讲座·学说·学科:美国大学教育学科创建的历史经验与启示

教育学讲座是大学教育学科创建的基本条件。19世纪末美国大学建立教育学讲座,开设教育学课程,推动教育学说的发展,为中小学培养师资力量,也为大学教育学科创建奠定基础。爱荷华大学和密歇根大学率先设立教育学讲座,依据美国中等教育师资培养要求,持续改进讲座制度,建设与调整教育学课程内容,并通过跨学科的教育研究建构教育学知识体系,积极促进大学教育学系的创建。对两所大学教育学讲座发展为教育学系的历史进程进行考察,能够系统分析大学教育学科创建的基本要素,也有助于深入理解20世纪美国引领大学教育学科发展的原因,为当前大学教育学科的建设提供借鉴。     

美国工程管理教育管窥北大核心CSSCI

美国工程管理教育有特色,有水平。美国工程管理协会在美国工程管理教育中起学科促进、团队凝聚和学术引领等多种重要作用。该协会从2012年起直接充当《工程管理知识体系指南》组编者与管理者,而该《指南》是工程管理领域各项教育、研究与开发工作指导性架构。美国有89所大学设工程管理专业,除斯坦福大学、哥伦比亚大学等名校外,更多是那些工程类学校,如密苏里科技大学、圣克劳德州立大学等,后者在工程管理领域享有更高声誉。美国工程管理教育普遍强调高技术环境下工程、管理与技术融合,着眼于培养具有广博知识与专业技能并且熟悉工程、商业与技术语言与方法的人才。中国工程管理教育要获得更好、更快发展,要有自己的工程管理知识体系,要有自己的工程管理教育模式。     

荣誉教育与通识教育:精英教育的分野和超越北大核心

精英教育是大学永恒的使命,荣誉教育与通识教育作为现代西方大学精英教育的主要培养模式,引导着世界高等教育的改革方向。在高等教育大众化与普及化阶段,高等教育质量一直是高等教育系统不得不面对的合法性问题,如何维护高等教育的精英传统,继续保证大学教育尤其是本科教育的质量就显得越发重要。荣誉教育与通识教育虽然在各自的教育理念、哲学基础、目标内容以及实施形式等方面存在差异,但共同的精英培养目标仍然使二者在高等教育序列中各有侧重。在高等教育大众化浪潮下,对精英教育水涨船高的理解与教育公平的呼吁,使大学不得不面临通识教育与荣誉教育的艰难抉择,培养有教养的人还是专家,催生了对精英教育的多元理解。在效率与公平的博弈中,荣誉教育的培养目标从最初纯粹的“学术精英”发展为“有教养的专家”,这种变化既弥合了对精英教育的理解冲突,也完成了对通识教育的超越。固然,公平是人类社会的基准价值之一,而大学只能以自己的方式阐释公平。     

《现代大学教育》二○○七年总目录

大学衍义大学理念和人文学………………………………………黄万盛1-1大学理念与教育公平———万俊人教授访谈录………高珊曾山金彭定光3-1知识经济时代高等教育的变革…………谢作栩别敦荣等5-19理论探索高等教育自主何以可能?……………………………陈伟1-13对话式教育基本问题再认识…………………………林瑞青1-19有效课程:课程走向文本化的域限………牛金成龙宝新1-24大学教师发展———“教学学术”的维度………………………王建华2-1我国高校定位的制度分析………………………………黄启兵2-6教育学学科科学性研究探索……………………     

美国工程管理教育管窥

美国工程管理教育有特色,有水平。美国工程管理协会在美国工程管理教育中起学科促进、团队凝聚和学术引领等多种重要作用。该协会从2012年起直接充当《工程管理知识体系指南》组编者与管理者,而该《指南》是工程管理领域各项教育、研究与开发工作指导性架构。美国有89所大学设工程管理专业,除斯坦福大学、哥伦比亚大学等名校外,更多是那些工程类学校,如密苏里科技大学、圣克劳德州立大学等,后者在工程管理领域享有更高声誉。美国工程管理教育普遍强调高技术环境下工程、管理与技术融合,着眼于培养具有广博知识与专业技能并且熟悉工程、商业与技术语言与方法的人才。中国工程管理教育要获得更好、更快发展,要有自己的工程管理知识体系,要有自己的工程管理教育模式。     

