Performance analysis of space-time transmitter diversity techniques for WCDMA using long range prediction

Transmitter diversity in the downlink of code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems achieves similar performance gains to the mobile-station receiver diversity without the complexity of a mobile-station receiver antenna array. Pre-RAKE precoding at the transmitter can be employed to achieve the multipath diversity without the need of the RAKE receiver at the mobile station. We examine feasibility of several transmitter diversity techniques and precoding for the third-generation wideband CDMA (WCDMA) systems. In particular, selective transmit diversity, transmit adaptive array and space-time pre-RAKE (STPR) techniques are compared. It is demonstrated that the STPR method is the optimal method to combine antenna diversity and temporal precoding. This method achieves the gain of maximum ratio combining of all space and frequency diversity branches when perfect channel state information is available at the transmitter. We employ the long range fading prediction algorithm to enable transmitter diversity techniques for rapidly time varying multipath fading channels.     

Iterative reduced-state multiuser detection for asynchronous coded CDMA

The conventional maximum a posteriori receiver for coded code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems has exponential computational complexity in terms of the number of users and the memory of the channel code. In this letter, we propose a low-complexity soft-input soft-output (SISO) multiuser detector based on the reduced-state a posteriori probability algorithm. Per-survivor processing and soft interference cancellation are used to remove the residual past and future interference in the branch metric computation. The complexity of the proposed receiver is related to the reduced memory of the CDMA channel and can be adjusted according to the complexity/performance tradeoff. Simulation results show that for asynchronous convolutionally coded systems, the proposed receiver can achieve the near-single-user performance for moderate to high signal-to-noise ratios.     

初始判决指导的DS／CDMA最大似然检测算法

本文首先给出了多径异步多用户ＤＳ／ＣＤＭＡ系统的一种数学模型，得出了恒参信道下最大似然检测（ＭＬＳＥ）算法的一种新的表示形式，然后作者具体分析了以ＲＡＫＥ接收机作为衰落信道的匹配滤波器时，最大似然检测器的算法设计问题，分析指出，在多径环境下ＭＬＳＥ算法的复杂度和计算量与多径时延的分布有关，如果有用户时延扩散在一个信息码元之内，算法复杂度和恒参信道下相同，而其实现可以用状态中变的Ｖｉｔｅｒｂｉ算法来     

Suboptimal multiuser detector for frequency-selective Rayleighfading synchronous CDMA channels

Proposes a suboptimal low-complexity multiuser receiver for synchronous CDMA frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. In contrast to the conventional RAKE receiver, which suffers from near-far effects due to channel fading, the proposed multiuser receiver is shown to alleviate the near-far problem while preserving multipath diversity gain. This is demonstrated by comparing the symbol error probability and asymptotic multiuser efficiency of the proposed multiuser detector and RAKE receiver     

初始判决指导下的DS/CDMA最大似然检测算法

本文首先给出了多径异步多用户ＤＳ／ＣＤＭＡ系统的一种数学模型，得出了恒参信道下最大似然检测（ＭＬＳＥ）算法的一种新的表示形式。然后作者具体分析了以ＲＡＫＥ接收机作为衰落信道的匹配滤波器时，最大似然检测器的算法设计问题。分析指出，在多径环境下ＭＬＳＥ算法的复杂度和计算量与多径时延的分布有关，如果用户时延扩散在一个信息码元之内，算法复杂度和恒参信道下相同，而其实现可以用状态数可变的Ｖｉｔｅｒｂｉ算法来实现。最后，本文用传统判决方法得出的初始判决信息缩减Ｖｉｔｅｒｂｉ算法的搜索空间，在保证一定性能的前提下，算法的计算复杂度大大降低。     

