大米淀粉物化特性与糊化曲线的相关性研究

以不同品种的大米淀粉为原料，采用快速黏度分析仪（RVA）研究不同品种大米淀粉的糊化曲线的差异，碘兰值和酶解力等物化特性对糊化特性的影响。结果表明，不同品种大米淀粉的碘兰值、酶解力存在差异，以籼米淀粉的碘兰值最大，其次是粳米淀粉和糯米淀粉。粳米淀粉和糯米淀粉酶解力相对较大。糊化温度、最终黏度、最低黏度、回升值与碘兰值均呈不同程度的正相关。峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、回升值、糊化温度与酶解力呈不同程度的负相关。采用碘兰值、酶解力的指数模型描述大米淀粉的糊化特性可达到很高的拟合精度。     

板栗淀粉与板栗变性淀粉性质的比较

比较了板栗淀粉,板栗氧化淀粉,板栗羟丙基淀粉,板栗磷酸酯淀粉的主要物理性质并测定了板栗淀粉及其3种变性淀粉的冻融稳定性、透光率、溶解性和膨胀度、糊化特性等性质。结果表明:板栗淀粉经过变性后,3种变性淀粉的冻融稳定性和透光率上升,溶解度变大;氧化淀粉和羟丙基淀粉的膨胀度小于板栗淀粉,磷酸酯淀粉的膨胀度大于板栗淀粉;板栗淀粉糊的糊化温度,峰值黏度、95℃的黏度与50℃的黏度以及在二者温度保温1 h的黏度值均低于板栗淀粉;板栗变性淀粉糊的热黏度稳定性和冷黏度稳定性与板栗淀粉相比变化较大;板栗变性淀粉的凝胶性和凝沉性均低于板栗淀粉,抗老化能力强于板栗淀粉。     

大米粉、大米淀粉及其磷酸酯淀粉的物性特征研究

利用快速黏度分析仪和质构仪测定了大米粉、大米淀粉及其磷酸酯淀粉的黏滞特性和质构特性,并用动态流变仪测定了大米粉、大米淀粉和磷酸酯淀粉糊的凝胶和回生。结果显示:磷酸酯淀粉的糊化温度显著低于大米粉和大米淀粉的糊化温度;磷酸酯淀粉抗老化性最强,不易回生,大米粉抗老化性最弱,易回生。大米淀粉经过磷酸酯化变性后,峰值黏度、崩解值和最终黏度增加,硬度、黏附性、弹性、胶黏性显著降低,凝聚性增强。在降温冷却过程中,大米粉的储存模量比大米淀粉和磷酸酯淀粉的储存模量增长速度快,大米粉和大米淀粉的损失因数降低,磷酸酯淀粉的损失因数升高。     

黄原胶协同干热变性对紫薯淀粉特性的影响

为开发强度高、透明度好且阻水能力优的可食性淀粉膜,本试验添加黄原胶对紫薯淀粉进行干热变性处理,研究其产物特性的变化。结果表明:黄原胶协同干热变性处理后的紫薯淀粉颗粒略微膨胀,大小不均一且发生粘连现象;糊化起始温度略有降低,峰值黏度与终值黏度均升高,热稳定性提高;淀粉糊的冻融稳定性显著提高,溶解度和膨胀度降低,且透明度有所降低;淀粉糊的流变曲线表现为逆时针环状,屈服应力明显增大,其形成的凝胶呈现固体特征,储能模量G'增加,剪切结构恢复力显著提高;淀粉属C-型晶体,干热处理前后淀粉的X-射线衍射图谱无明显变化,但干热变性处理使淀粉结晶度增大。因此,添加黄原胶对紫薯淀粉进行干热变性,可使产物的特性发生明显改变。     

大米淀粉的糊化特性研究

采用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)对不同大米原淀粉的糊化特性和不同取代度的淀粉磷酸酯的糊化特性进行了测定和比较研究。RVA测试结果表明,大米原淀粉中的直链淀粉含量、大米淀粉磷酸酯中的取代度都对其黏度特性产生很大的影响。     

大米淀粉及其不同取代度磷酸酯淀粉的糊化和流变特性

粳米淀粉与磷酸二氢钠发生酯化反应,通过改变反应温度得到取代度分别为0.028、0.049、0.073和0.14的磷酸酯淀粉。使用快速黏度分析仪和流变仪对比测定粳米淀粉及具有不同取代度的磷酸酯淀粉的糊化和流变特性。快速黏度分析仪测定的糊化特性显示PO43-与淀粉的结合降低了淀粉的糊化温度,升高了淀粉的峰值黏度,与粳米淀粉相比,磷酸酯淀粉更不易回生。流变仪测定的流变特性显示高取代度的磷酸酯淀粉抗剪切,随着取代度的增加,凝胶硬度降低,凝胶黏性增强。     

