1350MW二次再热发电机组热力系统设计分析

综合考虑锅炉侧和汽轮机侧的设计协调,构建了1 350 MW二次再热机组原则性热力系统。针对不同给水泵汽轮机配置进行了计算与分析,定量分析了背压抽汽式与凝汽式小水泵汽轮机两方案对再热蒸汽流量、机组热耗和回热加热器设计等的影响。结果表明:额定工况下,背压抽汽式给水泵汽轮机系统的一、二次再热器蒸汽流量分别比凝汽式系统小266 t/h和289 t/h,从而有利于锅炉对流受热面设计;背压抽汽式系统的4号、5号加热器进汽温度相比凝汽式系统分别降低350℃和297℃,有利于加热器设计和运行。但背压抽汽式系统比凝汽式系统机组热耗高约为6 kJ/kWh。部分负荷下的计算结果表明背压抽汽式系统一、二次再热蒸汽流量仍小于凝汽式系统,机组热耗相比凝汽式系统仍稍高。     

1350MW超超临界二次再热机组总体设计及经济性分析

针对1350MW超超临界二次再热机组的总体设计问题,从基本循环参数选择、回热系统优化以及汽轮机组布置等方面进行了详细的论述及分析,并基于热力系统的分析计算方法,对其经济性水平进行了合理的估计。结果表明:通过采用高低位分轴布置方案以及冷端优化设计,可降低一次再热以及两次再热系统的蒸汽压降以及凝汽器压力,这两项技术合计可产生热耗收益90kJ/(kW·h),整个机组的热耗可达到6990kJ/(kW·h),机组的经济性水平比常规设计的1000MW超超临界二次再热机组明显提高。     

1000MW二次再热机组抽汽压损对经济性的影响分析

以某台1000MW超超临界二次再热机组回热加热系统为研究对象,基于小扰动理论和等效焓降分析理论,全面考虑两次中间再热、外置式蒸汽冷却器、加热器布置方式和形式等因素的影响,推导出二次再热机组加热器抽汽压损对机组经济性影响的数学模型,该方法形式简单并利于理解。应用此数学模型计算机组在100%THA实际运行工况下,抽汽压损对机组经济性的影响。计算结果表明:抽汽压损使得煤耗和热耗分别增加2.7g/(kW·h)和23.7kJ/(kW·h)。     

烟气余热回收利用系统节能效果试验研究

以某660 MW机组低温省煤器为研究对象,以试验数据为基础,运用等效热降基本原理,科学划分烟气余热回收利用能级,将低温省煤器系统排挤做功划为三部分:第一部分为排挤8、7、6段抽汽做功;第二部分为排挤6段抽汽做功;第三部分为低温省煤器出水温度与5号低加进水温度偏差,排挤5段抽汽做功,综合三部分计算低温省煤器系统节能效果。试验结果表明:低温省煤器吸热量35.2 MW,8号低加进水至6号低加出水排挤做功2.3 MW,7号低加出水至6号低加出水段吸热排挤做功2.8 MW,5号低加抽汽量增加,机组出力降低0.7 MW,总排挤做功4.4 MW,装置循环效率提高0.66%,热耗降低51.9 kJ/(kW·h),折合发电煤耗为1.91 g/(kW·h)。与低温省煤器系统停、投运汽轮机整机热力试验结果相比,热耗相差1.7 kJ/(kW·h),发电煤耗相差0.07 g/(kW·h)。由此可知,这种与试验方法相结合,基于烟气余热梯级利用的能效评估方法,在低温度省煤器系统能效评估中是可行的。与常规烟气余热回收系统停、投汽轮机热耗试验法相比,基于烟气余热梯级利用的能效评估方法,具有概念清晰、科学合理、简单易操作的特点。     

1000MW二次再热火电机组管道热效率对系统热经济性的影响

以某1 000MW超超临界二次再热火电机组为研究对象,定量分析了系统管道的散热损失、厂用蒸汽系统损失及工质泄漏损失对单元机组热经济性的影响.结果表明:考虑全部损失时,管道热效率为97.394%,供电标准煤耗为271.935g/(kW·h).与无管道损失时相比,机组管道热效率降低2.606%,供电标准煤耗增加4.584g/(kW·h),说明在二次再热机组热经济性评价中应该考虑管道热效率.     

二次再热汽轮机关键技术分析及探讨

通过采用二次再热循环,提高主汽参数,汽轮机热耗将比目前超超临界一次再热机组降低3.6%,机组经济性大大提高。介绍了国际上二次再热机组的发展背景、目前成熟材料体系下汽轮机蒸汽参数的选择,以及汽轮机采用二次再热后带来的设计难点和关键技术,为我国自主开发高参数超超临界二次再热汽轮机提供了思路和启示。     

燃煤电站炭基催化法再生热源方案的经济性分析

以某350 MW超临界机组为例,提出抽取再热蒸汽作为炭基催化剂再生热源的方案,并将换热后的高温蒸汽优先替代除氧器抽汽(方案1)或给水泵汽轮机抽汽(方案2)进行经济性分析.结果表明:100％热耗保证(THA)负荷下,2种方案下汽轮机的绝对内效率分别降低2.5％和1.8％,发电标准煤耗分别增加16.6 g/(kW·h)和1...     

