交换耦合双层膜PtMn/Co的微观结构和磁性

采用磁控溅射法在Si（100）基片上沉积了PtMn／Co双层膜，研究退火温度与样品微结构以及磁性的关系，发现退火温度越高，反铁磁性PtMn层由fcc非磁性相向fct反铁磁性相转变越充分，交换偏置场值Hex越高。同时，随着退火温度的升高，反铁磁层的晶粒尺寸逐渐增大，交换偏置场Hex值随着反铁磁层晶粒尺寸的增大几乎呈线性增加。研究了交换偏置场与铁磁层、反铁磁层厚度的关系，结果表明，在250℃退火时Hex与PtMn厚度关系为有峰值的曲线，此退火温度下反铁磁层临界厚度为20nm，最佳反铁磁层厚度为60nm。还发现了交换偏置场Hex随着铁磁性Co层厚度的增大几乎呈线性降低，充分说明铁磁、反铁磁交换耦合作用是一种界面耦合效应。     

铁磁层/导电层/铁磁层多层膜中巨磁阻抗效应理论*

采用经典电磁理论,对铁磁层／导电层／铁磁层（M／C／M）多层膜中出现的巨磁阻抗效应进行了理论分析。对于单轴横向磁各向异性多层膜,理论计算结果表明：高频阻抗在某一外加磁场（近似等于等效各向异性场）下出现最大值,铁磁层和导电层电阻率相关较大的多层膜中将出现较强的巨磁阻抗效应。多层膜在1MHz附近即可出现远大于单层膜的阻抗变化比。多层膜理论计算与实验结果能够较好地符合。     

磁性薄膜材料中的交换耦合

介绍了在磁性薄膜材料中的交换耦合的研究进展。制备了铁磁/反铁磁/铁磁3层结构不同成分的薄膜。利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等测试分析技术,系统研究了磁性多层薄膜的相组成、界面及微观结构等。利用超导量子干涉仪(SQUID)研究薄膜的磁、电性能和交换耦合。在Co/反铁磁/Fe结构中发现了非常明显的与温度相关的铁磁/反铁磁界面耦合与铁磁/铁磁层间耦合之间的竞争效应。含有不同铁磁层Fe、Co、Fe20Ni80的3层膜FM1/Cr2O3/FM2对交换耦合随温度的变化存在较强的影响,发现铁磁层的磁晶各向异性和跟Cr2O3接触的自旋非对称性反射系数体系的界面和层间耦合有很大的影响。铁磁层对FM/AFM的交换耦合强度的影响甚大,这种影响和铁磁层的各向异性的相关性要强于和铁磁层饱和磁化强度的相关性。通过面内预加场和场冷的方式,在易轴互相垂直的[Pt/Co]n/NiFe/NiO异质结中实现了交换偏置的4种状态,可等温调控偏置。研究了Co/NiO反点阵列和连续膜的交换偏置,与连续膜相比,纳米反点阵列既能增大偏置,也能减小偏置,具有更高的热稳定性。     

不同结构多层膜中巨磁阻抗效应的研究

研究了封闭式和开放式FeSiB/Cu/FeSiB多层膜以及Cu/FeSiB/Cu多层膜中的巨磁阻抗效应。实验结果表明：多层膜的不同结构对巨磁阻抗效应影响很大。改变外加磁场,封闭式FeSiB/Cu/FeSiB多层膜中阻抗变化最大,开放式FeSiB/Cu/FeSiB多层膜次之,而Cu/FeSiB/Cu多层膜中阻抗几乎不变。三组多层膜中不同的阻抗特征可用多层膜的具体结构解释：在封闭式多层膜内,磁路形成密封结构,使泄漏到多层膜外面空间的磁通大大减少;在Cu/FeSiB/Cu多层膜中,上下两铜层在铁磁薄膜内产生的总磁场近似为零,外加磁场的改变不能引起其阻抗发生变化。对于封闭式FeSiB/Cu/FeSiB多层膜,在100kHz到1MHz时就能够出现较大的阻抗变化比值,最大阻抗变化比值出现在3MHz。开放式FeSiB/Cu/FeSiB多层膜阻抗特性与封闭式类似,但比例只是封闭式多层膜的1／3。     