影响马铃薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯黏度特性的因素研究

通过测定变性淀粉的Brabender黏度特性,研究了马铃薯淀粉(PS)品质(依黏度指标分为优级粉、一级粉和合格粉三级)、磷酸酯化程度、羟丙基醚化程度、产品电导率对马铃薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯(HPSP)黏度特性的影响。实验结果显示:(1)马铃薯淀粉的品质对糊化温度和峰值黏度有较大影响,以优级品为原料制备的羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯的糊化温度最低,峰值黏度最高;(2)轻度磷酸酯化的羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯具有较高的峰值黏度和冷黏度,随着磷酸酯化程度的提高,马铃薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯的糊化温度增高,峰值黏度降低;(3)羟丙基醚化对马铃薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯的黏度值影响较小,随羟丙基含量的升高,糊化温度明显降低,峰值黏度和冷黏度则略有上升;(4)随着马铃薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯电导率的降低,产品的糊化温度降低,峰值黏度和冷黏度升高。     

大米淀粉及其磷酸酯的理化性质研究

对大米淀粉进行酯化,通过改变温度得到不同取代度的大米淀粉磷酸酯,使用扫描电子显微镜、质构仪、快速黏度分析仪、流变仪对大米淀粉及其不同取代度的淀粉磷酸酯的理化性质进行了测定。结果显示:大米磷酸酯淀粉的硬度、回复性、胶性和咀嚼性要低于大米原淀粉,凝聚性和黏着性要高于原淀粉,取代度越大硬度、回复性、胶性和咀嚼性越小,凝聚性和黏着性越大;大米淀粉磷酸酯的开始糊化温度要小于大米原淀粉,峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、崩解值、消减值要小于大米原淀粉,取代度增大,开始糊化温度降低,峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、崩解值、消减值增大。大米淀粉经过磷酸酯变性后,黏度增加了,不易回生,稳定性加强了,凝沉性减弱了,且取代度越高,这些性质越明显;大米淀粉磷酸酯和大米淀粉属于剪切稀化流体,在相同剪切速率下,取代度越大的大米淀粉磷酸酯表观黏度越大。     

荞麦淀粉糊化特性研究

本实验采用快速黏度分析仪及流变仪对荞麦(甜荞、苦荞)淀粉糊化过程中的黏度和流变特性进行系统分析,并测定荞麦淀粉膨胀度、凝沉性、冻融稳定性、透光率等糊化特性。结果表明,荞麦淀粉(甜荞、苦荞)的糊化温度高于绿豆淀粉,低于大米淀粉和小麦淀粉。苦荞麦淀粉膨胀过程与绿豆淀粉相似,而甜荞淀粉与小麦淀粉相似;荞麦淀粉(甜荞、苦荞)糊透明性好;荞麦淀粉(甜荞、苦荞)冻融稳定性高于大米淀粉,低于小麦淀粉和绿豆淀粉;荞麦淀粉(甜荞、苦荞)糊具有较好的凝沉稳定性;荞麦淀粉糊属于非牛顿流体中的假塑性流体,其流变曲线符合Sisko 方程。     

大米蛋白对小麦淀粉理化特性的影响

以小麦淀粉为原料,利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、快速粘度仪(RVA)、X-射线衍射等研究添加不同比例大米蛋白对小麦淀粉理化特性的热力学特性、糊化特性、流变学特性、X-射线衍射以及冻融稳定性的影响。结果表明,添加大米蛋白的小麦淀粉糊化温度增加,糊化焓值降低。随着大米蛋白添加量的增加,小麦淀粉峰值黏度、低谷黏度、崩解值、终值黏度降和回生值分别从5266、3098、2168、4755、1657 cP降低到4003、2969、1034、4439、1470 cP,糊化温度从72.50 ℃增加到76.00 ℃。大米蛋白会抑制淀粉中结晶的溶解。同时,添加大米蛋白会使小麦淀粉凝胶的储能模量和损耗模量均降低,凝胶强度变弱,冻融稳定性降低。     

Physicochemical Properties of Starch and Flour from Different Rice Cultivars

The starches and flours from four different rice cultivars were evaluated for composition, crystallinity characteristics, blue value, turbidity, swelling power, solubility, pasting properties, and textural and retrogradation properties. The amylose content of starches and flours from different rice cultivars differed significantly. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of rice starch and rice flour were correlated to amylose content. The crystallinity degree of rice starch and flour depended on amylose content. The blue value, turbidity value, and gel hardness were positively correlated to amylose content; however, the swelling power, solubility, and gel adhesiveness were negatively correlated to amylose content. Furthermore, the pasting properties and gel textural and retrogradation properties of rice flours were related to the structure properties of rice starch. And the characteristics of starch, protein, and lipid significantly influenced the turbidity, pasting properties, and gel textural and retrogradation properties of rice flours.     

