冰箱压缩机设计中有关节能问题的探讨

<正> 家用电冰箱制冷系统主要由制冷压缩机、冷凝器、膨胀阀和蒸发器所组成。压缩机的作用是吸入氟利昂蒸汽,然后压缩成高压送入冷凝器,因而压缩机是电冰箱的“心脏”及核心部件。目前,国内外电冰箱已全部采用封闭式     

家用冰箱节电

家用冰箱节电湖南岳阳大学机电系张万奎１电冰箱的耗电量（１）电冰箱耗电量的限定值按照ＧＢ１２０２１，２－８９规定，电冰箱耗电量的限定值国家标准列入表１中。间冷式电冰箱的耗电量限定值在表１的基础上相应增加１５％。（２）电冰箱耗电量的测算方法在其他用电器具...     

帮您参谋

帮您参谋巧用电冰箱选购１．规格。根据我国消费者的饮食习惯，选购家用电冰箱以每人平均容积５０升左右即可。因此，３～４口人的家庭以选购容积１５０～２２０升左右的电冰箱为宜。２．外观。电冰箱表面漆层应色泽均匀、光亮，无剥落、划伤，箱门和顶板框应安装端正，冷...     

国家首批节能产品认证揭晓

1999年9月3日，中国节能产品认证中心在京公布了国家首批节能产品认证结果并举行颁证仪式，向首批通过节能产品认证的9家家用电冰箱生产企业颁发了认证证书。国家经贸委、国家计委、国家科技部、国家质量技术监督局、国家轻工局等有关部门的代表，中国节能产品认证管理委员会委员、有关科研院所、产品质量检验机构以及获证企业等各界代表100余人出席了颁证仪式。此次共有9家企业103个型号家用电冰箱获得了节能产品认证证书。这9家企业基本上是电冰生产行业的骨干企业，它们的产量和产值均超过全国电冰箱生产企业总产量和产值的1／Zo其中获…     

日研究用异丁烷作冰箱冷却剂

日本三洋电机公司正在研究用碳氢化合物异丁作家用电冰箱的冷却剂，已经试制出来的样机正在进行易燃性等现场试验。     

日本400L无氟冰箱节电技术

日本４００Ｌ无氟冰箱节电技术工业发达国家的家用电冰箱普及使用率几乎达１００％。随着科学技术的发展和生活水平的提高，众多的家用电器纷纷进入家庭。据日本资源能源厅１９９２～１９９５年四年调查、统计，目前日本家庭一年家用电器耗电百分比率分别为：电冰箱２０．...     

能效标识——节能的必然选择——房间空气调节器和家用电冰箱能效标识介绍

2005年3月1日，对于我国节能领域来说应该是一个值得纪念的日子，因为从这一天起，我国的家用电冰箱和空调的能效标识制度正式开始实施。     

能效标识--节能的必然选择

2005年3月1日,对于我国节能领域来说应该是一个值得纪念的日子,因为从这一天起,我国的家用电冰箱和空调的能效标识制度正式开始实施.     

国家发展改革委国家质检总局 国家认监委公告《实行能源效率标识的产品目录（第五批）》

根据《能源效率标识管理办法》（国家发展改革委和国家质检总局第17号令）规定,国家发展改革委、国家质检总局和国家认监委组织制定了《中华人民共和国实行能源效率标识的产品目录（第五批）》、《自动电饭锅能源效率标识实施规则》、《交流电风扇能源效率标识实施规则》、《交流接触器能源效率标识实施规则》、《容积式空气压缩机能源效率标识实施规则》和修订后的《家用电冰箱能源效率标识实施规则》,现予公告,自2010年3月1日起实施。国家发展改革委、国家质检总局、国家认监委2004年71号公告中的《家用电冰箱能源效率标识实施规则》同时废止。2010年3月1日前出厂或进口的产品,可延迟至2011年3月1日前加施能效标识。     

奉贤区南桥市场监督管理所开展节能减排产品专项检查

<正>2015以来,根据局机关要求,奉贤南桥市场监督管理所集中对辖区内各类超市及大型电器商场进行有关能效标识产品专项检查。截止8月31日,南桥所按照《能源效率标识管理办法》等相关要求,针对8家企业的13类产品,包括家用电动洗衣机、家用电冰箱、平板电视、吸油烟机等共计34件节能排放产品进行监督检查。结果显示,     