磁性多层膜研究进展:理论和实验

详细叙述了磁性多层膜研究的理论和实验进展，在不同的磁性多层膜材料中，大量实验事实证明和理论预示磁性多层膜具有独特的物理性质，如维度磁性、界面各向异性、耦合作用、巨磁阻、层间交换作用振荡和磁性量子隧道效应等等，因而，磁性多层膜是理论研究和技术应用的重要课题。     

CoFe/Cu/CoFe/IrMn自旋阀结构多层膜磁化反转过程的研究

通过高真空直流磁控溅射的方法制备了结构为//Ta(5nm)/Co75 Fe25(5nm)/Cu(2.5nm)/Co75Fe25(5nm)/Ir20 Mn80(12nm)/Ta(8nm)的顶钉扎自旋阀结构多层膜,研究了磁场循环次数、反向饱和场等待时间和磁场变化率对自旋阀结构多层膜磁化反转过程的影响.结果表明,磁场循环次数和反向饱和场等待时间对自由层的磁化反转过程没有影响,而在被钉扎层中出现了练习效应和时间效应;磁场变化率对被钉扎层和自由层的前、后支反转场的影响变化趋势相似,但反铁磁层对被钉扎层的反转有一定的影响.     

基于NiFeCo/Cu多层膜巨磁电阻效应的磁微球检测

分析了应用于磁性生物检测的GMR传感器的工作原理.直流磁控溅射法制备了Ni65Fe15CO20/Cu多层膜,研究了室温下多层膜的GMR效应对缓冲层(NiFeCo)厚度、间隔层(Cu)厚度及铁磁层(NiFeCo)厚度等参数的依赖关系,得到了GMR值达8.8%的多层膜样品:缓冲层(NiFeCo)5nm,间隔层(Cu)2.4nm,铁磁层(NiFeCo)1.6nm,且饱和场低、磁滞小、灵敏度较高,符合磁性生物检测技术的要求.制备了基于优化参数NiFeCo/Cu多层膜的GMR传感器,对器件的性能进行了测试,结果表明所制备的GMR传感器能够检测磁微球.     

CoFe/Cu多层膜巨磁阻效应的研究

采用直流磁控溅射制备了多层膜Ta/缓冲层/[Co95Fe5/Cu]×12/Co95Fe5/Ta。实验发现,多层膜的磁阻性能受到缓冲层材料、各子层厚度以及退火处理的影响。采用优化的多层膜结构:Ni65Fe15Co20缓冲层厚8 nm、CoFe层厚1.55 nm、Cu层厚2.4nm,沉积态薄膜GMR值达到7.6%;而在外加磁场79.6×103A/m下,250℃保温2 h退火处理后,多层膜的GMR值进一步提高到11.9%,磁滞从18.7×102A/m降低到796 A/m。     

反铁磁层厚度对垂直磁各向异性钴/铂/铁锰多层膜磁性质的影响

在室温下用超高真空磁控溅射系统制备了一系列的Pt(4.0nm)/[Co(0.5nm)/Pt(0.3nm)]3-FeMn(tAFnm)多层膜样品,研究了反铁磁层厚度对于易轴垂直于样品表面的Co/Pt/FeMn多层膜磁性质的影响。在室温下利用样品的剩磁进行了X射线磁圆二色测量(XMCD),结果表明在铁磁/反铁磁界面有反铁磁层铁锰的净磁矩,这些净磁矩仅来自于铁元素。铁的磁矩倾向于垂直于膜面排列。磁测量结果表明,随着铁锰层厚度的增加,交换偏置场HEB增加直到饱和,而HC先增加,然后轻微减少,在tAF7.5nm以后,HEB和HC都几乎不变了。没有观察到磁锻炼效应。     

磁场退火制备FePt/Ag垂直磁化薄膜

采用磁控溅射法在自然氧化的单晶Si（100）基底上制备了（FePL／Ag）10多层薄膜,并在10kA／m磁场中进行了不同温度的真空热处理,研究了磁场作用下,不同热处理温度对FePt薄膜有序化转变及磁性能的影响。X射线衍射研究表明,在磁场作用下通过多层膜设计可以比较容易获得垂直生长的易磁化轴;选择适当的热处理温度、降低多层膜中每层膜厚可以制备出晶粒尺寸细小均匀的FePL／Ag垂直磁化薄膜,适用于高密度垂直磁记录介质材料。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...