Multiuser detection in asynchronous CDMA frequency-selective fading channels

Multipath fading severely limits the performances of conventional code division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. Since every signal passes through an independent frequency-selective fading channel, even modest cross-correlations among signature sequences may induce severe near-far effects in a central multiuser receiver. This paper presents a systematic approach to the detection problem in CDMA frequency-selective fading channels and proposes a low complexity linear multiuser receiver, which eliminates fading induced near-far problem.We initially analyze an optimal multiuser detector, consisting of a bank of RAKE filters followed by a dynamic programming algorithm and evaluate its performance through error probability bounds. The concepts of error sequence decomposition and asymptotic multiuser efficiency, used to characterize the optimal receiver performance, are extended to multipath fading channels.The complexity of the optimal detector motivates the work on a near-far resistant, low complexity decorrelating multiuser detector, which exploits multipath diversity by using a multipath decorrelating filter followed by maximal-ratio combining. Analytic expressions for error probability and asymptotic multiuser efficiency of the suboptimal receiver are derived that include the effects of multipath fading, multiple-access interference and signature sequences correlation on the receiver's performance.The results indicate that multiuser detectors not only alleviate the near-far problem but approach single-user RAKE performance, while preserving the multipath diversity gain. In interference-limited scenarios multiuser receivers significantly outperform the RAKE receiver.This paper was presented in part at the Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Princeton, NJ, March 1992 and MILCOM'92, San Diego, CA, October 1992. This work was performed while author was with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA.     

Iterative reduced-complexity multiuser detection based on Chase decoding for synchronous turbo-coded CDMA system

The conventional multiuser detector (MUD) based on the a posteriori probability (APP) algorithm has an exponential computational complexity in terms of the number of users. In this paper, we propose a low-complexity iterative multiuser receiver for synchronous turbo-coded code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. The proposed receiver is based on the Chase decoding algorithm that was previously used to decode turbo product codes. Simulation results show that the proposed receiver can significantly reduce the computational complexity with slight performance degradation compared with the APP MUD over highly correlated channels. Moreover, in this paper, we develop a numerical approach to analyze the convergence behavior of iteratively decoded CDMA channels based on density evolution technique. Analytical results are presented and shown to provide a reasonable match with what is observed in simulation.     

Performance of a Hybrid Receiver in the Downlink Multicell CDMA System

In this paper, we propose a novel low-complexity receiver, namely, a hybrid receiver (HR) for the downlink of a multicell code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system with a transmit delay diversity transmission scheme. The proposed receiver is designed by combining the merits of the decorrelating receiver (DR) and the conventional receiver (CR). Unlike most multiuser receivers, HR operates with the same information as CR. For a target performance metric (e.g., bit error probability (BEP)=10^-2), the reduced-complexity HR significantly outperforms CR, DR, and minimum mean-square error (MMSE) receiver with estimated channel information. We also compare the performance of the reduced-complexity HR with a reduced-complexity MMSE receiver, which slightly outperforms the former at a price of higher complexity     

Low-complexity architecture of rake receiver for multi-code CDMAsystem

A new low-complexity architecture CDMA rake receiver for multi-code CDMA systems is proposed. It contains shared hardware blocks to reduce hardware complexity. The hardware complexity of the proposed architecture is compared with that of a conventional CDMA rake receiver in terms of the number of Walsh code channels. The result shows that our proposed architecture has a 12 and 18.6% reduction in gate count when the number of Walsh code channels is 4 and 7, respectively     

Performance of antenna diversity multiuser receivers in CDMA channels with imperfect fading estimation

The performance of antenna diversity coherent and differentially coherent linear multiuser receivers is analyzed in frequency-nonselective Rayleigh fading CDMA channels with memory. The estimates of the complex fading processes are utilized for maximal-ratio combining and carrier recovery of the coherent multiuser receiver. To analyze the impact of channel estimation errors on the receiver performance, error probability is assessed directly in terms of the fading rate and the number of active users, showing the penalty imposed by imperfect channel estimation as well as the fading-induced error probability floor. The impact of fading dynamics on the differentially coherent decorrelating receiver with equal-gain combining is quantified. While performance of multiuser receivers at lower SNR is determined by both the fading dynamics and the number of active CDMA users, performance at higher SNR is given by an error probability floor which is due to fading only and has the same value as in a single-user case. The comparison of the two receiver structures indicates that the coherent decorrelating receiver with diversity reception may be preferable to the differentially coherent one in nonselective fading CDMA channels with memory.     