A dynamic analysis of strategies for increasing energy efficiency of refrigerators in Colombia

A dynamic model for refrigerators’ stock and replacement is proposed to analyze the evolution of refrigerators’ stock efficiency in Colombia. The model simulates changes on energy consumption of refrigerators’ stock as inefficient refrigerators are replaced at their end of life, and also voluntarily, as a result of energy efficiency strategies. Replacement rates are estimated using a diffusion model, while a discrete choice model that considers upfront and use costs is used to represent impact of energy efficiency on consumers’ decisions. The proposed model is useful for ex-ante policy analysis and design. Results from the base case scenario indicate that the current energy efficiency policy achieves a 75% penetration of high-efficiency refrigerators by 2032. The replacement of inefficient refrigerators can be accelerated by increasing access to credit to consumers; a 25% increase in households with access to credit increases voluntary replacements by 16%. Other financial incentives, such as price discounts and lower financial rates, also increase voluntary replacements, although at lower rates. To maximize the energy efficiency gains of refrigerators’ substitution, higher energy standards and removal and scrapping of old refrigerators are needed.     

Potential energy savings and environmental impact by implementing energy efficiency standard for household refrigerators in China

With the rapid economic growth and improvement in standard of living, Chinese people are employing more and more household appliances to make their living convenient and comfortable, of which refrigerators are indispensable. Because refrigerators operate continuously irrespective of seasons and regions, the total electricity consumption of refrigerators is huge and consequently causes severe energy-related environmental issues. China has been paying more and more attention to this and issued a national energy efficiency standard, GB12021.2-2003, for refrigerators. This paper first describes the standard briefly. Then it develops a mathematic model to evaluate the potential energy savings and environmental impacts of the standard. The estimated results indicate implementing the standard will save large energy, as well as benefit greatly to environment. Thus, it is very necessary to implement energy efficiency standard for refrigerators in China.     

固休整有附式制冷技术及其研究进展

固体吸附式制冷技术是一种能有效利用太阳能及工业余热的对环境无不新型制冷技术,对固体吸附制冷技术的发展历程及研究现状进行了一定 总结,对固体吸附制冷技术近两年的一些研究热点及其产业化进行了分析。     

Who pays for the ‘beer fridge’? Evidence from Canada

The energy intensity of refrigerators varies widely across vintages. Recent improvements in the energy efficiency of refrigerators have the potential to decrease residential energy use, and in some locations this could have a significant impact on a typical household's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Among the impediments to the realization of the energy use and environmental benefits from the technological energy-efficiency gains in Canada is the fact that a large proportion of households continue to use their old refrigerators as ‘beer fridges’ after the purchase of a new refrigerator. In this paper, we use information from the Survey of Household Energy Use (SHEU-2003) to examine this phenomenon. The empirical results are discussed in the context of existing Canadian programs that target purchases of new refrigerators and the disposal of old ones.     

Heat transfer effect on the specific cooling load of refrigerators

The maximum possible specific cooling load that can be obtained from two-heart-reservoir refrigerators with a set of high-temperature heat sinks and low-temperature heat sources is analyzed. The refrigerators considered in this paper include (1) externally and internally reversible, (2) externally irreversible and internally reversible, (3) externally reversible and internally irreversible and (4) externally and internally irreversible refrigerators. The irreversibilities are assumed to be caused by heat transfer only. The specific cooling load, defined as the cooling load per unit total heat-exchanger surface area, is adopted as the objective function for the refrigerator performance analysis in this paper.     

Energy use of US residential refrigerators and freezers: function derivation based on household and climate characteristics

Field-metered energy use data for 1,467 refrigerators and 185 freezers from seven studies conducted between 1992 and 2010 were used to calculate usage adjustment factors (UAFs), defined as the ratio of measured to tested annual energy use. Multiple regressions of UAFs against several household and climate variables were then performed to obtain separate predictive functions for primary (most-used) refrigerators, secondary (second most-used) refrigerators, and freezers, and residual differences between observed and modeled UAFs were fit to log normal distributions. These UAF functions were used to project energy use in the more than 4,000 households in the 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, a statistical representation of US homes. These energy use projections formed the basis of calculating lifecycle energy savings for more efficient refrigerators and freezers, as well as national energy and cost savings. Results were compared with previous published work by the Department of Energy, demonstrating how UAFs impact energy and cost savings. Such an approach could be further improved with additional data and adapted for other appliances in future analyses.     