复配粉理化性质与米线质构性质关系的研究

将粳米粉与绿豆淀粉按照一定比例进行混合,得到粳米粉和绿豆淀粉的复配粉体系,并测定了复配粉体系的溶胀性质、糊化性质、凝胶质构性质和拉伸性质,研究了复配米粉体系的拉伸性质与米线质构性质的关系。结果表明:随着绿豆淀粉添加量比例的增加,复配米粉体系的总直链淀粉含量、可溶性直链淀粉含量和不溶性直链淀粉含量明显增加,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、末值黏度、硬度也显著性增加,咀嚼性、拉伸强度和表观弹性模量显著增加,85℃下的溶解度和膨润力显著上升;糊化温度显著降低;衰减值和回生值分别比粳米粉高了33.73 RVU和50.60 RVU;与单一体系相比,由复配粉体系制成的米线呈现较好的硬度、弹性、韧性、蒸煮性和物理性质。当绿豆淀粉∶粳米粉为1∶1时,其制得的米粉的质构性质最好。     

Pasting Properties of Ohmically Heated Rice Starch and Rice Flours

ABSTRACT:  Pasting characteristics were examined for conventionally or ohmically heated rice starch and rice flours. Brown rice flour showed the greatest cooking stability and least retrogradation potential. Brown rice flour also showed the greatest pasting temperature and lowest peak viscosity, whereas commercial starch had the lowest pasting temperature. Nonstarch components of the brown rice flour, such as fat and protein, may have acted as stabilizers delaying water access into the granules and reducing swelling of the starch. Ohmic heating reduced pasting temperature for commercial rice starch, resulting in a starch that swelled faster. Furthermore, ohmic heating produced better cooking stability in white rice flour 1 and 2 than in the native sample, and caused white rice flour 2 to have less potential for retrogradation than the conventionally heated sample. At lower electric field strength (20 V/cm), ohmic heating resulted in the greatest cooking stable starches compared to higher voltages (40 and 70 V/cm) because more starch granules were disrupted from a longer cooking time, so there were fewer intact granules for pasting. Ohmic heating has been shown to alter rice starch and flour pasting characteristics with an added influence of lipids, proteins, and amylose contents.     

稻米淀粉的研究进展

本文详细介绍了稻米淀粉的提纯、组成与结构,并对稻米淀粉的物理化学性质,包括淀粉的糊化和老化性质、吸水率、溶解度以及膨润力等进行了较全面的综述;同时,比较了籼米淀粉、粳米淀粉和糯米淀粉在组成、结构和物理化学性质上的差异。     

Underlying reasons for waxy rice flours having different pasting properties

The underlying reasons for three waxy rice varieties, Yang-fu-nuo (Y), Su-yu-nuo (S), and Guang-ling-xiang-nuo (G), having different flour pasting properties were examined. The pasting properties of the isolated waxy rice starches did not correlate with those of the corresponding waxy rice flours. Examining the pasting properties of the flours in 0.5 mM AgNO₃ solution, treated with dithiothreitol and protease, suggested that rice protein and amylase activity were the main causes of the pasting property differences among the rice starches and flours. Starch isolated from Y flour had a larger proportion of A and B₁ chains, longer average chain length and longer exterior chain length, which explained its higher gelatinisation temperature, higher pasting consistency, greater extent of retrogradation, and the firm texture of cooked Y rice.     

Physicochemical Properties of Sweet Potato Flour and Starch as Affected by Blanching and Processing

The effects of blanching on physicochemical properties of flours and starches prepared from two varieties of sweet potatoes (Mun‐Kai and Negro) were studied and compared. The pasting temperature and peak viscosity of starches, respectively, were 74 and 80 °C and 381 and 433 RVU. The pasting temperature (74.0‐94.8 °C) of flours was greater than that of starch, depending on the variety and blanching process. However, the peak viscosity (ca. 103‐120 RVU) of flours was lower than that of the corresponding starches. Partial gelatinization of starch granules was observed as a result of a 1‐min blanching. Composition of starch and flour was found to affect swelling power and solubility. The starch content of starches, flours from unblanched sweet potato and flours from 1‐min blanched sweet potatoes were 97; 66.3 and 74.9; as well as 36.6 and 40.4%, respectively. Amylose content of flours and starches varied from 17.2‐20.8%.     

