15-7PH不锈钢电渣重熔过程夹杂物的行为

为了明晰15-7PH沉淀硬化不锈钢中夹杂物的行为,进一步提高其洁净度,采用超高功率电弧炉初炼→AOD (Argon Oxygen Decarburization)脱碳→LF (Ladle Furnace)精炼→模铸工艺制备了自耗电极,并用带压摆控制的气体保护电渣重熔炉进行重熔。采用HORIBA氧氮氢气体分析仪检测了电渣重熔前后氧、氮等含量的变化;ASPEX扫描电镜分析了夹杂物的尺寸、数目、化学成分、形貌等。结果表明,电渣重熔后15-7PH不锈钢中氧、氮含量有轻微的下降,但夹杂物的组成变化不大,主要由氮化物夹杂物(氮化铝+氮化钛)、氮化物-氧化物复合夹杂物、氧化物夹杂物、硫化物-氧/氮化物夹杂物组成,其中氮化物夹杂物尺寸最大、数量最多,明显高于其他夹杂物。电渣重熔对夹杂物的数量、尺寸有明显影响。重熔后夹杂数量大幅增加,氮化物尤为明显,但大颗粒夹杂物明显减少。氮化物夹杂物大量存在的主要原因在于钢中存在较高的Al, Ti, N等元素,而电渣过程由于熔渣吸附、部分夹杂物溶解,使大颗粒夹杂物减少,重熔过程的快速冷却抑制了夹杂物长大,最终结果是夹杂物尺寸更细小,但数量增加。     

轴承钢中氮化钛的生成与控制

研究了轴承钢中TiN夹杂物的形成和去除热力学,并在某钢厂开展了低钛轴承钢的生产试验.结果表明,TiN在凝固过程中可能析出并长大.减少TiN析出的有效方法是在轴承钢液相线温度1724 K和固相线温度1598 K范围内快速凝固和降低钢中Ti与N含量.脱钛可在转炉内或[O]≥35×10-6时的出钢脱氧前期进行.通过提高炉渣氧化铝和氧化钛活度比大于20,控制转炉下渣量≤5 kg/t钢,加入炉内的造渣材料中钛含量低于0.1%,可减少LF精炼过程中因钢中[Al]s还原渣中氧化钛导致的钢液增钛.在上述理论指导下,在某厂实现了[Ti] ≤25×10-6的低钛轴承钢的批量生产.     

酒钢CSP流程SPCC钢夹杂形成机理

对酒钢CSP流程SPCC两个浇次在LF进站、LF中期、LF出站、中包、铸坯和轧制过程分别取钢样,用SEM-EDS分析其夹杂物及成分. 结果表明,在喂铝线后,钢液中很快形成大量形状不规则Al2O3夹杂物,随着精炼进行夹杂物存在两种变性路线：Al2O3-MgO·Al2O3-CaAlMg复合夹杂物和Al2O3-CA6-CA2-CA-低熔点夹杂物. 经过钙处理后大部分夹杂物可较好地变性到低熔点液相区或固液两相共存区. 夹杂物变性越好,则钢液中夹杂物球形化率越高,总量也越小,夹杂物成分对其尺寸也有重要影响. 分析了外层被钙铝酸盐和CaS包裹的双层夹杂物的形成机理,前者由于钢中Ca还原MgO·Al2O3尖晶石中Mg或Al2O3中Al;后者由于在铸坯凝固过程中温度降低及元素S的偏析,造成液芯中S浓度升高,其与Ca在已有的固体夹杂物核心的表面析出CaS. 在轧制过程中,前者变形能力较好,后者的外层CaS易与内部核心分离,甚至产生微裂纹.     

管线钢夹杂物变性的理论与实验研究

通过对钙处理过程中夹杂物变性的热力学分析,绘制了夹杂物变性过程中钙、铝、氧、硫活度的优势区图及夹杂物变性路径图,并系统分析了钢液温度、铝活度、硫活度等因素对夹杂物变性的影响.管线钢夹杂物变性后,氧化物夹杂为球形或块状的钙铝酸盐,少量的硫化物夹杂为CaS夹杂、CaS均匀分布的CaO·Al2O3CaS复合夹杂和内核为CaO·Al2O3外壳为CaS的复合夹杂.     

