低温烧结BaO-Sm2O3-TiO2系微波介质陶瓷材料的研究

利用传统的固相法制备BaO-Sm2O3-TiO2系陶瓷。通过复合添加氧化物ZnO、CuO和玻璃料Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO-SiO2（BBZS），系统的烧结温度降至900℃。研究了玻璃料的添加量对介电性能的影响。按BaSm2Ti4O12＋1％（质量分数）ZnO＋1％（质量分数）CuO＋x％（质量分数）BBZS（0＜x≤30）配方，当x=25，预烧温度为1100℃和烧结温度为900℃时，有以下的微波特性：εr=60．51，Qf=2256GHz，τf=15．02×10^-6/℃，该陶瓷材料有望与纯Ag电极共烧，应用到LTCC领域。     

BaTiO_3粉体的预处理及其对陶瓷烧结与介电性能的影响

以工业生产的BaTiO3粉体为基础原料,探讨不同预处理条件及Sr、Y元素掺量对BaTiO3陶瓷显微结构及介电性能的影响。结果表明:掺杂少量的Sr、Y元素可促进BaTiO3晶体向四方相转变;用乙醇作球磨介质处理粉体并在900℃预烧,可促进陶瓷的致密烧结和晶粒细化;掺杂摩尔分数为1.0%的Sr,可使居里温度降低2℃,室温相对介电常数提高到2 400以上;掺杂Y元素可使陶瓷的居里温度升高,并显著提高陶瓷的介电常数,Y元素掺量为0.3%(摩尔分数)时,室温相对介电常数达到21 000以上。     

磷掺杂钛酸钡陶瓷烧结过程及介电性能的研究

本文研究了掺杂微量元素磷对钛酸钡陶瓷烧结过程、结构及介电性能的影响。在湿化学法合成的高纯钛酸钡超细粉中，加入0．4atm％的二异丙基亚磷酸酯（P2O5的质量分数为0．14％），不加粘合剂直接压片成型，于1150－1350℃条件下无压烧结。用SEM，TMA，XRD及低频阻抗分析仪，测试样品的烧结性能、微观形貌、晶体结构和介电性能。结果表明：由于磷的加入，晶粒边界形成BaO-TiO2-P2O5三元系液相烧结，在较长的温度下即形成致密的陶瓷，1200℃保温2h的样品致密度达到理论密度的96％：1150～1200℃烧成的陶瓷，其室温介电常数高达6100－5500；居里温度随烧结温度的降低略有下降。因此，微量磷元素的掺杂有助于改善钛酸钡陶瓷的烧结过程和提高介电性能。     

V2O5对 BaTiO3-Y2O3-MgO陶瓷性能的影响

研究了V2O5掺杂BaTiO3-Y2O3-MgO系陶瓷的显微结构和介电性能．SEM显示V2O5会促进该体系晶粒生长，降低陶瓷致密度．XRD显示V掺杂样品均为单一赝立方相，其固溶度〉1．0m01％．研究表明，V离子能有效抑制掺杂离子Y、Mg向BaTiO3晶粒内扩散，改变掺杂离子在晶粒中分布，从而形成薄壳层的壳芯晶粒，因此V能提高居里峰的强度并改善电容温度稳定性．多价V离子在还原气氛中以＋3、＋4为主，能增强瓷料的抗还原性，提高绝缘电阻率（10^13Ω·cm）、降低介电损耗（0．63％）．该体系掺杂0．1mol％V时，介电常数达到2600，满足X8R标准．     

BaMn_(0.5)Co_(0.5)Zr_(1.0)Fe_(10)O_(19)软磁陶瓷的微观形貌和磁性研究

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Mn-Co-Zr离子共掺BaFe12O19的前驱体,经过后期烧结得到BaMn0.5Co0.5Zr1.0Fe10O19陶瓷,研究了烧结温度、预烧温度、球磨时间等对陶瓷微观形貌和磁性的影响。通过XRD、SEM和VSM等对样品进行性能表征,发现相比于纯M型钡铁氧体,掺杂M型钡铁氧体在相同烧结温度和预烧温度情况下,晶粒更细,而且饱和磁化强度更大。当预烧温度为1 000℃,球磨时间8 h,BaM铁氧体陶瓷的致密度、晶粒形貌和磁性能最佳,此时陶瓷饱和磁化强度为59 A·m2/kg,矫顽力5.01 kA/m,密度为4.73 g/cm3,满足在高频领域的应用。可见Mn-Co-Zr离子掺杂对M型钡铁氧体陶瓷的软磁化及其应用有决定性影响,同时掺杂使得产物颗粒粉体晶粒细化,活性增加。     

