水喷淋消除防护服沾染生物剂的研究

研究了水喷淋方法消除防护服表面沾染生物剂的效果.试验采用大肠杆菌和水稻白叶枯病菌两种菌为测试样菌.结果表明,喷淋时间对于生物剂的消除效果有一定的影响;喷淋水温对生物剂的消除效果影响明显,但水温达到40 ℃时人体感到不适;喷淋流速对洗消效果影响最大,且在实际洗消过程中能够较好地实现对流速的控制.因此建议在消除生物剂沾染的过程中,以提高喷淋流速的方式提高洗消效果.     

双顶帐篷隔热效果的研究

帐篷在救灾过程中发挥了巨大的作用,但是内部热环境较差。为了改善居住条件,笔者设计并制作了双顶帐篷。在相同外部条件下,对双顶帐篷和普通单顶帐篷进行了对比测试,数据显示,相比普通单顶帐篷,双顶帐篷内部空气温度和顶部内表面温度有一定幅度的降低,具有明显的隔热效果,可以有效改善内部热环境。在此基础上,使用FLUENT软件对不同间层厚度的双顶帐篷内的空气温度进行了模拟计算,并对计算得出的帐篷顶部得热量和内表面温度进行了分析,在不影响安装简便性和稳定性的基础上,帐篷顶部间距取为0.2 m为较优选择。     

含不同添加剂的细水雾洗消氨的试验研究

采用小尺度模拟实验对含有FeCl3、AlCl3、MgCl2、HCl等不同添加剂的细水雾和纯细水雾进行氨洗消对比实验.研究发现,添加剂的加入可以提高细水雾的洗消效率,细水雾用量和洗消时间均有较大程度的减少,但添加剂的加入也改变了细水雾的酸碱性等物理化学性质及洗消产物,需要根据实际的氨泄漏情况选择合适的洗消添加剂.     

组合式细水雾洗消喷头的设计与研究

针对危险化学品泄漏的特点,设计研究了一种同时具有中心射流喷嘴和外层雾化喷嘴的组合式细水雾洗消喷头.该喷头喷射距离远,洗消剂雾化程度高,并能阻隔危险化学品向洗消作业人员扩散,同时可通过旋转分流芯,实现不同喷雾方式的组合,能满足多种场合的洗消要求,洗消效率高,操作方便.     

局部染毒皮肤洗消的实验研究

介绍化学事故洗消的程序和方法,综述了洗消剂种类及选择原则。用苯和甲苯两种化学毒物直接沾染皮肤,分别以水、吸附颗粒、吸液颗粒、活性炭作为洗消剂进行洗消,同时用AreaRAE RDK快速部署系统进行实时检测,分析洗消前后皮肤表面毒物浓度变化情况,测定各类洗消剂对化学毒物的洗消效果,在此基础上确定最适合的洗消剂以及洗消剂的用量和洗消时间。实验结果表明,只要水对苯和甲苯的洗消时间足够长,就能够将皮肤表面的染毒物质彻底消除。吸附颗粒、吸液颗粒、活性炭三种固体洗消剂都能够有效地消除皮肤表面的沾染物。对苯的洗消,活性炭效果最好,其次是吸液颗粒和吸附颗粒。对甲苯的洗消,则是吸附颗粒效果最好,其次是吸液颗粒和活性炭。     

如何消除甲醛污染?市场上销售的甲醛消除剂是否有效?请看两种甲醛消除剂的治理效果对比

(1)样品的选择:选择了两种吸捕类产品.该类产品利用了甲醛分子中含有一醛基,化学性质比较活泼,容易参与化学反应这一原理,把产品涂刷在装修材料表面、夹面、断面、,或者喷洒于室内空气中,达到治理目的.     

灭火防护服烟气污染及其洗消研究

通过模拟灭火防护服在火场暴露的烟气污染情形,研究烟气颗粒在灭火防护服装上的附着方式以及各层面料间的污染特征,探讨洗涤工艺对各层面料污染物的去除效率.结果显示,烟气颗粒除直接污染服装阻燃层表面外,还通过服装开口污染舒适内层.而舒适内层的污染主要为小于2μm的烟颗粒污染物,且更容易在层间进行蔓延扩散.不同面料的毒害污染物浓...     

大型临时避难帐篷的设计研究

本设计在结合中国人口实际的基础上,设计大型临时避难帐篷,对比当今使用的其他临时避难场所,得出本帐篷造价低廉,合理可行.可以为国家救灾战略储备提供一定的指导.     

