Selection of typical weather data (test reference years) for Subang,Malaysia

The paper discusses methods of selecting typical weather data and describes the selection of test reference years (TRYs) for Subang, Malaysia. The TRYs were selected using the Finkelstein–Schafer statistic, from 19 years of meteorological data recorded during the period 1980-98. Changing the weighting of the various meteorological variables (dry bulb temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed) in the range appropriate for building performance studies had little effect on the selection, so it is recommended that equal weightings should be used unless there are particular reasons for using some other weighting. The replacement of relative humidity by moisture content had little effect on the selection.     

Thermal responses of single zone offices on existing near-extreme summer weather data

There have been a number of attempts in the past to define “near extreme” weather for facilitating overheating analysis in free running buildings. The most recently efforts include CIBSE latest release of Design Summer Year (DSY) weather using multiple complete weather years and a newly proposed composite DSY. This research aims to assess how various single zone offices respond to these new definitions of near extreme weathers. Parametric studies were carried out on single zone offices through which four sampling sets of models were employed to examine the thermal responses of dry bulb temperature, global solar radiation & wind speed collectively. London weather data from 1976 to 1995 were used and the overheating assessments were made based on CIBSE Guide A & BS EN 15251. The research discovers that solar radiation and wind both influence the predicted indoor warmth with solar radiation has obvious stronger impacts than wind. No perfect correlation was found from observation and Spearman’s rank order analysis on the ranks between the weather warmth and the predicted indoor warmth. The ranks made using multiple weather parameters show better correlation than some of the dry bulb temperature only metrics. The research also discovers that the Test Reference Year weather behaves warmer than expected. It is also found that a single complete year can not represent the near-extreme consistently and there is no evidence a composite DSY is better statistically. These findings support the notion of using multiple complete warm weather years for overheating assessments.     

Climate change future proofing of buildings—Generation and assessment of building simulation weather files

Simulation packages for predicting building performance in terms of energy and comfort are becoming increasingly important in the planning process. However, current industry standard weather files for building simulation are not suited to the assessment of the potential impacts of a changing climate, in particular summer overheating risks. In addition, no bespoke climate change weather files are readily available that can be loaded directly into environmental simulation software. This paper describes the integration of future UK climate scenarios into the widely used Typical Meteorological Year (TMY2) and EnergyPlus/ESP-r Weather (EPW) file formats and demonstrates the importance of climate change analysis through a case study example. The ‘morphing’ methodology published by the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) is utilised as a baseline for transforming current CIBSE Test Reference Years (TRY) and Design Summer Years (DSY) into climate change weather years. A tool is presented that allows generation of TMY2/EPW files from this ‘morphed’ data and addresses the requirements related to solar irradiation, temperature, humidity and daylighting beyond the parameters provided by CIBSE weather years. Simulations of a case study building highlight the potential impact of climate change on future summer overheating hours inside naturally ventilated buildings.     

建筑能耗分析逐时气象资料的开发研究

逐时气象资料对建筑能耗动态模拟是不可缺少的。在编制《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》时 ,应用了动态模拟计算软件。为了开发逐时气象资料 ,通过与美国劳伦斯·伯克利国家实验室的技术合作 ,研究建立了我国城市的逐时资料。介绍了由我国气象台站报道的气象参数建立太阳辐射量的数学模型 ,阐述了典型气象月的选取原则 ,以及逐时数值插补方法。     

An application of the thermo-radiative model SOLENE for the evaluation of street canyon energy balance

This paper presents a validation of the thermo-radiative model SOLENE and its application for analysing the street canyon energy balance. The validation data were selected from the temperature and radiation measurements obtained during the JAPEX campaign, previously described by Idczak et al. [16]: a set of four lines of steel containers buildings composing three parallel street canyons at an approximate 1:5 scale. Reference weather data and micrometeorological conditions within the canyon were measured. Numerical simulations were carried out using the meteorological measurements as model inputs. The simulated surface temperatures and radiation fluxes are compared with the measurements for a full week period, with a focus on a day with clear sky conditions. The street canyon energy balance analysis demonstrates that the most energetic surface was the street ground due to its thick surface layer of tar-coated gravels while the walls had a low heat capacity. The thermal radiation balance was negative for all canyon surfaces. The sensible heat was transferred mainly from the canyon surfaces to the ambient air, but also from the air to the ground in the morning. The effective albedo of the canyon had a diurnal value of 0.20–0.25, but dropped to 0.10 in the afternoon when the ground strongly transformed the direct and reflected solar radiation into sensible heat. This narrow street configuration enhanced solar radiation absorption and longwave radiation trapping.     