1600℃氮气气氛Ti–Al_2O_3复合耐火材料的相演变行为

以烧结刚玉和金属钛粉为主要原料、酚醛树脂为结合剂制备Ti–Al_2O_3复合耐火材料样品。将样品置于石墨坩埚中,在碳管炉氮气气氛下1 600℃烧成。对烧后样品的物相演变进行分析,结果表明:钛与氮气反应形成氮化钛,即使金属钛含量达到12%,也能完全氮化;形成的氮化钛多呈片状,也有一定量的晶须状碳氮化钛固溶体存在。氮气气氛中存在的微量一氧化碳气体扩散到样品内部,最终形成稳定的碳氮化钛固溶体。添加3%金属钛的样品中,添加3%石墨粉后样品强度降低约50%。添加或不添加石墨的Ti–Al_2O_3样品中均形成碳氮化钛固溶体,且碳氮化钛固溶体生成量相近。刚玉样品中出现了Al_5O_6N,在添加钛的样品中未检测到Al_5O_6N。添加金属钛的Ti–Al_2O_3样品中刚玉能稳定存在。建立了Ti–Al_2O_3样品中相演变的演变机理模型。     

轴承钢中镁的行为热力学分析

以热力学基本原理和炉渣分子离子共存理论为基础,计算分析了轴承钢中铝脱氧时,镁在钢中的行为,为轴承钢A1Mg合金复合脱氧的可行性进行了理论探讨.计算结果表明,在炼钢温度下,轴承钢钢液的酸溶铝范围内,只要有微量的镁就可以生成镁铝尖晶石夹杂物.实验研究证明,经镁处理后的轴承钢钢液中的夹杂物以尺寸细小的镁铝尖晶石夹杂物和少量的MgO为主,几乎看不到铝酸钙夹杂物.     

钢液中夹杂物动力学行为的数学模型

作为衡量钢产品质量的指标,冶金反应器内夹杂物大小、数量,形态和分布越来越受到冶金工作者关注.作为研究钢液中夹杂物行为的重要手段,数值模拟方法被广泛地应用于冶金工艺的优化.本文综合论述了夹杂物行为数值模拟的研究现状,分析了钢中夹杂物的基本数学模型和多模式数学模型优点和不足,并提出了未来的发展趋势和重点要解决的问题.数值模拟结果表明,受钢液运动的影响,夹杂物体积浓度和特征半径在连铸结晶器下方呈"W"形分布.     

中间包涂料对钢液洁净度的影响

实验研究了镁质、氧化铝质和镁钙质三种中间包内衬涂料与钢水反应,考察了其对钢中T.O, T.N及Al, Ti, Si, Mn含量、夹杂物组成、数量和尺寸分布的影响,并分析了钢水在钢/涂层界面对涂层的渗透和侵蚀程度. 结果表明,在1550℃下,相比于镁质涂料和氧化铝涂料,镁钙质涂料能对钢液T.O和成分有更好的控制,终点氧含量在8.5′10-5,对钢液的二次氧化很少,并有利于细小夹杂物的形成,其中<1 mm夹杂物占98.13%;钢中首先是Al, Ti被氧化,之后是Si, Mn被氧化;氧化铝涂料被损坏的机理主要是冲刷脱落,镁质和镁钙质涂料的损坏则以渗透侵蚀为主. 镁钙质涂料对钢液的二次污染小,有利于洁净钢的生产.     

非球形固态夹杂物穿过钢-渣界面行为研究

为了解释炼钢过程中固态夹杂物比液态夹杂物更易去除的现象,基于分离过程中受力分析,建立了描述八面体和板状夹杂物穿过钢-渣界面行为的数学模型。与传统数学模型相比,本模型考虑了夹杂物周围钢-渣界面变形引起的界面变形阻力。同时,采用该模型研究了各相(钢液、渣和夹杂物)界面张力和顶渣黏度等因素对固态夹杂物穿过钢-渣界面分离行为的影响。结果表明,若忽略固态夹杂物溶解过程,钢液、顶渣和夹杂物体系释放的界面自由能是固态夹杂物穿过钢-渣界面的驱动能,且该动能已足够保证多数固态夹杂物穿过钢-渣界面进入渣层。固态夹杂物溶解过程释放的吉布斯自由能远大于该过程释放的界面自由能,固态夹杂物接触钢-渣界面的瞬间被顶渣吸收去除。     