Adaptive Retransmission Diversity with Packet Combining for Slotted DS/CDMA Packet Radio Networks

A time diversity automatic repeat-request (ARQ) scheme is investigated for slotted random access direct-sequence code-division multiaccess (DS/CDMA ALOHA) wireless packet radio networks on multipath Rayleigh fading channels. The receiver retains and processes all the retransmissions of a single data block (packet) using predetection diversity combining, instead of discarding those which are detected in error. This effectively improves the system throughput and delay characteristics especially at small values of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per bit. A simple and practical selection combining rule is proposed, which lends itself to a low-complexity receiver structure and specifically suitable for high data rate transmissions. Owing to the stochastic nature of the multiple access interference, the new maximum output selection diversity (MO/SD) system yields superior performance in comparison to the traditional maximum SNR selection diversity (SNR/SD) model. The bit error rate performance, throughput and the average number of transmissions required to transmit a packet successfully with and without forward error correction (FEC) are evaluated. Numerical results reveal that the proposed adaptive retransmission diversity with packet combining provides a considerable advantage over the conventional slotted DS/CDMA ALOHA without incurring a substantial penalty in terms of cost or complexity.     

Blind adaptive space-time multiuser detection with multipletransmitter and receiver antennas

The demand for performance and capacity in cellular systems has generated a great deal of interest in the development of advanced signal processing techniques to optimize the use of system resources. In particular, much work has been done on space-time processing in which multiple transmit/receive antennas are used in conjunction with coding to exploit spatial diversity. We consider space-time multiuser detection using multiple transmit and receive antennas for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communications. We compare, via analytical bit-error-probability calculations, user capacity, and complexity, two linear receiver structures for different antenna configurations. Motivated by its appearance in a number of third-generation (3G) wideband CDMA standards, we use the Alamouti (see IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol.16, p.1451-58, Oct. 1998) space-time block code for two-transmit-antenna configurations. We also develop blind adaptive implementations for the two transmit/two receive antenna case for synchronous CDMA in flat-fading channels and for asynchronous CDMA, in fading multipath channels. Finally, we present simulation results for the blind adaptive implementations     

O<Superscript>3</Superscript>BPSK-based Linear Decorrelating Detector for Asynchronous DS/CDMA Systems over Frequency-Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels

In this paper, a convenient signaling scheme, called orthogonal on–off BPSK (O³BPSK), along with a simple one-shot linear decorrelating detector (LDD) and a whitening Rake bank, is proposed for near–far resistant detection in asynchronous DS/CDMA systems. Based on the maximum multi-path spreading delay, a minimum duration of “off” is suggested, during which the temporally adjacent bits (TABs) that contain multi-user interference (MUI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI) from different users at the receiver are decoupled. The O³BPSK signaling scheme is combined with the whitening Rake receiver to preserve multi-path diversity gain in multi-path fading CDMA channels. The scheme offers low complexity, no detection delay, near–far resistance, and compensation for fading channels.

异步编码CDMA系统中基于因子图的迭代多用户接收器

针对异步编码CDMA系统，本文提出了一种基于因子图的迭代多用户接收器，它是将用户信息比特对接收端噪声白化滤波器输出的条件后验概率分布用因子图表示，并采用和-积算法，经过有限次迭代获得用户信息比特的估计值．为降低计算复杂度，本文还提出一种简化算法．仿真结果表明，本文提出的迭代多用户接收器在经过几次迭代后的比特误码性能接近单用户系统；同时，简化算法的性能接近完全算法，但算法复杂度有明显改善．     

Analysis of differentially coherent linear receivers over Rician-faded CDMA channels

RicianAccurate performance analysis for linear receivers over frequency- and time-selective asynchronous code-division multiple-access Rician-fading channels is very useful and a general approach to this topic is very desirable. In this paper, by using a decision variable-based moment generating function approach, we provide a unified bit-error probability (BEP) analysis framework for different linear detectors with binary or quaternary differential phase-shift keying and postdetection combining over Rician-fading channels, taking into account the effects of the spreading code correlation, the system and fading-channel parameters, diversity combining, and branch correlation. To reduce the complexity of the exact BEP evaluation, we furthermore provide an approximate multivariate Gaussian assumption (MGA)-based method which entails a low complexity for BEP evaluation. Ideal and approximate linear minimum mean-squared error diversity receivers for correlated Rician-fading channels are proposed. Numerical results show that the phases of the line-of-sight (LOS) components of the desired user significantly affect the receiver performance over correlated multipath Rician channels, and this may be exploited to improve performance. Also, when the LOS components are affected by a significant Doppler shift, automatic frequency control is very useful in improving the receiver performance.     

