柴油机EGR电控冷却系统试验研究

研究了 CA498 柴油机在不同工况下EGR冷却温度对NOx等排放的影响规律,确定了各个工况下EGR的最佳冷却温度,据此设计出一套EGR冷却温度控制装置,可以通过单片机控制伺服电动水泵的转速来调节冷却水的循环量,确保不同工况下的最佳EGR冷却温度.将该电控冷却系统在CA498柴油机上进行了试验.结果表明,与未冷却的EGR系统相比,该EGR电控冷却系统在c0和Hc的排放略有增加的情况下,可以有效地降低NOx的排放、烟度和油耗率.     

冷EGR技术对柴油机性能及排放的影响

通过在不同转速和负荷工况下进行的冷EGR试验,研究了冷EGR技术对降低柴油机NOx排放的有效性,同时对比分析了EGR开启和关闭时对柴油机性能和排放的影响.试验研究表明:冷EGR技术除了可以有效降低柴油机的NOx排放以外,还将对柴油机的进气流量、燃油消耗率、烟度、排温以及HC,CO等排放物产生影响,且这种影响随着EGR率和工况的不同而变化.     

富氧燃烧对柴油机工作特性影响的试验研究

在一台增压柴油机上进行了富氧进气的试验研究,并在此基础上采用EGR技术,研究不同进气氧浓度下EGR率对柴油机排放特性的影响,以期改善柴油机NOx和碳烟的权衡关系。研究表明:富氧进气柴油机在同一进气氧浓度下,其有效燃油消耗率随着负荷的增加而明显减小;同一负荷时有效燃油消耗率随着氧浓度的升高而稍有降低。在富氧燃烧的基础上,引入EGR可以实现柴油机的烟度和NOx排放的同时降低,其关键是在一定的工况点匹配与之相适合的EGR率。当2 200 r/min全负荷工况下,进气氧浓度21%与EGR率20%组合、氧浓度22%与EGR率50%组合,烟度和NOx排放降低比例分别达到20.0%和14.8%、6.7%和19.2%。     

二级增压重型柴油机排放和燃烧特性的试验研究

在一台电控高压共轨柴油机上进行二级增压优化匹配,并以单级增压作为对比基准,分析了不同工况下二级增压柴油机的性能、排放与燃烧特性,研究了进气温度对其的影响。试验结果表明:相对单级增压,柴油机二级增压后低速外特性扭矩达到1 170N.m,烟度与燃油经济性改善幅度分别为99.3%和13.4%;二级增压能够提高EGR的引入能力,减小进气节流损失,并可显著改善中低转速、高负荷时NOx与烟度和燃油消耗率之间的平衡关系;在压气机特性图中二级增压柴油机的运行线远离喘振边界线;在各个工况下,进气温度升高使NOx比排放快速增加,导致柴油机NOx与烟度之间的平衡关系变差。     

某柴油机低温燃烧性能的试验研究

如何同时降低NOx和碳烟排放是柴油机有害排放物控制的难点和重点。通过台架试验方法,采用EGR和燃油推迟喷射措施对试验柴油机进行了低温燃烧性能研究,试验表明:由于试验柴油机的EGR率有限,单纯的调节EGR阀并不能实现试验柴油机的低温燃烧,在小负荷工况下引入EGR可以降低试验柴油机的油耗率;单纯的推迟喷油,都出现了NOx和烟度同时降低的低温燃烧现象,但是推迟喷油使得油耗率上升,经济性下降。采用EGR全开+推迟喷油的方式在1 800r/min 30 N·m时获得了比原机更低的油耗率、NOx和烟度排放,循环波动率变化较小。但随着负荷的增加,虽然可以实现NOx和烟度同时降低,但是试验柴油机的经济性下降。     

不同海拔下EGR对含氧燃料柴油机性能影响的试验研究

利用大气模拟系统,在81kPa和100kPa的大气环境下,试验研究废气再循环(EGR)对柴油、B15E5燃料动力性、经济性及排放特性的影响。研究结果表明:使用EGR后,柴油机动力性下降较明显,81kPa时转矩的下降幅度高于100kPa时,B15E5燃料在最大转矩转速时动力性下降幅度大,转矩峰值消失。EGR对柴油机的经济性影响不明显,B15E5燃料的经济性差于纯柴油;低负荷工况有EGR时,柴油机燃油消耗率在81kPa时增加,而在100kPa时下降。EGR使柴油机的NOx排放明显下降,随着负荷增大降幅增大。EGR使柴油机的碳烟和CO排放明显增加,B15E5燃料的碳烟和CO排放明显低于纯柴油;81kPa时碳烟和CO排放高于100kPa时。EGR使燃烧温度和压力下降;100kPa时燃烧始点比81kPa提前。     

