Key rock mechanical problems of underground powerhouse in Shuibuya hydropower station

The complicated rock structures and the stability of surrounding rocks of the underground powerhouse were the key rock mechanical problems in Shuibuya hydropower station.In order to overcome the related rock mechanical problems encountered during its construction,a comprehensive research was carried out for the underground powerhouse in Shuibuya hydropower station based on a detailed geological survey.It covers the investigations on the initial in-situ stress distribution features,rock mechanical properties...     

地下洞室围岩顶拱承载力学机制及稳定拱设计方法

 受枢纽布置和地形地质条件的限制,三峡工程地下厂房布置于右岸白岩尖山体中,主厂房洞室上覆岩体最薄处仅1倍厂房跨度,显然不满足现行规范关于上覆岩体厚度不小于2倍开挖宽度的要求。对于这类浅埋式的大跨度高边墙地下厂房,在上覆岩体厚度有限及一定初始应力条件下,洞室顶拱的稳定性是必须解决的首要技术问题。从岩体结构、岩体强度和地应力水平对围岩稳定性控制的角度出发,通过对地下厂房洞室围岩顶拱承载力学机制的研究,提出地下洞室岩体稳定拱的定义及其存在的力学条件,给出地下洞室岩体稳定拱的确定方法,分析采用地下洞室岩体稳定拱确定上覆岩体厚度的可行性,形成一套确定浅埋式地下厂房洞室埋置深度的稳定拱设计方法。研究结果表明,三峡工程地下厂房顶拱围岩具备形成稳定拱的埋深条件和水平应力等条件,形成稳定拱的最小埋深约为2/3倍洞跨,在上覆岩体中形成稳定拱的最小水平侧压系数应大于1.5,而最大水平侧压系数不宜高于3.0。据此进行主厂房顶拱设计,多年的应用成效显示,地下厂房顶拱围岩是稳定安全的,表明三峡工程地下厂房顶拱在既定的围岩强度、岩体结构以及初始地应力水平等条件下,采用稳定拱设计方法确定洞室上覆岩体厚度是合适、可靠的,能够保障洞室围岩稳定,满足工程安全的要求,可为解决大型浅埋洞室的设计提供理论基础和科学依据。     

Comparative analysis of deformation and failure mechanisms of underground powerhouses on the left and right banks of Baihetan hydropower station

The stability of the surrounding rocks of large underground powerhouses is always emphasized during the construction process, especially in large-scale underground projects under construction, such as the Baihetan hydropower station in China. According to field investigations, numerical simulations and monitoring data analysis, we present a comparative analysis of the deformation and failure characteristics of the surrounding rocks of underground powerhouses on the left and right banks of the Baihetan hydropower station. The failure characteristics and deformation magnitude of the underground powerhouses on the left and right banks are quite different. Under the disadvantageous condition where the maximum principal stress intersects the axis of the powerhouse at a large angle, the left bank underground powerhouse shows prominent stress-controlled failure characteristics such as spalling, slack collapse and concrete cracking. Although the maximum principal stress is in the favorable condition which intersects the right bank powerhouse at a small angle, the relatively high intermediate principal stress with an angle subvertical to the right bank powerhouse plays an essential role in its deformation and failure, indicating that the influence of high intermediate principal stress cannot be ignored. In addition, structural plane-controlled failure and large deformation are also more evident on the right bank due to the extensive distribution of weak structural planes and complex surrounding rock properties.     

Use of the equivalent continuum approach to model the behavior of a rock mass containing an interlayer shear weakness zone in an underground cavern excavation