Thermal performance comparisons between passive solar and conventional housing in an Irish climate

The thermal performance of a passive solar house in Ireland having high energy conservation standards is compared with that of a similar sized conventional dwelling house. In both cases the performance over a meteorological Test Reference Year is assessed using climatically responsive models developed experimentally which predict their internal temperature without heating.

The results indicate that the conventional house required over three times as much auxiliary heating as the passive solar house. Solar gain accounted for over half the gross heat demand in the solar house compared to 13% in the bungalow. An added advantage of the increased utilization of solar gain was the estimated reduction in the heating season from nine to six months.     

Zur Aussagekraft von Simulationsergebnissen auf Basis der Testreferenzjahre (TRY) über die Häufigkeit sommerlicher Überhitzung

Frequency of overheating during the summer – How meaningful are simulation results based on test reference years? Thermal comfort during the summer is becoming an increasingly important quality characteristic of modern office buildings. With attention increasingly also focusing on sustainability considerations, designs for such buildings are often based on passive ventilation without air‐conditioning or mechanical ventilation. The design and assessment of such energy‐saving indoor climate concepts is based on peak room temperatures and the frequency of overheating during the summer, usually involving (zonal) thermal simulation software. The calculation of overheating frequencies requires meteorological data for a whole year, in Germany usually in the form of original test reference years (TRYs) provided by Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Germany's National Meteorological Service. However, these TRYs were developed for other purposes and tend to represent hot spells during the summer inadequately. In addition, TRYs do not take into account urban heat islands or the effects of climate change observed since the 1990 (with increasing tendency). Frequencies of high room temperatures during the summer determined using the original TRYs are therefore unrealistically low and unsuitable as a basis for decisions relating to climate concepts. For more realistic overheating frequency calculations it is advisable to use TRYs incorporating extreme summers and perhaps weather data for future years, which will shortly be made available by meteorologists.     

典型气象年和典型代表年的选择及其对建筑能耗的影响

介绍了典型气象年和典型代表年的选择原理和几种常见的选择方法。不同的方法考虑了不同气象参数的加权因子和气象数据的连续性。介绍了将太阳辐射总量分为太阳直射辐射量与太阳散射辐射量的应用模型,并依据香港的气象数据,分别计算选出了香港的典型气象年与典型代表年。为了验证不同方法计算出的典型气象年与典型代表年对研究对象、系统的影响,作了一个实例建筑物能耗动态模拟。结果表明,不同典型气象年对模拟结果的影响偏差较小,而典型代表年的影响较大;选择合适方法计算的典型气象年对保证模拟评估结果的正确性具有重要意义。     

辽宁地区水平面年总太阳辐照量的多元线性回归估算研究

太阳辐照量数据在太阳能热利用中具有关键作用,为了较准确得到辽宁省内7个无据可查的城市的水平面年总太阳辐照量,本文在对影响水平面年总太阳辐照量的多种因素进行分析的基础上,结合其它相关已知信息,建立了由城市的纬度、海拔和年日照时数构成的多元线性回归模型,并利用与待求数据城市处于同一大气透明度分区的国内49个已知各项数据的城市作为回归样本,从而获得具体的回归方程.误差分析结果表明,此时最大相对误差可控制在±6.8%以内.另外,还利用太阳辐照量估算值与回归用样本数目的变化关系曲线,对省内各城市的太阳辐照情况进行了聚类分析,结果表明,此时可将估算值的参考误差缩小至±2.2%.     