含铌钛微合金化钢连铸坯高温变形试样中碳氮化物的析出

铌、钛微合金化钢连铸坯高温变形试样中主要有三类碳、氮化合物析出：（１）高温下析出的粗大块状ＴｉＮ析出物；（２）９５０～９００℃区间沿晶界和在晶粒基体内部析出的微细Ｎｂ（Ｃ，Ｎ）动态析出物；（３）温度低于９００℃后Ｎｂ（Ｃ，Ｎ）依附在ＴｉＮ颗粒上生成的复合析出物．在９５０～９００℃区间析出的微细Ｎｂ（Ｃ，Ｎ）是造成此温度区间试样延塑性急剧降低的主要原因．由于氮优先与钛反应，减少了低温时Ｎｂ（Ｃ，Ｎ）和ＡｌＮ的析出量，使铌、钛微合金化钢在８５０℃Ｃ～Ａｒ３温度之间延塑性没有进一步降低．     

Niobium carbide reinforced-Ti6Al4V composites via directed energy deposition

Directed energy deposition (DED) was used to produce niobium carbide (NbC)-reinforced Ti6Al4V (Ti64) metal–matrix-composite (MMC) structures. The objective was to improve upon Ti64's wear and oxidation resistance. The characterization techniques consisted of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), backscattered electron (BSE) imaging, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Vickers micro- and nanoindentation-derived hardness, as well as tribological testing at varying normal loads. DED produced compositions were of Ti64, Ti64 + 5 wt.% NbC (5NbC), and Ti64 + 10 wt.% NbC (10NbC). Electron micrographs revealed crack- and delamination-free structures. Tribological analysis revealed a 25.1% reduction in specific wear rate. XRD and EDS results indicated the presence of a Ti-Nb solid solution. It was deduced that the NbC particles coupled with the Ti-Nb solid solution aided in increasing Ti64's resistance to plastic shear as the superficial microstructure remained unchanged compared to pure Ti64. Additionally, TGA displayed a reduction in total oxidation mass gain and suppressed oxidation kinetics to parabolic behavior with increased NbC. Application-based composite structures with site-specific mechanical properties were fabricated in the form of a composite cylinder, gear and compositionally graded cylinder. The graded cylinder displayed a 0%–45%NbC presence—end-to-end—equating to a hardness increase from 161.6 ± 4.0HV_0.2 to 1055.9 ± 157.4HV_0.2.     

TEM characterization and reaction mechanism of composite coating fabricated by plasma spraying Nb–SiC composite powder

Niobium carbide composite coatings with Nb₂C, NbC, Nb₃Si as the main phases were prepared in situ on the surface of TC4 titanium alloy by plasma spraying Nb–SiC composite powder. The microstructure of the coating was characterized in detail by TEM, and the reaction mechanism of Nb–SiC was revealed. Sub-micron and nano-scale NbC grains dispersed in Nb₃Si region, nano-Nb/Nb₃Si cellular eutectic region, and equiaxed Nb₂C nanograins region were formed in the coating. The research results show that Nb and SiC reacted firstly to form cubic NbC and Nb₃Si phases during the plasma spraying process. Then, NbC with a higher melting point took the lead in crystallization during the cooling process of the coating, forming sub-micron and nano-scale NbC granular fine grains. Nb₃Si with a lower melting point crystallized around the sub-micron and nano-scale NbC granular fine grains in the subsequent cooling process. In the plasma spraying process, the molten droplets formed Nb/Nb₃Si cellular eutectic structure under large temperature gradient and extremely fast cooling rate. The remaining Nb in the raw material powder formed a diffusion couple with NbC to generate fine and dispersed nano-equiaxed Nb₂C with cubic structure. The present investigation provides a reference for the reaction synthesis of advanced nanocomposites using Nb–SiC system.     

固/液态夹杂物穿过钢渣界面的分离机理

对液态和固态夹杂物穿过钢?渣界面的分离过程进行了物理模拟实验,研究了钢包内固态夹杂物比液态夹杂物易被去除的原因. 结果表明,固态夹杂物不被钢液润湿,在界面张力的作用下,固态夹杂物与界面之间的钢液在极短的时间内被排尽,导致固体夹杂物瞬间进入渣层. 液态夹杂物易被钢液润湿,界面张力使液态夹杂物与界面之间的钢液不能排尽,形成液膜. 液膜内的钢液在压力的作用下排尽,导致液膜破裂,液态夹杂物瞬间进入渣层. 实际液态夹杂物停留在钢?渣界面处的时间明显长于固态夹杂物穿过钢?渣界面所需时间.     