气道喷水和废气再循环对重型柴油机性能和排放影响的优化匹配试验研究

在一台高压共轨重型柴油机上开展了气道喷水结合高压废气再循环(EGR)的试验研究。基于世界统一稳态测试循环(WHSC)各工况点探索引入高压EGR和气道喷水技术对柴油机排放和燃油经济性的影响;在此基础上对各工况的燃烧相位进行优化,得到WHSC各工况点下基于喷水和EGR的优化策略。结果表明:综合考虑排放和燃油经济性,低负荷工况宜单独引入高压EGR,并通过提前喷油时刻(start injection timing,SOI)优化燃烧相位;中高负荷工况宜少量喷水并引入适当EGR,满负荷则应单独采取气道喷水策略。WHSC加权结果表明,在保持较低的HC、CO和碳烟排放前提下,优化后的加权NOx比排放降低7.71g/(kW·h),降幅约45.2%,有效燃油消耗率降低约1.20g/(kW·h)。     

空气反馈信号控制柴油机排气再循环系统研究

建立了一种排气再循环变EGR率控制系统。以新鲜空气质量流量信号代替EGR率或再循环排气量信号作为反馈信号，该系统模型，通过调节EGR阀门，改变再循环排气量，相应改变进入气缸内的新鲜空气量，使之基本达到相应工况控制要求值。在四种转速负荷条件下，对有、无这种EGR系统的SD1110柴油机排气中NOx浓度和燃油消耗率进行了对比，试验证明该系统可以有效降低柴油机NOx排放并保证一定燃油消耗率，同时还有效解决了反映再循环排气量信号的采集问题。     

电动增压与EGR结合对柴油机NOx和Soot的影响

通过仿真软件对某型废气涡轮增压柴油机加装电动增压器后,柴油机最大功率以及烟度排放得到改善,但是柴油机NOx排放增加。我们将电动增压与高压EGR结合,构建电动增压器结合高压EGR的连接回路,通过电动增压器同时将新鲜空气和废气进行增压后进入气缸。研究表明,柴油机低转速满负荷和中低负荷(30%)时,EGR率分别达到25%和15%时,柴油机NOx排放降低到原机以下的同时Soot排放并未超过原机;柴油机在低转速30%负荷时,采用电动增压+高EGR率(50%,55%,60%),气缸内燃烧温度降低至1 210K,实现了低温燃烧,NOx和Soot排放同时降低。     

轻型柴油机EGR与喷油正时的协同性能研究

以一台高压共轨轻型柴油机为样机,研究废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)和喷油正时协同作用对发动机燃烧特性、燃油消耗率、氮氧化物(NOx)和HC排放的影响。研究结果表明:随着EGR率增大,缸内最大压力有所下降,瞬时放热率峰值有所减小。随着喷油提前角增加,缸内最大压力增大,瞬时放热率峰值先增大后减小。EGR率与缸内最大压力降幅、瞬时放热率峰值降幅均具有较好的线性关系。随着EGR率的增大和喷油提前角的减小,NOx排放降低,燃油耗增加,而且存在一个最佳的EGR率和喷油提前角的组合区域使HC排放达到最低。为了实现降低NOx排放的同时有效控制燃油消耗率和避免HC排放升高,低负荷时选择高EGR率并结合大喷油提前角的控制策略;中等负荷时选择适中EGR率结合适中喷油提前角的控制策略。     

低压EGR对GDI增压汽油机外特性下性能和排放影响

通过一款涡轮增压汽油直喷(gasoline direct injection,GDI)发动机低压废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)的试验,研究了EGR率和点火提前角的综合作用对增压GDI发动机的燃烧、缸压、排放和油耗等方面的影响。结果表明,在GDI增压发动机中加入EGR后,由于废气的稀释和热容作用,使缸内燃烧持续期增大,排气温度下降,燃烧相位也发生了改变。这对发动机外特性的有利影响是油耗减少,CO和NO_x排放也明显减少;不利影响是EGR的加入提高了增压发动机的排气压力,导致泵气损失增加。此外,总碳氢(total hydro carbons,THC)排放也有所增加。在GDI增压汽油机中使用EGR系统并配合点火角的调节能够有效提高热效率,降低NO_x排放。     

利用EGR技术降低涡轮增压柴油机排气污染的研究

以一台增压柴油机为研究对象设计了一套带有文曲利管的并联EGR系统,该系统可以在较小地损失充气效率的情况下,将排气较为容易的引入到进气管,并与之混合,使混合气的静压力在扩压管中得到最大程度的恢复,通过试验找出了达到Tier3排放法规要求的各工况下所需的EGR率,以及各工况下EGR率与NOx、烟度、油耗的关系,得到了各工况下兼顾满足NOx、油耗、颗粒排放等指标的EGR率范围,并研究了冷却EGR对NOx排放的影响,EGR经过冷却后降低NOx的效果更加明显,这些研究成果具有重要的工程应用价值.     