二次再热机组锅炉烟气余热利用方案研究

以某典型超超临界二次再热机组为例,利用EBSILON软件,建立锅炉汽机一体化余热回收利用静态仿真模型,对4种余热回收方案(排挤一次再热前抽汽、排挤二次再热前抽汽、排挤全部高压加热器抽汽和排挤高压加热器-低压加热器抽汽)进行仿真计算,确定机组的热经济性。结果表明:排挤一次再热前抽汽的方案符合能量梯级利用和提高回热再热循环效率原则,节能效果最好,设计工况下发电标准煤耗率减少了7.24 g/(kW·h);变工况时不仅煤耗率相对减少率最大,而且变化幅度较为平缓,节能效果也最好。     

700_亚临界无再热发电机组技术的经济性分析

本研究对主汽温度达到700℃等级时,在基本参数相同的前提下分析对比了18MPa/720℃亚临界无再热1000MW自然循环机组与同容量35MPa/700℃/720℃超超临界一次再热机组的技术经济性,探讨了设计700℃亚临界无再热机组的可行性。基于热力学卡诺循环效率的计算结果表明,无再热机组汽轮机热耗率比一次再热机组增加了465.73kJ/(kW·h),供电煤耗提高了13.15g/(kW·h)。全面考虑700℃镍基高温钢材价格、标煤单价、贷款利率与机组年运行小时数等经济因素,比较两机组在不同运行年限内折算的年投资成本差额,综合技术与经济性分析结果表明,按当前预测的700℃镍基高温钢材价格,亚临界无再热机组全寿命年限的经济性明显优于超超临界一次再热机组。     

二次再热汽轮机能级效率法研究

在一次再热汽轮机能级效率法的基础上推导出二次再热机组能级效率法的计算公式,并针对某1 000MW二次再热项目对推导的计算公式进行验证。在计算的过程中,分别对THA、TMCR、VWO、75%THA、50%THA这5个工况进行能损分析计算,获得了各工况下热力系统主循环的能级效率及辅汽能损值。采用能级效率法计算的热耗与实际计算热耗一致,验证了二次再热能级效率法计算公式的准确性。这也为能级效率法向更加复杂的热力系统的应用推广提供了思路。     

余热回收用热管及热管式换热器的研究

简要介绍了热管及热管式换热器的工作原理,热管式换热器在工业余热回收中的应用,以及热管式换热器运行过程中防止积灰和低温腐蚀等问题的有效措施。     

On the steady‐state modelling of a two‐stage evaporator system

We develop and validate against experimental measurements a steady‐state two‐stage flooded refrigerant evaporator model for a heat pump drying system. A prototype two‐stage heat pump dryer test facility was designed, built and instrumented to provide the required measurements for the validation of the model. Repeatability and data quality tests were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of measurements. Experimental data could be reproduced to within ±6.5 per cent of replicated air and refrigerant side measurements for the same evaporator's air inlet conditions while the discrepancy of energy balance at the air‐side and refrigerant‐side was observed to be within ±8.9 per cent. The two‐stage evaporator model predicted the air‐side total heat and latent heat transfer of the two‐stage evaporator to within (?6.3 per cent, 7.6 per cent) and (?11.5 per cent, 9.5 per cent), respectively. On the refrigerant‐side, the model enabled the calculation of the degree of superheat to within (?10.6 per cent, 1.7 per cent). The model has shown that there is significant improvement in the heat recovered from a two‐stage evaporator system compared to a single evaporator system. In addition, the model demonstrated that the improvement in total heat recovery could be as high as 40 per cent over its base‐value when the latent to total load at the two‐stage evaporator is increased. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

显热储热材料的制备及性能研究

采用水泥作为材料的胶凝剂,添加热容、热导率大的物质作为骨料来制备混凝土储热材料。研究表明:当铝酸盐水泥含量为10%时,材料的抗压、抗折强度能满足工业需求;材料的比热容随温度的升高先增大,在500℃时达到最大,后随着温度的升高反而降低;材料的热导率随着石墨粉含量的增加几乎成直线上升,当石墨含量为5%时材料的热导率大于1.7W/(m·K)。     

间歇式热处理炉传热计算与分析

建立了台车式热处理炉炉膛传热数学模型和辐射换热器工作模型,分析了换热器的传热特性（空气预热温度、壁温、传热系数）随炉况的变化。结果表明,辐射换热器的传热特性随炉子的升温及保温过程变化而波动很大,因而对炉子的热工性能产生了影响。     

Quantification of the European industrial heat demand by branch and temperature level