彩钢夹芯板房和帐篷的防火间距研究

对灾区过渡安置点搭设板房常用的彩钢聚苯乙烯(EPS)夹芯板和聚氨酯(PU)夹芯板结构、防火性能进行分析,同时对安置点内帐篷材质、燃烧性能进行介绍。在彩钢夹芯板房火灾实验基础上,用火灾案例和FDS模拟方法验证分析实验结论,研究确定彩钢夹芯板房和帐篷的防火间距。     

活性炭粉对硝基苯水相洗消性能实验研究

选取活性炭粉作为洗消剂,以硝基苯为洗消吸附对象,对其水相泄漏进行小型实验模拟。利用恒温水浴振荡加热、紫外光谱、控制变量等方法,精确得到活性炭粉对硝基苯的水相洗消量,并结合洗消动力学、洗消等温机理等理论模型计算出相应方程,对其洗消机理和影响因素进行深入研究。得出活性炭粉对硝 基苯的水相洗消不仅仅是物理吸附过程,还受内部化学分配以及 电子间相互作用的影响的结论。     

多功能化学洗消消防车研制

针对危险化学品重特大事故救援特点,分析了消防队伍洗消处置的实战需求,在对比分析现有国内外化学洗消消防车功能技术指标的基础上,提出了多功能化学洗消消防车的设计方案。介绍了该车的结构组成以及关键系统的工作流程。该车可进入污染区开展应急智能洗消,执行侦检洗消一体化处置和人员救助任务,具备了公众洗消能力、侦检能力以及智能洗消救援能力,为消防救援队伍提供了正压防护、侦消一体、突击处置、智能洗消等功能为一体的化学事故洗消处置技术装备保障。     

Temperature effect on microbial community of enhanced biological phosphorus removal system

Microbial population dynamics to gradual temperature change in an enhanced biological phosphorus removal system was kinetically investigated. As the temperature rose from 20.0 degrees C to 30.0 degrees C, and to 35.5 degrees C, the predominant microbial group changed from the phosphorus-accumulating organisms, PAOs (47-70% of total VSS) to the glycogen-accumulating organisms (64-75% of total VSS), and to the ordinary heterotrophs (90% of total VSS), respectively. Despite the species alteration, the phosphorus contents of the PAOs appeared to be steady within 0.182-0.308 mg/mg VSS(PAO) regardless of the temperature level. The initial specific phosphorus release rates, which are solely due to the PAOs activities, increased with the temperature from 37.5-55.9 to 51.8-61.3, 52.0-76.9, 147.2-210.3, and 374.2-756.3 mgP/gmVSS(PAO) h, at 20.0 degrees C, 25.0 degrees C, 30.0 degrees C, 32.5 degrees C, and 35.0 degrees C, respectively. On the other hand, mean initial specific phosphorus uptake rates of the biomass decreased as the temperature increased; however, the data implied that the rate of the PAOs was higher than the other two microbial groups. These results indicate that the PAOs are lower-range mesophiles or possibly psychrophiles. As the temperature rises, the portion of energy required for maintenance increases substantially which reduces the energy availability for cell reproduction; hence, the PAOs are washed out from the system.     

An experimental study on removal efficiency of bio-particles in an airtight decontamination chamber

Many bacteria and viruses lead to global dissemination of respiratory diseases, such as SARS, influenza, tuberculosis, pneumonia and asthma, by clinging to particles and transmission through aerosol. In this paper, an experiment was conducted to investigate the removal efficiency of bio-particles when exposed to ventilation in an airtight decontamination chamber made of stainless steel. After the bio-particles (Serratia marcescens) exposure condition was established in the chamber, the bio-particles removal efficiency was investigated. And a comparison experiment was then conducted with polystyrene latex spheres (PSL) as general particles under the same environmental condition. The comparison results indicate that the removal efficiency of bio-particles is lower than that of PSL during the first 300 s, but both removal efficiencies reached 90% almost at the same time. Furthermore, the differences between bio-particles and PSL, the influence of bio-particle size, environmental velocity, temperature and relative humidity on bio-particle removal efficiency were analyzed and discussed comprehensively. These data could not only underpin future numerical simulations of bio-particles, but also give information to aid in decisions for decreasing the risk of bio-particles pollution in a microbe exposure environment.     