Physicochemical properties,resistant starch content and enzymatic digestibility of unripe banana,edible canna,taro flours and their rice noodle products

Unripe banana, edible canna and taro flours, which have been reported to contain significant amounts of fibre, were investigated for their physicochemical properties, resistant starch (RS) content and in vitro starch digestibility, and compared with commercial high‐fibre‐modified starches from corn and tapioca. Differential scanning calorimetry showed a single endothermic peak located around 70–83 °C for the samples except the modified starches, which exhibited no transition enthalpy. The samples showed different pasting behaviours in the Rapid Visco‐Analyser (RVA) ranging from full to restricted swelling. The RS content varied from 1–26 g per 100 g dry sample, and the estimated glycaemic indices (GIs) of the samples were from 67% to 99%. Generally, samples with high RS were low in GI values. The starches produced acceptable rice noodles but with reduced rate of starch digestion and GI. The effects of the unripe banana, edible canna and taro flours on starch digestibility were either comparable or better than the commercial modified starches. These flours can substitute commercial modified starches to lower GIs of noodles and identical foods.     

60Co辐照对米粉及其淀粉自由基的影响

用60Co射线对米粉(糯米粉、籼米粉)和淀粉(糯米淀粉、籼米淀粉)进行不同剂量的辐照处理,利用电子自旋共振(ESR)分析辐照前后米粉和淀粉中自由基的变化。结果表明:随着辐照剂量的增加,自由基的含量也随之线性增加;在中心磁场处,糯米粉产生的自由基比籼米粉高,糯米淀粉产生的自由基比籼米淀粉高。对比米粉和淀粉的辐射结果分析发现,自由基的产生主要来自淀粉分子。同时,辐照样经蒸煮后发现,米粉和淀粉的颜色由白色变为黄色,且随辐照剂量的增加,色泽加深。     

Acid-Modified Wheat Flours. Pasting and Dispersion Properties

Acid-modified (AM) and hydroxyethylated acid-modified (HEAM) wheat flours were prepared with viscosities suitable for use as tub-sizing agents and as coating adhesives for paper. The pasting characteristics and dispersion properties of both these flours were compared with those of commercial products now used in such applications. Effects were determined of time, temperature and solids concentration on pasting characteristics, paste viscosity and dispersion properties. Paste viscosity behavior of the modified flours, prepared under dry-state reaction conditions, was more like that of hypochlorite-oxidized (HO) starch than either AM or HEAM starches. Dispersibility of the modified flours was comparable to that of AM starch, but it was somewhat lower than dispersibility of HEAM and HO starches. Pastes of modified flours and starches, stored and periodically tested, varied little in dispersibility values for flour dispersions, whereas progressively less dispersible material was found in starch pastes.     

碱提残余蛋白对籼米糊化特性的影响

通过碱处理籼米粉(蛋白含量为7.85%)分离得到蛋白含量分别为2.36%,4.23%,0.38%的籼米淀粉、黄淀粉和白淀粉,并对3种淀粉的糊化与结构特性进行研究。RVA分析结果表明,籼米粉的糊化峰值粘度、热糊粘度和最终粘度均极显著低于籼米淀粉、黄淀粉与白淀粉(P0.01),与DSC对样品糊化温度的分析结果一致;RVA分析发现籼米淀粉和黄淀粉的粘度值没有显著差异(P0.05),而DSC结果表明黄淀粉和白淀粉的糊化温度最为接近。对样品的结构进行分析发现:碱处理籼米粉后3种淀粉的透光率均降低;平均链长白淀粉最长、籼米粉最短,聚合度白淀粉最大、籼米粉最小,黄淀粉和籼米淀粉的聚合度和直、支链淀粉的链长接近;蛋白亚基籼米粉和籼米淀粉主要含60,33,22,13ku亚基,黄淀粉主要含60,22,13ku亚基,白淀粉中主要含60,33ku亚基。显微结构分析发现不同的淀粉中,存在少量的蛋白质和纤维素。说明淀粉以外,蛋白质的含量与组成及其与纤维素的相互作用对籼米粉的糊化特性也有一定的影响。