An interlayer shear weakness zone (ISWZ) is a weak zonal geotechnical system of variable thickness that occurs between different rock strata (e.g., tuff and basalt). At the site of the future Baihetan hydropower station, Sichuan Province, China, because of the relatively poor ISWZ mechanical properties, the overall stability of the underground powerhouse is potentially at risk. In this study, to evaluate the effects of ISWZs on the stability of the future underground powerhouse by means of three-dimensional continuum modeling (3-D continuum modeling), the concept of a virtual rock mass composed of ISWZ and host rock is proposed. An equivalent continuum approach, including a rock–soil composite material (RSCM) model, is elaborated, with corresponding expressions for the input parameters. Comparisons were made between the predictions from the RSCM model, the results obtained by an analytic method, and existing data from physical model tests. The comparison showed that all three types of information showed good consistency in terms of failure mode and strength. This indicates the suitability of the RSCM model for describing the behavior of a rock mass containing discontinuities. Furthermore, comparison between the predictions of the proposed equivalent continuum approach, the joint element approach, and the solid element approach for a deformation of a test tunnel section containing an ISWZ show that the results produced by the first two approaches are similar, but much smaller than that using the third approach. Further comparison of the actual state of the ISWZ-containing rock mass in the test tunnel section confirmed the applicability of the proposed equivalent continuum approach to prediction of deformation of the rock masses containing ISWZs at the future Baihetan underground powerhouse site.     

溪洛渡水电站地下厂房岩体工程实践

 溪洛渡超大型地下洞室群玄武岩组内层间与层内错动带使得围岩非连续性和各向异性损伤问题突出,采用损伤弹塑性理论对围岩稳定性进行分析,以良好的施工组织与工艺水平对潜在的不稳定区域和地质缺陷部位实施精细化光面爆破,严格控制围岩的开挖损伤并保证岩梁等的优良成型。针对关键部位和地质缺陷部位进行补强加固并实施安全监测,利用现阶段监测成果对围岩稳定性预测进行检验,并对实际围岩安全性进行评价。针对典型复杂地下洞室的地质条件、稳定性分析、开挖与支护程序、安全监测成果分析等岩体工程实践环节的回顾,在设计理念和工程实施方面提出一些见解,可为类似超大地下工程实际提供直接借鉴。     

溪洛渡水电站超大型地下厂房洞室群岩体工程控制与监测

 金沙江溪洛渡水电站地下厂房洞室群规模巨大,结构复杂,玄武岩组内层间与层内错动带致使岩体非连续性是主要地质问题。采用损伤弹塑性数值方法对围岩稳定性进行分析,确定洞室开挖顺序和支护参数。精细化施工组织,严格控制开挖对岩体的损伤范围,并保证洞室轮廓的良好成型。及时对监测数据进行分析和反演分析,对支护工作量进行动态设计。开挖过程中,位移和应力变化规律较好;开挖完成后,位移和应力总量值较小,洞室围岩稳定性良好。溪洛渡地下厂房洞室群规模为我国已建和在建工程之首,总结其设计、开挖与支护,监测与反演等岩体工程控制措施,对类似工程具有指导和借鉴作用。     

预应力锚索在岩质高边坡支护中的应用

以某水电站右岸地下厂房进水口岩质高边坡为例,着重阐述了预应力锚索在岩质高边坡支护工程应用中的的设计、计算、施工工艺及技术要求。     

水电工程地下厂房数据库系统的开发及应用

 基于百余个水电站地下厂房资料,采用SQL Server 2005设计后台数据库,C#编程语言作为前台开发工具,开发“地下厂房数据库系统”,达到对水电工程地下厂房重要设计参数及洞室围岩稳定计算分析成果的数据存储、检索、统计、分析的目的。该数据库收录上百个实际工程关于工程介绍、地质条件、地应力场、厂房规模、锚固支护设计、开挖方案设计、反演分析、渗流场分析、围岩稳定分析等方面的内容。该系统实现地下厂房设计及围岩稳定分析工程类比的方法及数据分析的功能,并以云南澜沧江黄登水电站地下厂房为例,通过厂房特征参数检索数据库,得到相关工程,配合使用经验支护参数,实现对黄登地下厂房主厂房支护参数的设计,并运用三维弹塑性有限元软件进行数值分析,验证其合理性。同时,该系统能够利用全面的数据资料充分发掘蕴藏于丰富地下厂房资料中的各种数字特征、从而深化对水电工程地下厂房工程的各种规律性认识,为开发、设计地下厂房专家库系统,并建立全面而系统的地下工程围岩稳定分析和预测方法奠定基础。     

