The geometric dynamic errors of CMMs in fast scanning-probing

Quasi-stiffness model is effective for the compensation of the geometric errors of coordinates measuring machines (CMMs) in slow probing, but degrade the error compensation accuracy due to the generation of dynamic errors in fast probing. It is usually regarded that acceleration is the major origin of dynamic errors; and yet the dynamic effects that rise from the quick fluctuation of geometric errors in fast probing had attracted little attentions. This paper presents a model for the dynamic effects of the geometric errors of CMMs in fast probing, and investigates their properties with experiments. The error model is built with recursive least squares (RLS) identification technique by taking probing acceleration and the 6 geometric errors of X slideway for the inputs while the positioning error of probe tip for output. Then the positioning error of probe tip is decomposed into 7 components corresponding to the 7 inputs. Analyses on the experiments show that the angular errors around Y and Z axes, ε_Y(x) and ε_Z(x), can induce remarkable dynamic effects, especially in a CMM with low stiffness air bearing. Error compensation with RLS identification seems feasible theoretically, but it is not recommendable due to the veracity uncertainty of identification. Nevertheless smoothening the sharp corners of the curves of geometric errors, especially ε_Y ∼ x and ε_Z ∼ x, in terms of probing speed and Y coordinates of probe tip is considered as a simple but effective and reliable method to improve the accuracy of CMMs errors compensation in fast probing.     

A general methodology for machine tool accuracy enhancement by error compensation

A general methodology for increasing the accuracy of machine tools by compensating for the inherent systematic errors is described. This methodology in     

大型数控龙门铣床几何误差补偿方法研究

针对大型数控龙门铣床几何误差的问题,建立了大型数控龙门铣床的几何误差模型,分析了大型数控龙门铣床的几何误差源;利用API(T3)激光跟踪仪高精度大尺寸的测量特点及数据处理能力,提出了X、Y、Z轴线位移误差、角位移误差及各轴间垂直度误差的辨识算法,通过激光测量与计算准确地辨识了大型数控龙门铣床的几何误差;建立了大型数控龙门铣床加工空间几何误差数学模型,采用基于对象的事件驱动机制的程序设计语言Visual Basic开发了几何误差补偿软件,实现了几何误差补偿;现场检测了大型数控龙门铣床空行程平面运动轨迹及工件的平面度。研究结果表明,该方法使平面加工精度提高了50.77%,并验证了几何误差模型的正确性及几何误差补偿方法的有效性。     

三坐标测量机动态误差与测球半径补偿误差的研究

分析了影响给定的三坐标测量机动态误差的因素,对动态偏转角误差进行了测量,并推导出由动态偏转误差得到测头处的动态位移误差的方法,同时分析了测球半径补偿误差的成因及解决措施。     

利用误差谐波补偿法提高金属圆光栅测角精度

提高圆光栅测角精度的方法除了提高分辨率和系统精度以外,广泛采用误差补偿方法。本文通过对新型金属圆光栅的研究,提出了一种基于软件的误差补偿方法——误差谐波补偿法。实验表明该方法可消除一定阶次内幅值和初相位不随时间变化的误差谐波,有效提高测角精度。     

3920型齿轮测量中心几何结构建模分析

针对如何减小齿轮测量中心的几何结构误差从而提高测量精度,以多体系统拓扑结构分析理论为基础,计及测量中心自身的27项几何结构误差参数和运动误差参数,推导出齿轮精密测量方程式和理想测量方程式,为齿轮测量结果的误差补偿和仿真分析作了必要准备．     

凸轮升程误差在三坐标测量机上的精确测量

根据凸轮升程误差的设计要求与测量要求,提出了在三坐标测量机上用搜索点法实现的凸轮升程误差的测量方法,介绍了方法的原理、实现步骤,并对测量方法进行了误差分析。理论分析与测量实践表明,本文提出的凸轮升程误差测量方法的测量极限误差为±1.8 μm,比传统的凸轮升程误差测量方法如桃尖点法、敏感点法的测量极限误差小40%左右。     

Thermal error modelling for real-time error compensation

A modelling strategy for the prediction of both the scalar and the position-dependent thermal error components is presented. Two types of empirical modelling method based on the multiple regression analysis (MRA) and the artificial neural network (ANN) have been proposed for the real-time prediction of thermal errors with multiple temperature measurements. Both approaches have a systematic and computerised algorithm to search automatically for the nonlinear and interaction terms between different temperature variables. The experimental results on a machining centre show that both the MRA and the ANN can accurately predict the time-variant thermal error components under different spindle speeds and temperature fields. The accuracy of a horizontal machining centre can be improved through experiment by a factor of ten and the errors of a cut aluminium workpiece owing to thermal distortion have been reduced from 92.4 µm to 7.2 µm in the lateral direction. The depth difference due to the spindle thermal growth has been reduced from 196 µm to 8 µm.     

Neural network-based modelling and error compensation of thermally-induced spindle errors

This research is concerned with enhancing the accuracy of a machining centre by compensating for thermally induced spindle errors in real-time. A neural network model was developed for on-line thermal error monitoring. A PC-based error compensation scheme was also developed to upgrade a commercial CNC controller for real-time thermal error compensation without any hardware modifications to the machine. The spindle thermal errors of a vertical machining centre were reduced by 70% after compensation.     