半化学法制备0.80Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.20PbTiO3 陶瓷的研究

研究了制备纯钙钛矿相0．80Pb(Mg1／3Nb2／3)O3-0．20PbTiO3(缩写为PMNT)陶瓷的半化学法新工艺．详细讨论了除Nb2O5外，其它反应物以其非氧化物形态分别代替PbO、MgO和TiO2，以及PbTiO3或同成分的0．80PMN-0．20PT等钙钛矿相子晶对PMNT预烧粉体中钙钛矿相含量的影响；探讨了烧结温度对半化学法制备的PMNT陶瓷介电性能的影响，并对PMNT陶瓷的相组成、显微组织及介电性能进行了表征和测定．结果表明：提高镁组分的反应活性对提高预烧粉体中钙钛矿相含量的效果较好，同时以钛酸四丁酯取代TiO2的效果最好；半化学法工艺简单，能在850。C／2h预烧条件下制得几乎纯钙钛矿相的PMNT粉体，经过较低的烧结温度(950℃／2h)可制得致密的、介电性能优异的PMNT陶瓷．     

BiNbO4掺杂对BaTiO3基陶瓷的改性效应研究

对三元系统BaTiO3(BT)-Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3(BNT)-BiNbO4的微结构和介电性能进行了研究.1%(摩尔分数) BNT掺杂使BT的居里温度由127℃大幅提高到140℃.BiNbO4掺杂显著降低了高温端的电容温度变化率,相反低温端的电容温度变化率升高.掺杂3%～4%(摩尔分数)BiNbO4的BT陶瓷满足X8R特性.烧结温度过高时,居里峰明显被抑制,居里温度向低温移动,而低温介电峰向高温移动.SEM结果表明,1%(摩尔分数)BiNbO4掺杂时,陶瓷晶粒细小且尺寸均匀.BiNbO4含量增大,陶瓷内部出现异常生长的第二相晶粒,且第二相比例随BiNbO4含量增加而增大.XRD分析表明,基质晶粒为BaTiO3,第二相包括Ba2TiO4、NaBiTi2O6及BaTiNb4O13.     

微波电介质陶瓷的制取与研究

以（Mg0.8Zn0.2）TiO,（MZT）为原料,采用加入高电介质材料Ba4Nd28/3T18O54zBi2O3（BNT）制备微波电介质陶瓷0．7（Mg08Zn02）T103·0．3{Ba4Nd2Ⅳ3Ti18054·zBi203I（z=0．15,0．18,0．2）,以提高MZT的介电性能。掺入Bi3＋可以降低烧结温度,从而可以在低烧结温度（（1200-1230％）下制取MZT和BNT的合成材料。通过对介电性能、密度、XRD和SEM测试所获得的陶瓷可以发现,掺入Bi3＋数量的多少和结烧温度的高低会影响到陶瓷的结构和性能,结果说明,当z=0．18,0．7（Mgn8znn2）Ti03·0．3{Ba4NdzsnTil8054·zBi203}的结烧温度为1230℃时,可以获得很好的介电性能：εr=35．56,Qf=5811GHz,TF=-3．225ppm／℃。     

添加V2O5对Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3烧结及微波介电性能的影响

本工作就添加V2O5对Ba（Mg1／3Ta2／3）O3烧结性及微波介电性能的影响进行了研究和讨论．实验结果发现，添加少量V2O5能明显改善BMT陶瓷的烧结性，当V2O5的添加量为0．1mol％时，烧结体密度可达理论密度的98％同时较纯BMT陶瓷烧结温度降低150℃左右．此时样品仍具有较高的微波介电性能：Q·f＝62450GHz；εγ＝25．     

溶胶-凝胶法引入ZnO-2B2O3-7SiO2玻璃对BaO-Sm2O3-4TiO2陶瓷性能的影响

采用固相反应法合成BaO-Sm2O3-4TiO2 (BST)陶瓷粉体.系统研究了溶胶-凝胶法引入ZnO-2B2O3-7SiO2 (ZBS)玻璃对BST陶瓷烧结特性、物相组成、微观形貌及介电性能的影响.结果表明,添加ZBS玻璃的陶瓷试样主晶相仍为类钙铁矿钨青铜结构的BaSm2Ti4O12,次晶相为Sm2Ti2O7.通过溶胶-凝胶法添加6％(质量分数)的ZBS玻璃,可使BST陶瓷的烧结温度从1350℃降低到1050℃,在1050℃烧结3h所得BST陶瓷介电性能优良:εr=60.17,tanδ=0.004,τf=-7.9×10 6/℃.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from