DDA方法在复杂地质条件下地下厂房围岩变形与破坏特征分析中的应用研究

以清江水布垭水电工程地下厂房为例，应用非连续变形分析方法对复杂地质条件下地下厂房围岩的变形与破坏特征开展了研究，重点分析了厂房区域地应力水平、锚固、岩体结构条件及结构面强度参数等对洞室围岩变形的影响。分析结果表明，当水平初始应力增加时，洞室围岩位移量相应增加，由于洞室边墙分布有多条层间剪切带且围岩具有软硬相间的层状岩体结构特点，使得边墙变形存在错动现象。锚固后洞室边墙围岩的变形明显减小，且围岩应力状态得到显著改善。对于高边墙地下洞室，陡倾角结构面在边墙上的出露对围岩的稳定十分不利，在一定的岩体结构条件下，围岩的破坏可表现为因局部块体的崩落所引起的整个洞室围岩的破坏。在相同岩体结构条件下，降低结构面强度参数，洞室围岩可以从变形稳定状态发展到不稳定状态，围岩的失稳主要表现为因围岩大变形引起的失稳。     

基于爆破损伤的岩台保护层开挖爆破参数研究

  摘要：在现有岩石爆破损伤理论的基础上,提出考虑初始损伤的爆破损伤计算模型,推导初始损伤变量和声波波速、弹性模量以及损伤门槛值等参数间的关系式。以溪洛渡水电站主厂房岩台保护层开挖为研究背景,结合岩石爆破损伤理论,分析保护层开挖的爆破损伤效应及其主要影响因素,并导出爆破参数计算公式。对主厂房内分布较广且初始损伤程度不同的2类岩体,分别给出相应的开挖爆破参数。通过现场爆破试验、爆破振动速度测试以及钻孔声波测试,验证爆破参数的合理性以及完善爆破参数设计。研究结果表明：爆破参数设计需要考虑岩体初始损伤的影响。考虑损伤效应后,岩台保护层开挖的炮孔密集系数小于普通光面爆破参数设计值;岩体初始损伤程度较大时,应增加光爆孔的装药不耦合系数和减小炮孔密集系数;岩台开挖爆破影响深度和爆破地震效应均满足安全控制要求,爆破参数设计合理。研究成果可为同类工程提供借鉴。     

AOSVR在地下厂房围岩变形预测中的应用

针对目前广泛使用的模糊系统和神经网络预测方法在地下结构围岩变形预测中的缺陷,提出一种精确在线支持向量机(AOSVR)并将其应用到水电站地下厂房开挖过程中顶拱围岩的变形预测.通过与其他预测方法的比较,可以发现精确在线支持向量机有很强的学习能力和很高的预测精度.     

福建街面水电站地下厂房洞室稳定性评价

福建街面水电站地下厂房洞室围岩为沉积岩,岩层平缓,地质构造发育,地下水活动较强烈,工程地质条件复杂,地下厂房稳定问题是该工程的难点.本文从地下厂房工程地质条件、施工期监测成果、运行期监测成果等方面对其洞室稳定性进行评价,得出了地下厂房洞室是稳定的结论.     

Value of information analysis for site investigation programs accounting for variability,uncertainty and scale effects with the Äspö HRL prototype repository as an example

An important feature of underground projects is the early site investigations, performed as a means to identify and quantify hazards. A methodology is presented for identifying the most cost-effective investigation program among a set of alternatives. Methodologies are presented for both investigation of thermal conductivity in hard rock and collection of rock mechanic data for stress induced spalling problems. The cost-effectiveness of an investigation program is estimated by means of value of information analysis (VOIA). Each investigation program of thermal conductivity is associated with uncertainty due to natural variability and lack of knowledge. These uncertainties are taken into account in a simulation model with the aim to estimate the distribution of thermal conductivity values at different scales. The output is a set of thermal conductivity values from which a design parameter can be estimated. The simplest measure of the value of a site investigation is the expected reduction of uncertainty of the design parameter.The methodology is demonstrated with a case study for the prototype nuclear waste repository at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, Sweden. A set of four investigation programs for thermal conductivity were evaluated, and the most effective one identified. The application illustrates that an investigation program may supply very different value to a project, depending on how the objective of the investigation is defined. This is demonstrated by using two different objectives and comparing the results. Practical applications of the methodology on both thermal properties and rock mechanics are discussed, with emphasis on site investigations performed by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management (SKB).     