主被动测量机器人轨迹控制的误差分析与补偿

主被动关节臂式测量机器人兼具了柔性测量臂测量灵活和传统机器人可编程的特点.基于Denavit-Hartenberg方法建立了测量机器人的数学模型,根据测量机器人和被测对象自身特点和相互关系对系统中实际存在的各种误差因素进行分析,并引入了轨迹误差传递函数对机器人的轨迹进行了预先补偿,提高了系统的轨迹精度.     

精密机床几何误差补偿技术及应用

误差补偿技术是提高精密机床精度的有效途径,本文研究了影响精密机床精度的主要因素,重点分析了几何运动误差及热误差源的检测、建模和实时补偿技术。     

安装误差对旋转式惯导系统影响及补偿

因轴与轴承间同轴度误差、轴系间隙、机械加工精度、安装等因素,旋转式惯导系统会产生各种形式的安装误差。对各种安装关系进行了说明,详细推导并分析了系统存在安装误差时的输出特性及误差调制效应。在理论分析的基础上,针对实际旋转式惯导系统,通过分析主要误差源,建立合适的误差补偿模型,实现对相关误差的补偿。误差补偿结果表明,该补偿方案能同时消除陀螺敏感轴与旋转轴间的不正交误差、与比力相关的漂移以及因旋转而产生的周期性波动误差,具有很高的工程应用价值。     

基于步距规的数控机床误差测量和补偿技术

提出一种在工业现场进行单轴高精度位置误差的测量系统.使用步距规,可以用来代替激光干涉仪进行轴线位置的高精度标定;安装简单,操作容易.对轴线位置误差的补偿结果表明,通过该方法,可以使机床实现"软"升级.     

数控机床几何误差的综合建模与补偿

对数控机床进行误差补偿是提高数控机床加工精度的有效方法.而建立快速准确的误差模型又是实施误差补偿的前提和基础.以三轴数控机床为对象,建立综合误差模型.     

Automated measurement and compensation of thermally induced error maps in machine tools

In this paper, a direct method of machine tool calibration is adopted to model and predict thermally induced errors in machine tools. This method uses a laser ball bar (LBB) as the calibration instrument and is implemented on a two-axis computerized numerical control turning center (CNC). Rather than individually measuring the parametric errors to build the error model of the machine, the total positioning errors at the cutting tool and spindle thermal drifts are rapidly measured using the LBB within the same experimental setup. Unlike conventional approaches, the spindle thermal drifts are derived from the true spindle position and orientation measured by the LBB. A neural network is used to build a machine model in an incremental fashion by correlating the measured errors with temperature gradients of the various heat sources during a regular thermal duty cycle. The machine model developed by the neural network is further tested using random thermal duty cycles. The performance of the system is also evaluated through cutting tests under various thermal conditions. A substantial improvement in the overall accuracy was obtained.     

Motion error compensation of multi-legged walking robots

Existing errors in the structure and kinematic parameters of multi-legged walking robots,the motion trajectory of robot will diverge from the ideal sports requirements in movement.Since the existing error compensation is usually used for control compensation of manipulator arm,the error compensation of multi-legged robots has seldom been explored.In order to reduce the kinematic error of robots,a motion error compensation method based on the feedforward for multi-legged mobile robots is proposed to improve motion precision of a mobile robot.The locus error of a robot body is measured,when robot moves along a given track.Error of driven joint variables is obtained by error calculation model in terms of the locus error of robot body.Error value is used to compensate driven joint variables and modify control model of robot,which can drive the robots following control model modified.The model of the relation between robot’s locus errors and kinematic variables errors is set up to achieve the kinematic error compensation.On the basis of the inverse kinematics of a multi-legged walking robot,the relation between error of the motion trajectory and driven joint variables of robots is discussed.Moreover,the equation set is obtained,which expresses relation among error of driven joint variables,structure parameters and error of robot’s locus.Take MiniQuad as an example,when the robot MiniQuad moves following beeline tread,motion error compensation is studied.The actual locus errors of the robot body are measured before and after compensation in the test.According to the test,variations of the actual coordinate value of the robot centroid in x-direction and z-direction are reduced more than one time.The kinematic errors of robot body are reduced effectively by the use of the motion error compensation method based on the feedforward.     

电子磁罗盘测量误差校正方法研究

针对磁航向测量中存在的各种误差,分析了电子磁罗盘（EMC）系统误差的形成原因与机理,在此基础上系统地研究了在任意姿态下电子磁罗盘磁航向误差校正问题,并且具体给出了2种误差系数的求解方法以及相应的误差补偿方法。实验结果表明,在椭圆假设法中除去该方法不能补偿的安装误差后,其补偿效果与给定基准法相当,二者都能更为简单有效地实现磁航向误差的校正、误差自动补偿和自动校准,且补偿精度高、成本低。     

第九届国际模具展坐标测量机展品评述

对第九届中国国际模具技术和设备展览会上的坐标测量机展品进行了综合评述 ,分析了近年来坐标测量技术的发展动态与技术特点