Economic feasibility for acquisition of efficient refrigerators in Brazil

Since 1993, the Brazilian National Program of Electricity Conservation has been developing the PROCEL Label Program, oriented towards helping consumers to buy more efficient home appliances. In this context, an energy savings of 1379 GWh and a reduction of 197 MW in the Brazilian demand in 2007 are estimated as resulting from efficiency labeling in refrigerators and freezers. This paper aims to evaluate the economic feasibility of purchasing labeled refrigerators instead of inefficient ones, from the consumer’s point of view, considering actual market conditions and buying in cash or financing. The evaluation of energy saving was done for 22 different models of refrigerators and the economy was calculated considering the retail price in the Brazilian market and two actual electricity tariffs, taking into account, respectively, high and low household electricity consumption. The effect of ambient temperature on refrigerator performance was evaluated in two conditions: according to the Brazilian standard for performance tests (32 °C) and using the average temperature of Southern Brazil (18 °C), the mildest region. The benefit in buying labeled refrigerators was evaluated using the Internal Rate of Return and the Payback Time for a cash flow during the appliance life, estimated as 16 years. The results indicate that for cash purchase, for any electricity tariff and for both ambient temperatures studied, the consumers are economically benefited buying labeled refrigerators instead of less efficient models. For credit purchases, in the evaluated conditions, high-tariff consumer typically gains selecting labeled refrigerator, on the other hand, for low-tariff consumer and in colder areas, it is economically advisable to buy less efficient appliances. Sensitivity analysis of energy tariff and financing conditions are presented.     

Electric energy saving potential by substitution of domestic refrigerators in Mexico

We evaluate the potential for electric power saving in Mexico that would follow the substitution of old, low efficiency domestic refrigerators with modern, high efficiency ones. Our results indicate that a total substitution of domestic refrigerators would save 4.7 TWh/year, which represents 33% of the annual total consumption of 14.1 TWh. Assuming an average daily use of 14 h for domestic refrigeration, 900 MW of electricity would be saved. An annual substitution of 20% over 5 years would save approximately 1 TWh a year and almost 180 MW would be released. It is recommended that this program of replacement should be supported by the Federal and State governments, beginning with the States (which have more direct influence), and with the oldest, least efficient refrigerators along the lines followed in programs that introduced fluorescent compact lamps.     

Comparative study of vapour compression,thermoelectric and absorption refrigerators

This paper investigates the performance characteristics of three domestic refrigerators, namely the vapour compression (VC), the thermoelectric (TE) and the absorption refrigeration (AR). AR and TE refrigerators are the result of research and development in refrigeration system in the quest to find a cooling system which does not use any refrigerant that damages the ozone layer. Three refrigerators of similar capacity (about 50 l) were compared for their usage in the hotel industry in view of their energy efficiency, noise produced and cost (owning as well as running). It was found that the VC refrigerator consumed the least energy, was least costly but was the noisiest. The absorption refrigerator was the quietest of the three but was the least energy efficient and most expensive. The thermoelectric refrigerator was the costliest, nearly as noisy as the VC but was a little less energy efficient than the absorption refrigerator. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Near-field radiative thermoelectric energy converters: a review

Radiative thermoelectric energy converters, which include thermophotovoltaic cells, thermoradiative cells, electroluminescent refrigerators, and negative electroluminescent refrigerators, are semiconductor p-n devices that either generate electricity or extract heat from a cold body while exchanging thermal radiation with their surroundings. If this exchange occurs at micro or nanoscale distances, power densities can be greatly enhanced and near-field radiation effects may improve performance. This review covers the fundamentals of near-field thermal radiation, photon entropy, and nonequilibrium effects in semiconductor diodes that underpin device operation. The development and state of the art of these near-field converters are discussed in detail, and remaining challenges and opportunities for progress are identified.