猴子岩水电站深埋地下厂房开挖损伤区特征分析

 以猴子岩水电站地下厂房为研究对象,利用常规测试和微震监测技术,对开挖过程厂房高边墙围岩损伤区进行现场原位试验。基于一系列常规测试和微震监测结果分析,揭示了围岩变形破坏特征,得到厂房开挖卸荷过程围岩裂隙的萌生、发育和扩展的演化过程,分析了围岩开挖损伤区范围、裂隙演化与施工动态之间的相互关系,探讨了开挖损伤区的形成和演化机制。研究结果为猴子岩水电站地下厂房开挖、支护设计、围岩变形特性和地质资料分析提供了参考依据。相关研究工作作为地下厂房开挖、支护参数设计的重要依据,取得了较好的经济效益,对类似地下工程的设计施工有一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

汶川地震对映秀湾水电站地下厂房的震害影响及动力响应分析

 映秀湾水电站是汶川“5.12”大地震距离震中最近的水电工程,该电站已投产多年,震时受到严重影响,地震影响烈度高达XI度。首先,根据震后现场考察,分析地下厂房受到的震害影响。调查表明,震后的映秀湾地下厂房围岩总体稳定,但主厂房内出现了局部震损现象,造成吊车无法正常运行;母线洞和交通洞与主厂房的交口处有外漆脱落、围岩轻微开裂现象。然后,根据距离震中最近的强震测站卧龙台在主震时监测到的数据,运用通用软件FLAC3D,对映秀湾地下厂房进行了动力响应分析。计算结果表明,地下厂房上、下游边墙在极短时间内发生的横向变形变幅分别达到5.4和3.0 cm,边墙部位围岩拉应力超过围岩抗拉强度,出现拉裂。动力响应分析结果与现场震损考察所反映的基本规律相符,可以从数值分析的角度大致解释在震害调查中所发现的震损现象,为水电工程震后修复加固和相关科研提供参考。     

锦屏I级水电站地下厂房施工期围岩变形开裂特征及地质力学机制研究

 锦屏I级水电站是雅砻江流域最为重要的控制性梯级电站。地下电站的规模巨大并且赋存的地质环境条件十分复杂,特别是岩石的相对低强度和高地应力特征,地下电站在施工过程中遇到前所未有的有关围岩稳定及支护设计方面的难题。结合地质、监测、物探、施工及试验资料,分析地下厂房洞室群围岩及支护结构的变形开裂及破坏失效的特征。探讨地下电站区的地应力状态、岩体结构、岩石的加卸载力学特性等对围岩变形开裂的影响规律,解释围岩变形破坏的地质力学机制。高地应力及其方向使得主厂房和主变室下游侧围岩(特别是拱腰)的切向应力加载效应明显,易于压致劈裂,而上游侧边墙等法向应力卸荷强度较大,易于卸荷拉裂松弛。高应力条件下破裂围岩具有一定的流变特性,表现出由表及深的渐进性特征,反映随围岩松弛而发生的破裂岩体的时效变形。主厂房和主变室上游侧为缓倾角顺向坡而下游侧为反向坡,在二次应力场作用下下游侧易弯曲折断而上游侧很难剪切滑移。厂房区大理岩具有相对低强度高脆性力学特性且具有较低的应变强度特征,卸荷条件下易于压致拉裂。     