大学理念和人文学

大学理念大致有五个方面。其一，大学的基本使命是授业解惑，教书育人。大学应把学生当作未来能够领袖群伦的精英加以培养，主要不是技能教育，而是人文学教育。通过哲学掌握人类的睿智，探索存在的奥秘；通过历史学积累人类的集体记忆，把历史的经验教训转化为存在的自觉；通过文学理解人的精细深刻的情感世界，使得所有的存在都是感同身受、心领神会的生命共同体；通过自然科学领悟客观世界的复杂深邃、无穷无尽，以丰富和完善人的精神世界，如此等等。其二，大学理念应慎对知识的价值取向。突出知识生产的大学理念最大的问题是以知识标准规定了大学教学方向，这是非常危险的。这种取向在进行文科教育时，阉割了文科的人文性。哲学只剩下逻辑、语言、分析哲学，历史变成了史料学和史实学，文学成了文本和形形色色流派症侯的辨析标签。其三，大学如何服务社会。最好不要低估市场对大学的污染，尤其是那些仍然坚持把大学要服务社会效益当作大学理念的人们。其四，大学的任务是接续文化，弘扬传统。风俗习惯可以通过民间生活方式传承绵延，但是，精致深刻的伟大智慧不通过专门的研究教学是不会代代相传的。其五，大学是社会政治批判的中心。用康德的说法，知识分子是自觉地担当人类道义和责任的人。而中国古代读书人最感人动天的抱负就是“士以天下为己任”，以深刻的智慧、广博的知识、天下为公的道义责任，批判社会生活中一切违背人类良知的错误、偏见，乃至政策举措。这些是大学当仁不让的职责。     

知识经济时代高等教育的变革：知识经济与高等教育的理性思考

知识经济不是独立的社会经济形态，中国离知识经济时代尚远；应该理性地看待知识经济给高等教育带来的影响，客观地看待高等教育在知识经济时代的地位和作用，以指导高等教育健康发展。知识经济发展，需要知识型劳动，需要先进科学技术，需要知识产业，为大学发展提供广阔空间；要发展知识经济，就要发挥大学学者、学术组织与学术资源潜力，创新大学学术体制，改善大学学术生产外部环境，以有效提高大学学术生产力。知识经济发展需要高等教育，高等教育应以战略产业身份跻身于知识经济，以“无边界”的状态融入知识经济，以创新的功能促进知识经济，以全方位配合“双重跨跃”的姿态推动知识经济，以“终身教育”的理念影响知识经济。国外政府与高校采用政策措施与教育措施推动知识经济发展，如印度政府特别重视信息技术人才培养，制定有“知识行动”计划，印度高校重视信息技术人才培养，经过多年探索与实践，已经积累丰富经验，值得借鉴。     

构建新型教育空间：英国新大学的建筑设计及其教育意蕴

以教育学视角研究大学建筑设计有利于厘清教育与建筑间的关系，并使教育空间回归本真状态。英国新大学的建筑设计蕴含人性尺度、校园一体化与学术社区等独特理念。在这些理念的引领下，英国新大学通过营造绿地上的学术村落，创立一体化的混合校园，以及引进人性化的预制组件等举措，构建了一个新型教育空间。总览英国新大学的建筑设计可以发现，它具有如下教育意蕴：帮助大学抵御外界干扰，使个体自由地追求真理；促进不同学科间的交流，推动大学的跨学科融合；彰显大学平等教育理念，使个体获得真正归属感；凸显非正式教育的价值，引导个体成为整全的人等。探讨英国新大学的建筑设计，希望能够超越建筑学的视角，赋予大学建筑以真正的教育内涵。     

用邓小“三个面向”的理念指导大学生素质教育

邓小平的“三个方向”是现代大学的理念。素质教育是教育实践的产物，强调对学生的基本品质进行后天的养成和教育，它是教育观念随社会发展的一种转变。培养高素质的人才，要有正确的培养目标。邓小平的“三个方面”从根本上指出了我国人才培养的发展方向。因此，邓小平三个方面向理论可以用来指导大学生的素质教育。     

笔谈：新时代学科高质量发展的多维审视

学科是知识体系不断发展、演变和分化的结果,每个学科都是人类知识体系的一部分,是人们对越来越庞大的知识整体进行的精细化划分。新发展阶段,学科要面对的是更为复杂的研究对象,必须具有更开阔的视野、更大的知识跨度,从高度分化走向高度综合是学科发展的必然趋势,也是学科高质量发展的题中之义。未来的卓越大学应当既坚持以学科为基础,体现一定发展阶段大学建设的内在逻辑,又要注意打破学科疆界,以问题为导向,适应知识生产新模式对学科组织的新要求。为努力实现学科高质量发展的目标愿景,本期的五篇笔谈文章分别从宏观战略、交叉学科建设、学科集群与产业集群、西部高校以及知识创新等角度各抒己见,希冀为学科治理现代化贡献智慧。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。