C18150铜/1060铝层状复合材料铸轧工艺优化及组织性能研究

目的 通过有限元模拟方法探究铸轧过程中铜铝层状复合材料温度场和液相率的演变规律,确定铸轧过程中的最优走坯速度和浇铸温度,并制备一种具有高强高导的铜/铝/铜层状复合材料。方法 基于Ansys Workbench软件中的Design modeler模块建立二维模型,使用JMatPro软件模拟C18150铜和1060铝的热物性参数,通过Mesh模块进行网格划分并利用Fluent模块对模型进行求解。通过调整和优化走坯速度和浇铸温度等参数,研究其对液相率和温度场的影响。制备了高强高导铜/铝/铜层状复合材料,并通过场发射扫描电镜、电子万能试验机、手持式导电率测试仪和扫描电镜等手段对铜/铝/铜层状复合材料界面的微观组织、抗拉强度、导电率以及拉伸断口进行表征和分析。结果 当走坯速度和浇铸温度分别为1.2 mm/min和963 K时,铸轧效果最佳,制备的复合材料界面平整且结合良好,界面处存在Al2Cu和Al4Cu9双界面层。拉伸强度和延伸率分别为201 MPa和16%,铜侧导电率为87%IACS,铜铝断口处均出现了大量韧窝,表明为韧性断裂。结论 通过优化铸轧工艺参数制备的铜/铝/铜层状复合材料具有优异的强度和导电率。     

快速凝固AlFeX耐热铝合金喷射沉积坯锻造成型工艺试验研究

喷射沉积AlFeVSi合金锭坯需要采用高温（450℃）锻压来实现致密化．通过沿不同取向锻压试验了解了喷射沉积坯及其压实坯的变形能力和锻造损伤情况，采用钢包套锻造工艺制备了完全致密化的喷射沉积Al-9．20Fe-1．37V-2．30Si合金锻件．通过金相、透射电镜、扫描电镜、力学性能检测等研究手段研究了锻造变形对喷射沉积A1FeVSi合金锻坯组织性能的影响．结果表明，喷射沉积AlFeVSi合金坯可以通过锻压变形实现致密化，达到冶金结合状态．喷射沉积AlFeVSi合金压实坯锻造道次压下率可以确定为20—40％，锻造加载方向最好是垂直于喷射沉积原坯沉积面，且需增加可塑性包套来限制侧表面的自由变形．采用钢包套自由锻造工艺可以在累积78％的压缩变形率条件下制备具有良好组织性能的锻造制品．     

复合粉制备工艺对自反应喷射成形TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷坯件的影响

以Ti粉、B4C粉、石墨和蔗糖（C的前驱体）为原料，采用机械粘结法制备了Ti-B4C-C系复合粉，采用前驱体法制备了Ti-B4C-C-蔗糖系复合粉，并分别利用两种复合粉进行自反应喷射成形试验，获得了Ti（C，N）-TiB2复合陶瓷坯件。通过XRD、SEM等方法观察了复合粉与喷射沉积坯件的组织结构，分析了其相组成，并测试了成形坯件的孔隙率及断裂韧性等力学性能，对比分析了复合粉制备工艺对喷射成形材料组织结构及性能的影响。研究结果表明：与机械粘结法制备的，Ti-B4C-C系复合粉相比，采用前驱体法制备的Ti-B4C-蔗糖系复合粉内部粘结强度稍低，但粉体内部混合更均匀，各组元间接触更充分，因而自反应喷射成形过程中的SHS反应更加充分。二者喷射成形所得材料均以Ti（C，N）-TiB2主相、部分钛的氧化物为副产物相，并有一定孔隙。但Ti-B4C-蔗糖系复合粉喷射沉积坯件副产物相少，组织均匀致密，且材料的断裂韧性高，综合性能明显优于Ti-B4C-C系复合粉喷射沉积坯件。     

冷喷涂铜基陶瓷复合涂层沉积机理与结构性能优化研究进展

陶瓷颗粒与铜颗粒的热膨胀系数差异较大，故热喷涂的高温制备易导致涂层分层、开裂和失效。冷喷涂具有热输入低、不易氧化、沉积率高等特点，可以降低甚至避免高温冷却造成的相关缺陷，因此在制备高质量的铜基陶瓷复合涂层时的优势明显。本文首先对三种经典冷喷涂金属及金属合金涂层界面结合的基本概念和原理进行了概括，在此基础上对金属基陶瓷复合涂层的沉积机理进行了归纳总结；其次，从喷涂粉末制备工艺、喷涂前期基体状态和沉积过程工艺参数三个方面对铜基陶瓷复合涂层的组织结构和性能优化方法进行了梳理；最后，对冷喷涂铜基陶瓷复合涂层沉积技术和机理研究的发展方向进行了展望。     