地下厂房布置优化及施工过程的显式有限差 分法数值模拟

 在支护条件下模拟岩土工程的施工过程时,无论在二维还是三维数值计算方面,显式有限差分法连续介质快速Lagrange分析程序FLAC2D和FLAC3D具有明显优势。以雅砻江官地水电站地下厂房洞室群为研究对象,结合水电站地下厂房的主厂房、主变室和尾水调压室3大洞室平行布置的特点,并考虑模拟效率和计算成本,首先采用FLAC2D进行地下厂房3大洞室各种布局和间距方案的分析比较和优化,得到安全经济的方案;再利用FLAC3D对确定方案下厂房洞室群在支护条件下的施工过程进行三维模拟分析,计算得到在开挖过程中洞室围岩的变形、应力、塑性区分布以及支护结构的受力特征。这种综合利用FLAC2D和FLAC3D,对地下厂房布置优化和施工过程分别进行二维和三维显式有限差分数值模拟的计算方案合理可行,所得结果和规律可用于指导地下厂房的设计和施工。     

桐柏电站地下厂房开挖支护关键施工技术

根据桐柏抽水蓄能电站地下厂房实际地质资料,并借鉴国内多家同类工程经验,制定了厂房上部的开挖分层方案和2、3层边墙预裂方法,经过多次模拟开挖试验,确定了岩台开挖方案、最佳炮孔布置和装药结构等爆破参数。通过室内试验和现场喷射大板试验,研究了钢纤维混凝土的主要力学特性及工作性能,确定了适合支护要求的钢纤维混凝土配合比,并对喷射钢纤维混凝土施工的关键技术做了简要介绍。     

锦屏一级水电站地下厂房围岩开裂变形机制研究

针对锦屏一级水电站地下厂房高应力、低强度应力比条件下开挖施工引起的围岩变形开裂及相关力学问题,从全空间赤平投影解析、平面投影应力特征等多角度全方位研究地下厂房区地应力场分布特征及规律;并结合力学定性分析和三维数值模拟等手段对地下洞室群围岩变形开裂机制进行深入分析,研究洞室群围岩开挖损伤演化规律。研究表明,锦屏一级地下厂房区域出现的围岩、喷层较大变形乃至破坏现象本质上是由高地应力和相对较低的岩体强度形成的不利组合所造成的,在主厂房、主变室的拱腰、拱座和边墙以及母线洞侧墙等部位出现的开裂破坏,属于典型的高应力、低强度应力比条件下围岩的卸荷变形与破坏。提出锦屏地下厂房围岩变形开裂概化模型,为地应力场反演和施工过程的数值仿真分析提供重要参考和定性依据;最后针对开挖维护围岩稳定性问题提出相应的建议,为锦屏一级地下厂房的开挖施工及动态支护设计提供技术支持。     

Blockiness level of rock mass around underground powerhouse of Three Gorges Project

A fundamental question in rock mechanics is whether a rock mass is a continuum or an assemblage of isolated blocks. Some models have treated rock masses as continuums and others, as isolated blocks. Most rock masses are neither continuums nor isolated blocks, but something between them. This study presents a new concept of blockiness to measure a rock’s level of being an assemblage of isolated blocks. Thirty-five types of theoretical fractured rock mass structural models are established by considering fracture classifications. For each structure, rock blocks are identified using the GeneralBlock program, and the blockiness is investigated. The blockiness of the surrounding rock mass of the underground powerhouse in the Three Gorges Project is systematically investigated. Based on measurements of fractures obtained from a field survey, a discrete fracture network model is established by an inverse method for identifying and analyzing rock blocks. The results show that the blockiness of the surrounding rock mass of the underground powerhouse is only 4‰; the total rock mass shows very good quality and stability; the number of blocks in the rock mass is quite small; therefore, the volume of isolated blocks only accounts for a very small proportion of the total rock volume; and the rock mass can be considered a continuum. The excavation process of the underground powerhouse in the Three Gorges Project verified these conclusions; only a few blocks are formed by fractures in the rock mass of the underground powerhouse. The calculation results for the 35 models show that the blockiness of the rock mass having medium persistence and very wide spacing is very low. The structure of the rock mass around the underground powerhouse is of this type. Its blockiness agrees with the model calculation results. Therefore, the calculation results for the 35 models are useful in predicting the stability of rock masses having different persistence and spacing, and they could serve as a reference for quantifying the quality of rock masses in other projects. And, in this study, the concept of the blockiness level of rock mass was determined by one example only, and more studies would be concluded for other projects to validate this concept in future study.