Of Arrival,TDOA)的定位算法以提高实时性,提出一种基于TDOA和搜索空间聚类(Search Space Clustering,SSC)优化的SRP-PHAT的组合算法?搜索空间收缩聚类算法.该算法先利用TDOA定位算法经过离群值校正后得到声源在方向角和径向距离上的估计范围,之后根据估计声源范围进行搜索区域收缩,最后利用SRP-PHAT-SSC算法在收缩区域内进行细粒度(5 cm)的空间搜索计算,得到估计声源的三维坐标.本文采用五元麦克风阵列,利用虚源法模拟室内声场,通过Matlab对声源进行了三维定位仿真.实验结果表明,改进后的算法与基于SRP-PHAT的全网格搜索(Full Grid Search,FGS)算法和SSC算法相比,在三维定位上的实时性和鲁棒性都得到了提高.