Reduction of emissions in a biodiesel‐fueled compression ignition engine using exhaust gas recirculation and selective catalytic reduction techniques

This paper analyzes the emissions of a single‐cylinder diesel engine fueled with biodiesel, using selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) techniques. The aim of this paper is to compare both EGR and SCR techniques, which were studied under different brake powers. Grape seed biodiesel was used as a test fuel. Experiments were performed by both techniques at different loads and rates to find out the performance change in the engine and the change in the emission rates using both the techniques. Then the observations from both the techniques were compared, concluding that both the techniques show a sufficient reduction in NOx. Using the abovementioned techniques, a reduction in hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and smoke was observed. The EGR technique is more suitable for low‐load engine vehicles, as it affects the efficiency of the engine with an increase in the fuel consumption, whereas the SCR technique is suitable for high‐load engines, which do not affect the efficiency of the engine with a decrease in the fuel consumption.     

大气压力/VNT/EGR对车用柴油机性能与排放的影响

为了研究可变喷嘴涡轮增压(VNT)技术、排气再循环(EGR)技术及大气压力三者共同作用对车用柴油机性能与排放的影响,利用大气压力模拟装置开展了相应的试验研究,基于响应曲面法以响应曲面图的形式分析研究VNT喷嘴环开度、EGR阀开度及大气压力3个参数交互作用对柴油机性能与排放的影响。结果表明:随着大气压力的降低及EGR阀开度的增大,柴油机动力性下降,经济性恶化。当VNT与EGR耦合时,在最大转矩工况,在EGR阀关闭及开度较小时,随着VNT喷嘴环开度的减小,转矩呈现增大的趋势,有效燃油消耗率逐渐降低;而在EGR阀开度较大及全开时,随着VNT喷嘴环开度的减小,转矩降低,油耗升高。在标定功率工况,无论EGR阀置于何种开度,随着VNT喷嘴环开度的减小,转矩均增大,油耗均降低。随着大气压力的升高,NOx比排放升高,烟度降低。当VNT与EGR耦合时,在不同的运行工况下,NOx比排放与烟度表现出不同的变化趋势。欲获得良好的整机性能,针对不同的运行工况,需要合理匹配VNT喷嘴环开度与EGR阀开度。     

Hydrogen effects on NOx emissions and brake thermal efficiency in a diesel engine under low-temperature and heavy-EGR conditions

Cooled and heavy exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) has been used to control NOx emissions from diesel engines, but its application has been limited by low thermal efficiency or high unburned hydrocarbon emissions. In this study, hydrogen was added into the intake manifold of a diesel engine to investigate its effect on NOx emissions and thermal efficiency under low-temperature and heavy-EGR conditions. The energy content of the introduced hydrogen was varied from an equivalent of 2-10% of the total fuel’s lower heating value. A test engine was operated at a constant diesel fuel injection rate and engine speed to maintain the same engine control unit (ECU) parameters, such as injection time, while observing changes in the carbon dioxide produced due to variations in the hydrogen supply. Additionally, the EGR system was modified to control the EGR ratio. The temperature of the intake gas manifold was controlled by both the EGR cooler and the inter-cooling devices to maintain a temperature of 25 °C. Exhaust NOx emissions were measured for different hydrogen flow rates at a constant EGR ratio. The test results demonstrated that the supplied hydrogen reduced the specific NOx emissions at a given EGR ratio while increasing the brake thermal efficiency. This behavior was observed over constant EGR ratios of 2, 16, and 31%. The rate of NOx reduction due to hydrogen addition increased at higher EGR ratios compared with pure diesel combustion at the same EGR ratio. At an EGR ratio of 31%, when the hydrogen equivalent to 10% of the total fuel’s lower heating value was supplied, the specific NOx was lowered by 25%, and there was a slight increase in the brake thermal efficiency. This behavior was investigated by measuring and analyzing changes in the exhaust gas composition, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.     

LP-EGR对增程器GDI汽油机燃烧和排放的影响

为进一步降低燃油消耗率和有害排放,开发增程器专用发动机,在一台缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机上选取增程器的3个运行工况点,开展了当量比燃烧模式下的低压废气再循环(LP-EGR)试验研究.结果表明:随着废气再循环(EGR)率的增加、点火时刻的推迟,缸内压力和放热率峰值降低且推迟,燃烧持续期延长,缸内燃烧由爆震逐渐过渡到失火,NOx排放降低.随着EGR率的增加,HC排放升高,CO和PM排放降低.点火时刻对HC、CO和颗粒物(PM)排放的影响规律随EGR率的变化而不同.引入EGR前、后的颗粒物总数量(PN)浓度值均在较低的数量级(105/cm^3).3个工况点综合优化后的最低有效燃油消耗率为219.1 g/(kW·h),较原机降低了7.75%.     