超声增材制造在航空航天领域的应用进展

金属超声增材制造是一种低温、固态的加工技术，其原理是在近室温环境中通过超声波振动在金属带材之间建立冶金结合，制造过程中金属不会熔化。利用超声增材与机械加工相结合的技术能够制备出精细的内外部结构。然而，超声增材层间结合机理仍在不断研究中，层间界面微结构和结合质量与工艺参数间的关系不清晰，使得界面处容易发生失效，加之目前应用的材料体系范围有限，导致超声增材的应用受到极大限制。因此，国内外的工作主要集中在以下四个方面：（1）层间结合机理研究；（2）超声固结工艺参数优化及建模；（3）异种材料结合特性研究；（4）支撑材料研究。现有研究表明，塑性成形是层间结合的主要驱动力，而加工过程中界面处的晶粒破碎以及动态疲劳破坏会导致层间结合变弱；利用试验和数值模拟研究，明确了振动振幅、焊接速度、下压力和固结宽/高比是影响结合强度的重要工艺参数，通过建立不同材料的工艺窗口，可指导实际加工过程；钛、铝、铜、不锈钢等面心立方体金属之间具有好的结合强度，而对非面心立方体材料而言Al1100和Al3003是理想的结合材料，在铝合金基材中嵌入SiC纤维和NiTi形状记忆合金时，其结合强度主要受振动振幅、速度、下压力、基...     

4045/3004/4045层状铝合金复合材料连铸制备方法

本文旨在开发出制备复合锭坯的新技术,在新型热顶石墨环结晶器中安装冷却板,采用直接水冷半连续铸造法实现了4045/3004/4045铝合金三层复合锭的实验室制备,研究了复合锭坯的宏观形貌、微观组织,并考察了界面两侧元素分布以及铸造过程中界面附近3004合金熔体的温度分布.结果表明:在冷却板的作用下界面附近形成了一层温度分布较为均匀的固态支撑层,从而保证复合铸造过程的顺利实现,复合界面结合较好,且为一种冶金结合;由界面抗拉强度测试结果可知界面的结合强度均高于96 MPa,进一步证明了两种合金的结合是一种冶金结合.     

高速钢-Q235钢轧制复合板的组织与性能

采用合适的工艺方法制备了两种高速钢(W18Cr4V,W6Mo5Cr4V2)与Q235钢的轧制复合板材,用剪切试验方法测定了复合板材的界面结合强度,用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了复合板材界面结合状态.复合板材界面结合强度达到460MPa,界面结合良好,能够满足复合刀片对材料性能的要求.     

尼龙12/铜复合粉末材料及其选择性激光烧结成形

通过溶剂沉淀法制备了尼龙12覆膜铜复合粉末材料，并制备了机械混合尼龙12／铜复合粉末材料。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对两种粉末材料的微观形貌进行了观察，对两种粉末的选择性激光烧结（SLS）成形件的强度及翘曲变形行为进行了对比研究。结果表明：尼龙12覆膜铜复合粉末材料中尼龙12包覆均匀，无裸露Cu粉存在，而机械混合尼龙12／铜复合粉末材料中尼龙12颗粒是零散地非均匀性分散在Cu粉颗粒中。在尼龙12含量及烧结工艺参数相同的条件下，尼龙12覆膜铜复合粉末SLS成形件的拉伸强度及弯曲强度是机械混合尼龙12／铜复合粉末SLS成形件的两倍以上，翘曲变形也明显小于机械混合尼龙12／铜复合粉的SLS成形件。     

射频磁控溅射制备 HA(+ZrO2+Y2O3)/Ti6Al4V 复合生物活性涂层

采用射频磁控溅射法制备了HA（＋ZrO2＋Y2O3）／Ti6Al4V生物复合涂层．借助于XRD、SEM、FTIR和AFM等对溅射涂层的相组成、微观形貌和界面结合进行了研究，并以模拟体液试验探讨了涂层的生物活性．实验结果表明：磁控溅射的复合涂层呈非晶态，经过退火处理，可以使其转化为晶态；复合涂层的微观表面凹凸不平，并呈现网状结构和较多的孔隙，其孔隙直径约为0．5-2．0μm，孔隙面积占涂层表面积的30％-40％；HA（＋ZrO2＋Y2O3）／Ti6Al4V复合涂层的界面结合强度随（ZrO2＋Y2O3）复合颗粒含量的增大和溅射功率的提高而增强，最高可达59．6MPa．复合涂层在模拟体液中浸泡一段时间后，表面覆盖一层新生物质—含有CO^2-3的类骨磷灰石，其晶粒非常小，它与自然骨中无机相的结构成分相似，表明复合涂层具有良好的生物活性．     

铜/钢液固相复合界面的结合强度

用液－固相复合法制备铜包钢线,研究了钢线表面的处理方法,预热温度,铜液的温度和复合时间等工艺参数对铜包钢线中界面结合强度的影响。结果表明,表面经酸洗、机械打磨并覆助镀剂的钢线,在４００℃预热复合后,钢线与铜层之间的结合效果好,界面结合强度达到９５ＭＰａ。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...