HDPE／CB—MWNTs复合材料体系PTC效应

研究了高密度聚乙烯/碳黑-多壁碳纳米管复合材料的正温度系数效应(PTC).结果发现,HDPE/CB-MWNTs复合材料中MWNTs的含量为1%.(质量分数,下同)时复合材料的PTC强度达8.3,室温电阻率仅为1.2Ω·m;而当MWNTs的含量为3%.时复合材料的PTC强度迅速减小到小于3,室温电阻率则变化不大.SEM研究表明导电填料CB或者MWNTs在复合材料中分布均匀.对HDPE/CB-MWNTs复合材料的PTC效应随MWNTs含量的变化原因进行了探讨.     

MWNTs/UHMWPE复合材料的导电行为

采用溶液混合、超声波分散的方法,制备了多壁碳纳米管（MWNTs）/超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）复合材料,并对其电学性能进行了研究。结果表明,该种方法可以使MWNTs比较好地分散于UHMWPE基体中,复合材料均表现出明显的渗流行为;长径比大的L.MWNTs-60100具有较小的渗流阈值,并且具有较小的正温度系数（PT...     

LLDPE／EVA／CB导电复合材料PTC效应的研究

研究了线性低密度聚乙烯（LLDPE）／乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物（EVA）／碳黑（CB）复合材料的导电性及正温度系数（PTC）特性。发现在LLDPE／CB复合材料中加入少量的EVA能增加PTC强度1．5～2个数量级。并分别用DCP交联和辐射交联等方法探讨了对LLDPE／EVA／CB复合材料PTC效应稳定性的影响。研究结果表明复合材料中加入1％DCP或经过320KGy辐射剂量处理都可以提高PTC效应的稳定性。复合材料经过辐射交联后有优良的热循环稳定性。     

HDPE/CB-GP复合材料体系电性质的研究

当HDPE含量46％（质量分数，以下同）、其它添加剂（如抗氧剂、阻燃剂、交联剂和润滑剂等辅助填料）的含量11％，两种导电填料石墨（GP）和碳黑（CB）的总含量为43％时，研究结果表明石墨含量的变化对HDPE/CB-GP复合材料室温电阻率、阴C强度和后NTC强度有显著的影响．HDPE/CB-GP复合材料中GP的含量〈8．6％时，样品的室温电阻率〈30Ω·m，PTC强度〉7、后NTC强度〈1．3；电阻率．温度曲线经过17次冷热循环后重现性好，复合材料具有实际应用价值；GP在复合材料中为层片状结构。     

碳纤维表面处理对聚合物基复合材料电性能的影响

碳纤维与聚合物基体间的界面粘接状况是影响复合材料电性能的重要因素之一。研究了碳纤维表面经浓硝酸处理后的碳纤维表面形貌与性能；碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料的电阻率及其PTC效应的变化。结果表明：经浓硝酸处理后，碳纤维表面粗糙度增加、沟槽加深加宽；碳元素含量减少、含氧官能团增多；同时复合材料的电阻率和正温度系数（PTC）均有所提高，负温度系数（NTC）现象减弱．     

多壁碳纳米管改性超高分子量聚乙烯的摩擦学性能

将多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)以不同浓度与超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)粉料共混,通过热模压成型的方法制备MWNTs/UHMWPE复合材料。利用分子动力学模拟对MWNTs/UHMWPE复合材料的粘附机理进行了深入研究,并预测出MWNTs对UHMWPE的摩擦学性能的改性作用;通过摩擦磨损试验系统研究了不同质量分数MWNTs对UHMWPE复合材料摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明:MWNTs可以作为有效填料用以制备UHMWPE复合材料;随着MWNTs含量的增加,MWNTs/UHMWPE复合材料表面硬度有少量增加,摩擦系数的变化并不显著;当MWNTs质量分数为0.3%时,复合材料表现出较小的摩擦系数和优异的抗磨性能。     

高转变温度聚合物PTC材料的研究

研究了以尼龙12（PA12）为基体树脂，炭黑（CB）为导电填料的高转变温度聚合物正温度系数（P11C）材料。采用熔融共混方法制备了PA12/CB聚合物PTC复合材料，研究了炭黑种类、炭黑含量、炭黑表面改性等因素对PA12/CB复合材料PTC性能的影响。结果表明：Vxc305炭黑填充的PA12复合材料，当炭黑含量为30％时，PTC强度可达到105；炭黑表面改性能够抑制材料的NrC效应。     

多壁碳纳米管填充丁苯橡胶复合材料的研究

采用浓硝酸(HNO3)氧化处理后的多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)与丁苯橡胶(SBR)及其他配合剂在开炼机上进行混炼加工制备MWNTs／橡胶复合材料，并与炭黑补强橡胶体系进行对比，进而研究了MWNTs／橡胶复合材料的物理性能，并初步探讨了该材料微观结构与性能之间的关系。结果表明：随着MWNTs质量百分含量的增加，橡胶复合材料的力学性能也随之增高；MWNTs／橡胶复合材料的抗撕裂强度(25．9kN／m)、硬度(58)、磨耗(0．22mL/1．61km)性能较炭黑／橡胶体系要好。由MWNTs补强的橡胶对开发具有低滚动滞后性和抗疲劳损失的轮胎胎面胶将有很大的实用潜力。     

多壁碳纳米管/聚亚苯基苯并二噁唑复合材料的微结构与性能

以甲基磺酸(MSA)为溶剂通过溶液共混法制备了不同多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)含量的多壁碳纳米管/聚亚苯基苯并二噁唑(MWNTs/PBO)复合材料, 用扫描电镜(SEM)对热处理前后复合材料的微结构进行了分析, 并对其导电、力学和耐热性能进行了研究。结果表明: MWNTs能均匀地分散在聚合物基体中, 并能形成一定的网络结构, 热处理后的复合材料较热处理前的结构更致密, 导电性能和力学性能都有所改善, 其中MWNTs质量分数为10％的热处理后复合材料与纯PBO聚合物相比, 体积电阻率降低约9个数量级, 而拉伸强度和拉伸模量分别提高了95％和53％, 耐热性能也有一定的提高。      

混杂功能化碳纳米管/聚氨酯复合材料的制备及性能

以多壁碳纳米管（MWNTs）为原料,采用不同改性方法制得了羧化碳纳米管（MWNTs-COOH）、共价功能化碳纳米管（MWNTs-NH₂）、非共价功能化碳纳米管（MWNTs-PPA）和混杂功能化碳纳米管（MWNTs-COOH-PPA）,将这4种改性碳纳米管按不同质量分数分别加入聚氨酯（PU）中制备了复合材料。使用万能材料试验机和热失重分析仪测试了复合材料的力学和热学性能,研究了碳纳米管对复合材料性能的影响。结果表明:通过在碳纳米管表面接枝少量的共价官能团防止非共价包覆的剥离,混杂功能化方法既能够改善碳纳米管在基体中的分散性,又能够保持其与基体界面间结合力,复合材料增强效果最明显。耐热性良好的碳纳米管的添加提高了PU基体的热分解温度,提高程度由于其功能化方式的不同而稍有差别。MWNTs-COOH-PPA/PU复合材料的力学性能最优,当碳纳米管含量（质量分数,下同）为0.3%时,其拉伸强度与纯PU相比提高104%,其热分解温度与MWNTs-COOH/PU相当,优于纯PU,但低于MWNT8-NH₂/PU和MWNTs-PPA/PU。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.