甲醇-汽油混合燃料对汽油机性能影响的试验研究

在一台多点电喷汽油机上,开展了燃用不同掺混比的甲醇-汽油混合燃料时发动机的经济性、排放特性研究。结果表明:电喷汽油机燃用低掺混比甲醇-汽油(小于30%)时,随着甲醇掺混比的增加,经济性有所改善,有效热效率明显提高;CO的排放有明显改善,中低负荷时HC排放有所改善,高负荷时HC排放增加,NOx排放相当,而怠速工况时,排放特性变差。     

Performance and emission characteristics of CIE using hydrogen,biodiesel, and massive EGR

Hydrogen is considered as an excellent energy carrier and can be used in diesel engines that operate in dual fuel mode. Many studies have shown that biodiesel, which is sustainable, clean, and safe, a good alternative to fossil fuel. However, tests have confirmed that using biodiesel or hydrogen as a fuel or added fuel in compression ignition engines increases NOx concentrations. Cooled or hot exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) effectively controls the NOx outflows of diesel engines. However, this technique is restricted by high particulate matter PM emissions and the low thermal efficiency of diesel engines.In this study, gaseous hydrogen was added to the intake manifold of a diesel engine that uses biodiesel fuel as pilot fuel. The investigation was conducted under heavy-EGR conditions. An EGR system was modified to achieve the highest possible control on the EGR ratio and temperature. Hot EGR was recirculated directly from the engine exhaust to the intake manifold. A heat exchanger was utilized to maintain the temperature of the cooled EGR at 25 °C.The supplied hydrogen increased NOx concentrations in the exhaust gas emissions and high EGR rates reduced the brake thermal efficiency. The reduction in NOx emissions depended on the added hydrogen and the EGR ratios when compared with pure diesel combustion. Adding hydrogen to significant amounts of recycled exhaust gas reduced the CO, PM, and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions significantly. Results showed that using hydrogen and biodiesel increases engine noise, which is reduced by adding high levels of EGR.     

Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on diesel engine nitrogen oxide reduction operating with jojoba methyl ester

Jojoba methyl ester (JME) has been used as a renewable fuel in numerous studies evaluating its potential use in diesel engines. These studies showed that this fuel is good gas oil substitute but an increase in the nitrogenous oxides emissions was observed at all operating conditions. The aim of this study mainly was to quantify the efficiency of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) when using JME fuel in a fully instrumented, two-cylinder, naturally aspirated, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine. The tests were carried out in three sections. Firstly, the measured performance and exhaust emissions of the diesel engine operating with diesel fuel and JME at various speeds under full load are determined and compared. Secondly, tests were performed at constant speed with two loads to investigate the EGR effect on engine performance and exhaust emissions including nitrogenous oxides (NO_x), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and exhaust gas temperatures. Thirdly, the effect of cooled EGR with high ratio at full load on engine performance and emissions was examined. The results showed that EGR is an effective technique for reducing NO_x emissions with JME fuel especially in light-duty diesel engines. With the application of the EGR method, the CO and HC concentration in the engine-out emissions increased. For all operating conditions, a better trade-off between HC, CO and NO_x emissions can be attained within a limited EGR rate of 5–15% with very little economy penalty.     

增压柴油机采用多级可变文曲利管式进气系统的实验研究

EGR技术应用在增压柴油机上出现了进排气压逆差导致应用有限的现象。本文采用将原有进气系统改造成由多个文曲利管并联组成的进气系统解决此问题。该系统一方面可由不同文曲利管之间的组合排列达到适应随工况变化的可变进气目的;另一方面,可以借助多个文曲利管的喉部压降能力吸引更多排气达到扩大EGR率的效果。通过流量模拟测试实验获得,采用MVVIPS较传统的串联式和分流式文曲利管系统都取得了更大的流通能力和压降能力;通过内燃机综合测试台架可知,采用MVVIPS系统后,试验用柴油机过量空气系统在不同转速下有着不同的变化;相比较原机的EGR系统,MVVIPS系统的EGR率在每个试验工况下都得到了不同程度的提高;动力性和经济性都在低、中转速下有小幅升高,但在高转速下与原机相差不大;根据稳态十三工况排放数据显示,采用MVVIPS系统后,NOx排放得到了有效控制,CO和微粒排放变化不大,HC排放在怠速及低工况范围内有着较明显的降低。