We present the first comprehensive estimate of the final energy demand for heat in all EU28 member states for the reference year 2012, differentiated by temperature levels, comparing two different approaches. Two different calculation approaches based on different data sets yielded estimates of the total final energy demand for heat in the EU28 of 8150 PJ and 8518 PJ in 2012, respectively. Approach 1 distinguishes between three different process heat (PH) temperature levels and results in final energy demand for heat <100°C: 2077 PJ, 100–400°C: 2214 PJ and >400°C: 3859 PJ. The second approach distinguishes between low temperature space heat and hot water (<100°C: 1161 PJ) and four different PH temperature levels with a resulting energy demand of <100°C: 1027 PJ, 100–500°C: 1785 PJ, 500–1000°C: 1679 PJ and >1000°C: 2865 PJ. The high share of high‐temperature heat illustrates the limits to the potential decarbonisation of industrial thermal processes with renewable energy sources such as (non‐concentrating) solar thermal, geothermal or environmental heat. Therefore specific information on required temperature levels is of the essence. This, in turn, points out the relevance of renewable electricity and synthetic fuels based on renewable power for a significant reduction of CO₂ emissions from the industry sector in Europe. Considering current data quality, it is recommended to develop a consistent, comprehensive methodology to significantly improve the data basis on industrial heat demand. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Heat pump dryer Part 1: Simulation of the models

Heat pump dryer is a complex system because of the interaction of heat and mass transfer of the working fluids. Since the system cannot be completely close, ambient conditions (temperature and humidity) influence the performance of the system. To investigate the performance of the heat pump dryer thoroughly, simulation models of heat pump dryer components have been developed. The finite-difference method was employed in the simulation to examine the state of the working fluids and heat and mass transfer. The simulation of each component can be used to construct different system configurations the results of which are reported in Part 2.     

国内分离式热管概况与热环研究的小结及展望

本文对我国分离式热管技术的研究进行了简要概况,针对工程中热源在上,冷源在下及冷热源相距较远时的热量传递问题,在分析了一般分离式热管及“水回路”等技术的基础上,对一种新型分离式热管－泵或风机驱动的动力型分离式热管（简称热环）的研究进行了小结和展望。     

Field test of a novel combined system of a high-efficiency heating/cooling heat pump and a clathrate cool storage unit

The Research Laboratory of Kyushu Electric Power Co., Inc. (KEPCO) installed a novel system in March 1992 which is a combination of a super heat pump with about twice the performance of a conventional one and a compact chemical storage-type clathrate cool storage unit. A field test was implemented by integrating these units into an actual air-conditioning system. As a result of the test, system performance was determined and the effectiveness of the system was confirmed. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 26(6): 410–418, 1997     

Heat-spreading analysis of a heat sink base embedded with a heat pipe

A simplified model predicting the heat transfer performance of a heat sink base with a high thermal conductivity was developed. Numerical analysis was performed using the commercial software FLUENT. The investigation indicates that for heat sink bases with a high effective thermal conductivity, such as the base embedded with a typical heat pipe, the entire heat sink can be modeled as a flat plate with a uniform temperature and an effective convection heat transfer coefficient. This simplified model can be used to determine the heat transfer performance of a heat sink embedded with a typical heat pipe or vapor chamber.     

Augmentation of heat transfer through passive techniques

The thermal performance of energy preservation systems is greatly improved by increasing miniaturization and boosting. These are imaginative (or Promethean) techniques to enhance heat transfer. Enhancement methods of heat transfer draw great attention in front of the industrial sector because of their ability to provide energy savings and raise the economic efficiency of thermal systems. Three techniques these methods are categorized; those are active, passive, and compound. Different types of components are used in passive methods because of the transfer/working fluid flow path to the enhancement of the heat transfer rate. In this article, the subject of the review was the passive heat transfer enhancement methods including inserts (conical strips, winglets, twisted tapes, baffles), porous materials, coil/helical/spiral tubes, rough surfaces (corrugated/ribbed surfaces), extended surfaces (fins) and nanofluids (mono and hybrid nanofluid). Recent passive heat transfer enhancement techniques are studied in this article as they are cost-effective and reliable, and also comparably passive methods do not need any extra power to promote the energy conversion systems' thermal efficiency than active methods. In the passive approaches, various components are applied to the heat transfer/working fluid flow path to improve the heat transfer rate. The passive heat transfer enhancement methods studied in this article include inserts (twisted tapes, conical strips, baffles, winglets), extended surfaces (fins), porous materials, coil/helical/spiral tubes, rough surfaces (corrugated/ribbed surfaces), and nanofluids (mono and hybrid nanofluid). From the pioneers' research work, it is clear that a lower twist ratio and lower pitch, lesser winglet angles can provide more heat transfer rate and a little bit more friction factor. In the case of nanofluids, a little bit of pumping power is enhanced. Finally, heat transfer enhancement is compared with the thermal performance factor, which is more than unity.