A sliding window PDA for asynchronous CDMA, and a proposal for deliberate asynchronicity

The probabilistic data association (PDA) method is extended to multiuser detection over symbol-asynchronous code-division multiple access (CDMA) communication channels. A direct extension as well as a sliding window processing method are introduced. While achieving near-optimal performance with O(K/sup 3/) computational complexity in synchronous CDMA, K being the number of users, it is shown that, in asynchronous CDMA, the probability of group detection error of the proposed PDA method is very close to the performance lower bound provided by an ideal clairvoyant optimal detector, and the computational complexity is only marginally increased to O([h/s]K/sup 3/) per symbol, where h and s are the width and the sliding rate of the processing window, respectively. Due to the outstanding performance of the PDA detector in heavily overloaded asynchronous systems, it is observed that an optimally designed synchronous system can be easily outperformed by an arbitrarily designed asynchronous system. Hence, it is proposed to use asynchronous transmission deliberately, even when synchronous transmission is possible - asynchronous is better than synchronous!.     

The Kalman filter as the optimal linear minimum mean-squared errormultiuser CDMA detector

It is shown that a first-order linear state-space model applies to the asynchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) channel, and thus the Kalman filter produces symbol estimates with the minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) among all linear filters, in long- or short-code systems for a given detection delay. This result may be used as a benchmark against which to compare the performance of other linear detectors in asynchronous channels. It also reveals that a time-varying recursive filter with a fixed and finite complexity implements the fixed-lag linear MMSE (LMMSE) detector, which hitherto has been assumed to require a processing window (and hence complexity) that grows with time     

Performance analysis of channel-borrowing handoff scheme based onuser mobility in CDMA cellular systems

Code-division multiple-access (CDMA) cellular systems use soft handoff. Although the capacity of CDMA systems is interference-limited in nature, channel shortages may occur because soft handoff uses several channels simultaneously. To cope with this problem, we propose an improved handoff method that borrows channels from stationary calls participating in soft handoff and allocates the borrowed channels to handoff requests by moving calls when a channel shortage occurs. Borrowing from stationary calls is possible because these calls do not undergo fast-fading and do not require receiver diversity. The proposed method is designed to avoid increased interference resulting from channel borrowing. The proposed channel-burrowing handoff scheme is analyzed in a situation involving both moving and stationary calls. A comparison is made between the performances of the typical IS-95-based handoff scheme and the proposed scheme. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme is better than the IS-95 scheme in view of the handoff refused probability, the handoff queuing delay, and total interference     

Performance of DS-CDMA receivers with MRC in nakagami-m fading channels with arbitrary fading parameters

The receivers that combine spatial antenna diversity with temporal multipath diversity are known as two-dimensional (2-D) RAKE receivers. In this paper, we consider the outage probability and the bit error rate performance of a coherent binary phase shift keying 2-D RAKE receiver in the context of an asynchronous direct sequence (DS)-code division multiple access (CDMA) system operating in a Nakagami-m fading channel with real and arbitrary fading parameters. The closed-form expressions derived for the two wireless performance measures are easily evaluated numerically and enable the link designer to examine the effects of system parameters, such as the number of receive antennas, RAKE fingers per antenna, and asynchronous CDMA users in the cell, as well as channel conditions, such as the amount of fading in the combined paths and the multipath intensity profile of the channel on the link performance. In addition, the diversity loss due to correlated fading among the spatially separated RAKE fingers is quantified.     

Adaptive receiver structures for asynchronous CDMA systems

Adaptive linear and decision feedback receiver structures for coherent demodulation in asynchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) systems are considered. It is assumed that the adaptive receiver has no knowledge of the signature waveforms and timing of other users. The receiver is trained by a known training sequence prior to data transmission and continuously adjusted by an adaptive algorithm during data transmission. The proposed linear receiver is as simple as a standard single-user detector receiver consisting of a matched filter with constant coefficients, but achieves essential advantages with respect to timing recovery, multiple access interference elimination, near/far effect, narrowband and frequency-selective fading interference suppression, and user privacy. An adaptive centralized decision feedback receiver has the same advantages of the linear receiver but, in addition, achieves a further improvement in multiple access interference cancellation at the expense of higher complexity. The proposed receiver structures are tested by simulation over a channel with multipath propagation, multiple access interference, narrowband interference, and additive white Gaussian noise