连铸-热轧区段X80钢中碳氮化物析出与固溶的实验研究

针对连铸-热轧区段的工艺技术界面,在传热研究的基础上通过热模拟实验研究了典型大板坯生产流程连铸、辊道输送、堆冷、加热等单元内X80钢中碳氮化物的析出与固溶行为. 结果表明,在连铸和输送过程中,Ti(C, N), (Ti, Nb)(C, N)和NbC先后析出,加热结束尚有少量(Ti, Nb)(C, N)未完全固溶;输送过程中不同冷却速率对碳氮化物的析出影响显著,以6.0℃/min辊道冷却至750或600℃,析出的碳氮化物分布密度较大,平均当量直径较小,部分碳氮化物沿奥氏体晶界分布,碳氮化物形成元素在钢中呈过饱和状态;以0.3℃/min堆冷却至400℃,碳氮化物充分析出,粒子的分布密度较小,平均当量直径较大;加热过程的热履历影响铸坯中碳氮化物的行为,但对加热结束后碳氮化物的存在状态无显著影响;冷却速率是导致碳氮化物沿奥氏体晶界析出的根本原因.     

New findings on intergranular corrosion mechanism of stabilized stainless steels

Number of different sets of stabilized both ferritic and austenitic stainless steels with various alloying elements were evaluated to verify new findings on the intergranular corrosion mechanism. The intergranular segregation and precipitation were analyzed by using a transmission electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and a laser assisted three-dimensional atom probe. On the basis of the current result, it is newly proposed that the intergranular corrosion occurring in the stabilized both ferritic and austenitic stainless steels is induced by Cr-depletion due to segregation of un-reacted Cr atoms around carbides of stabilizer elements (Ti or Nb) along the grain boundary, but not due to formation of Cr-carbide. A prevention method for this type of intergranular corrosion is also suggested after critical evaluation on the effect of Cr, C, and Ni.     

Effect of carbon and tungsten content on the phase equilibria,microstructure, and mechanical properties of (Nb,W)C–Ni cermets

With the assistance of thermodynamic simulation, the NbC–Ni based cermets with different W and C additions were designed and sintered in liquid state at 1390°C for 90 min in vacuum. By controlling the carbon and tungsten content, (Nb,W)C–Ni based cermets were prepared with varied phase constitution, microstructure, and mechanical properties. The microstructure, composition of phases, grain size, and equilibrium phases were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, EBSD, and X-ray diffraction. The simulation reasonably predicted the experimentally observed phase constitutions. Depending on the additions, detailed analysis indicated that the cermets were composed of either a combination of cubic (Nb,W)C solid solution and Ni alloy binder or with an additional carbon-deficient phase. Furthermore, mechanical analysis showed a strong dependence of its mechanical properties (Vickers hardness, indentation toughness, and flexural strength) on the phases and NbC grain size.     

不锈钢管在聚酯生产行业中的选用

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验、扫描电镜断口分析以及金相显微组织分析检测等方法对0Cr13Al铁素体不锈钢及2205双相不锈钢在酸性介质中应力腐蚀开裂行为进行了研究。并评定不锈钢管在腐蚀性介质中应力腐蚀开裂的敏感性。为在聚酯生产行业中选择容器用钢提供依据。结果表明,拉伸试样全部断裂在焊缝或热影响区。试样断口形貌呈准解理断裂和韧性断裂。2205双相不锈钢的应力腐蚀敏感性比0Cr13Al铁素体不锈钢低。     

Characterisation of in-situ reactive plasma-sprayed nano-(Ti,V)N composite ceramic coatings with various V concentrations

The effect of V concentration on the microstructure and phase composition of nano-(Ti, V)N composite ceramic coatings prepared by in-situ reactive plasma spraying of mechanically mixed Ti–V powders were investigated using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The microhardness, toughness, wear resistance, and strengthening mechanism of the prepared nano-(Ti, V)N coatings were measured and analysed. The results showed that the nano-(Ti, V)N coating comprised a large proportion of nano-(Ti, V)N grains, which was the solid solution of TiN and VN. All the V atoms completely entered the TiN lattice and the solubility limit of V in TiN is approximately 25 wt%. The grains of the (Ti, V)N (25 wt% V) coating had a face-centred cubic structure and a large quantity of twins; they were primarily equiaxed grains morphology with a few columnar grains. From comparing the experimental statistics, the (Ti, V)N (25 wt% V) coating displayed the highest microhardness (1952 ± 78.5 Hv) and the most even dispersion but a slightly lower toughness compared with the (Ti, V)N (35 wt% V) coating. The (Ti, V)N (25 wt% V) coating with a dense microstructure obtained a high microhardness due to dislocation strengthening, fine grain strengthening, and solid solution strengthening (from the solid solution of VN in TiN). Furthermore, a lower friction coefficient and wear volume loss indicated that the (Ti, V)N (25 wt% V) coating had superior tribological properties and great potential as a wear resistant coating.