Energy recovery in wastewater decontamination: Simultaneous photocatalytic oxidation of an organic substrate and electricity generation

The contemporary removal of organic pollutants from aqueous solution and electricity generation is studied in the present work by means of an experimental device resulting from the combination of a photocatalytic reactor and an electrochemical cell. The proposed system relies on the capability of Cu²⁺ ions to reduce in the presence of TiO₂, (solar) UV radiations and a sacrificial organic agent. In the anodic solution of the combined photoreactor-cell, Cu⁰ is oxidized to Cu²⁺ and the latter is reduced again to the lowest oxidation state. The use of different sacrificial agents ranging from formic acid (FA) to glycerol (GLY) to glucose (GLU) is investigated along with the adoption of two different cathodes for the cell, the first based again on the couple Cu²⁺/Cu⁰ and the second on the couple O₂/H₂O.     

有机物浓度对复合反应器生化降解特性的影响

本试验在连续运行的条件下,考察了C／N对连续运行的复合生物反应系统有机物、氨氮去除效果的影响,结果表明,复合生物反应器在试验运行条件下,对COD,NH3一N的去除率都在90％以上,其中的生物膜对去除效果起主要作用。但C／N在30左右时,系统会发生污泥膨胀,且随着C／N的增加,污泥膨胀发生的更加频繁。     

Relative survival of Bacillus subtilis spores loaded on filtering facepiece respirators after five decontamination methods

This study determines the relative survival (RS) of Bacillus subtilis spores loaded on an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) after decontamination by five methods under worst‐case conditions. Relative survival was obtained by testing after decontamination and after storing the FFRs at 37°C and 95% relative humidity for 24 hours. The decontamination methods involved ethanol, bleach, ultraviolet irradiation (UVA 365 nm, UVC 254 nm), an autoclave, and a traditional electric rice cooker (TERC) that was made in Taiwan. Without decontamination, 59 ± 8% of the loaded spores survived for 24 hours. When 70% ethanol was added to the N95 FFR at a packing density of 0.23, the RS was 73 ± 5% initially and decayed to 22 ± 8% in 24 hours. Relative survival remained above 20% after 20 minutes of UVA irradiation. The other four decontamination measures achieved 99%‐100% biocidal efficacy, as measured immediately after the methods were applied to the test FFRs. Relative survival is a useful parameter for measuring sterilization or degree of disinfection. Bleach, UVC, an autoclave, and a TERC provide better biocidal efficacy than ethanol and UVA. Not only a higher filter quality but also a lower value of RS produced the most decontaminated FFR.     

The effect of applied direct current on biological phosphorus uptake

An increase in metabolic activity of bacteria capable of accumulating excess phosphorus may also improve the phosphorus removal efficiency of the biological phosphorus removal system.It has been observed that the amount of intracellular biochemical energy (ATP) in bacterial cells has increased when they were exposed to pH or electrical stress. The utilization of the surplus intracellular energy generated by the stress may be utilized to stimulate the metabolic activity of bacterial cells.It was hypothesized that the introduction of direct current into mixed liquor might also increase the metabolic activity of bacteria capable of accumulating excess phosphorus.A direct current with 6 V and 200 mA was applied intermittently for one minute in every five. The direct current was introduced at the anaerobic step of a Phoredox type laboratory scale continuous flow system. Graphite electrodes were used to introduce the current. To separate the effect of the electric current from that caused by other environmental factors a control system was run in parallel using the same operational parameters. Synthetic wastewater with the same composition was used as feed for both systems.As a result of the intermittent application of direct current, the rate of phosphorus accumulation in activated sludge increased by 30% during the start-up period of the biological system and by 11 % during steady state conditions. The applied direct current changed the movement and concentration of potassium ions. The pH of the mixed liquor in the anaerobic reactor dropped to 4 as soon as the direct current was introduced and returned to the initial pH 6 value when the current flow ceased. The number of viable cells in the activated sludge decreased by a factor of 2–5 as a result of the electrification. The reduction observed in viable cell count did not influence the overall organic carbon removal efficiency or the nitrification-denitrification processes.A hypothetical model was developed which combines known biological reactions with results observed during the research. The model summarizes the effects of direct current on biological phosphorus uptake.This work provides insight into a method of enhancing the biological removal of phosphorus from a wastewater stream without adding chemicals. It has many practical applications where electric power is available but chemical addition is unacceptable (water reuse), the cost is prohibitive or the appropriate chemicals are locally unavailable.