An evaluation of the effects of various parameter weights on typical meteorological years used for building energy simulation

In this paper, we evaluate the influence of different parameter weights in creating “typical year” weather data following the typical meteorological year (TMY) methodology, by studying two sets of 3600 alternate weather files created using different parameter weights for Beijing (China) and New York City (USA). A “typical year” weather file consists of twelve distinctive months, each considered typical for that month of the year. Such a typical month, named “typical meteorological month (TMM),” is commonly identified by using a certain combination of parameter weights, such as 4:4:4:12, for dry bulb temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation as in the TMY weather files developed by US National Climate Data Center (NCDC), or 4:4:2:10 in the newer TMY2 and TMY3 weather files developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). In this study, we investigate the influence of varying the parameter weights on the TMMs and the resultant new TMY weather files (nTMY). We found that the distribution of new 3600 TMMs tend to cluster within one or a few years for each month, and that the probabilities are very high for significant overlap between the new TMMs and the original TMMs chosen using the TMY/TMY2 weighting. Compared to the TMM data in TMY, the deviations of air temperatures and solar radiation values of the new TMMs and nTMYs derived from the 20-year weather data are less than 10% for both Beijing and New York. This confirms that the creation of “typical year” weather data is not very sensitive to the weighting of the different weather parameters, and that most nTMYs created and evaluated in this study are empirically close to the TMY data intended for use of simulating building energy consumption.     

建筑能耗用室外气象资料的研究历史与现状

回顾了国内外建筑能耗用室外气象资料的研究历史与现状,对已有的研究方法进行了较详细的总结与说明。综述了在气象资料研究过程中太阳辐射模型、插值方法及TMY(典型气象年)的研究成果及存在问题。强调应结合我国国情及气象资料特点研究的必要性以及在该领域的研究方向。     

上海地区住宅围护结构性能对全年空调采暖能耗的分析

将根据《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》,采用逐时能耗分析软件Equest-3.6(DOE-2.2)建立基本模型,采用上海典型气象年8760h气象参数进行能耗模拟,在能耗模拟的基础上对建筑的全年能耗进行分析。据此提出各项围护结构优化设计方案,并对各方案的经济性和可行性进行分析。最后对各优化方案进行合理的组合,建立一个综合优化模型。结果表明在住宅建筑中,用于制冷和供热的能耗占住宅总能耗的60%～70%;围护结构的性能对住宅的室内热环境和能耗有较大的影响,围护结构的优化可大幅降低建筑的空调和制冷能耗。     

The impact of hourly solar radiation model on building energy analysis in different climatic regions of Turkey

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of solar radiation models on the determination of energy performance of a single-family house assisted with renewable energy system including photovoltaic panels and solar water heater. An Angström-Prescott type solar radiation model was compared with Zhang and Huang model derived based on hourly meteorological data of 12 locations in Turkey. Since regression coefficients of the Zhang and Huang model are valid for China, new regression coefficients were derived by using local meteorological data. A clear distinction could not be observed in simulated annual heating load intensity for each model since the average relative deviation of the models’ results was 2.5%. However, the average deviation was 12.5% for space cooling load intensity. Primary energy ratings (PER) and the renewable energy ratio (RER) were determined for each location. For total PER, the highest deviation was 4.6% and 3.3% for Mersin and Mu?la, respectively. For the other locations, this parameter deviates between 0.02%–2.11%. The highest RER was 18.6% for Mersin.     

室外气温与太阳辐射的随动性关系研究

室外气温与太阳辐射强度之间存在某种随动关系,以中国南方13个典型城市气象数据为依据,通过回归分析方法,得到了太阳辐射与地表温度的动态拟合关系及地气温差随时间变化的动态拟合关系,各拟合公式相关系数R2均在0.97以上,说明拟合结果能显著的反映数据点的变化规律,进而建立了室外气温与太阳辐射强度的随动性关系。结果表明:高原地区,太阳辐射是室外气温与时间的一次函数;平原地区,太阳辐射是室外气温与时间的对数函数。对建筑冷负荷计算提供简便的方法,同时,也为太阳辐射强度与建筑冷负荷的随动性关系及太阳能空调的适宜性研究提供科学依据。     

气候变化下建筑能耗模拟气象数据研究

气象参数是建筑能耗模拟的基础,随着全球气候异常变暖,必将对建筑采暖和空调能耗产生重要影响。进行未来气候条件下的建筑能耗模拟,必须首先开展未来模拟气象参数的研究。根据TMY2模拟气象参数模式提出了节能分析气象年(AEEMY)模拟气象参数模式。使用了3个气候模型预测了中国建筑热工分区代表城市未来2021-2050的30 a气象参数。使用AEEMY模式得到了1971-2000年和2021-2050年代表城市的建筑能耗模拟气象参数。应用DOE2模拟软件对中国各气候区的居住建筑在2种气候条件下进行了建筑能耗模拟。验     

南海岛屿气象参数与建筑能耗分析

分析了海洋气候下东沙群岛、西沙群岛和南沙群岛中部分岛屿的温湿度、风速风向和太阳辐射等气象参数特征,并与临近陆地城市(广州、三亚)进行对比;通过DeST软件模拟比较了典型居住建筑和办公建筑在陆地站点和岛礁站点的能耗差异。结果表明,岛礁温湿度较高且年较差小,全年保持相对高温高湿,年平均风速高于陆地站点,太阳辐射多分布在强辐射范围,对于居住建筑和办公建筑岛礁建筑能耗均远高于陆地。     

建筑节能分析太阳总辐射模型研究综述

太阳辐射是建筑节能分析的重要基础气象参数,实测数据远远不能满足需求,理论计算是目前获取辐射数据的主要途径。将常用水平面太阳总辐射模型归纳为气象参数、空间插值和基于DEM三类,详述了各自的原理和计算方法。对三类模型在建筑节能分析中的适用性进行了分析,展望了建筑节能分析用太阳辐射模型的发展趋势:气象参数模型与DEM模型的融合。     

温度作用设计中气象参数代表值的确定

在结构温度作用计算中需气象参数作为其边界条件,主要有日照辐射、气温日较差、风速这三个参数。根据上述环境气象参数的变化规律,在对上海地区最近30年的气象资料分析的基础上,确定了太阳辐射日最大值、夏季最大气温日较差、年最大气温日较差的概率分布接近极值I型分布,日平均风速最小值的概率分布接近正态分布。根据概率分布模型,可得到对应于不同重现期的气象参数代表值。本文所提出的方法使得结构温度作用计算中边界条件的确定建立在概率统计分析的基础上,从而使结构温度作用的计算与工程结构可靠度设计方法相协调。     

气候变化对中国寒冷和夏热冬暖城市建筑能耗的影响

气候变暖已对建筑全生命周期的运行状况产生了不可忽略的影响,准确评估气候变化下的建筑能耗对建筑方案设计和既有建筑的节能改造具有重要意义。进行气候变化下建筑能耗的精确预测,必须拥有未来的逐时气象数据。以寒冷地区北京和夏热冬暖地区广州为研究对象,将挑选的两个城市典型气象年为基线气候,结合全球模式下的预测气象数据,应用变形法修正TMY的气象参数,得到直至本世纪末的10个节点年逐时气象文件,并进行了全年能耗模拟,预估了两个城市的办公建筑在气候变化下建筑能耗的变化趋势。结果表明:在两种预测排放情景下,干球温度、含湿量和太阳辐射均呈增加趋势;北京采暖能耗显著降低、制冷能耗增加,总能耗减少,广州采暖能耗降低、制冷能耗显著增加,总能耗增加。     

Developing a modified typical meteorological year weather file for Hong Kong taking into account the urban heat island effect

Building energy computer simulation software is a useful tool for achieving sophisticated design and evaluation of the thermal performance of buildings. For successful thermal and energy simulation of buildings, it requires hourly weather data such as dry bulb air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, etc. Nowadays, an urban city faces a problem of an urban heat island which causes the urban area to have a higher air temperature than the rural region. Since the currently available weather dataset used in building simulation software mainly comes from weather stations located in remote and rural areas, the impact of the urban heat island on thermal and energy performance of buildings may not be effectively reflected. This paper reports an approach to construct a modified typical meteorological weather file, taking into account the urban heat island effect in the summer season. Field measurements have been carried out in the summer months and the corresponding urban heat island intensities were then determined. With a morphing algorithm, an existing typical meteorological year weather file was modified. An office building and a typical residential flat were modeled with a renowned building energy simulation program EnergyPlus. Computer simulations were conducted using the existing and modified typical meteorological year weather files. It was found that there was around a 10% increase in air-conditioning demand caused by the urban heat island effect in both cases. The implications of this and further work will also be discussed in this paper.