中庭空间的可再生资源利用

建筑设计中利用可再生能源节能方法成为人们关注的焦点。中庭空间作为室内气候环境和室外自然气候环境相交融的气候交换空间,能调节建筑空间气候环境。本文探讨了在中庭空间设计中利用太阳能辐射供热与自然通风的基本方法。     

The effect of a redesigned floor plan, occupant density and the quality of indoor climate on the cost of space, productivity and sick leave in an office building–A case study

The aim of this study was to examine changes in the overall costs of an office when the efficiency of space use is increased. The variable in the examination was a space index, calculated as the floor area per employee. The quality of indoor climate was also a variable in the analysis. The overall cost analysis of a given case building showed that when space use is boosted significantly, measures must be taken to guarantee a sufficient quality of indoor climate. The study indicates that investment in the quality of indoor climate is cost-effective when the economic effect of indoor climate to health and productivity are taken into account in addition to the costs of investment, operation and maintenance. Insufficient ventilation without mechanical cooling may cause a substantial loss of productivity. The importance of good ventilation and air-conditioning increases with a more efficient use of space especially in conjunction with high value of work.     

Contribution of indoor exposed massive wood to a good indoor climate: in situ measurement campaign

An indoor climate is mainly influenced by factors including heating, ventilation and air-conditioning, building envelope and materials, occupants, furniture, and service life of the building components. These last few years, the usual porous medium provided in wall and flooring constructions have been pointed out as possible passive systems capable of buffering the indoor climate variations in terms of temperature and humidity. The objective for the ongoing project is, therefore, to evaluate the possibility of ensuring an indoor climate within an acceptable range making use of large exposed massive wood surfaces. An experimental study, being performed in four occupied apartments of a multi-storey residential building in Sweden, is described in this paper. A brief analysis of the in situ recordings is also included. The temperature and relative humidity recordings show fairly well-agreement with the ASHRAE recommended values for a good indoor climate excepted during the cold periods revealing low indoor relative humidity. The first results show evidences that a large area of exposed massive wood contributes to buffer the indoor temperature variations. Furthermore, this far it does not shows evidences that a large area of exposed massive wood is able to damp the daily fluctuations in relative humidity.     

A Bayesian Network approach to the evaluation of building design and its consequences for employee performance and operational costs

A Bayesian Network approach has been developed that can compare different building designs by estimating the effects of the thermal indoor environment on the mental performance of office workers. A part of this network is based on the compilation of subjective thermal sensation data and the associated objective thermal measurements from 12,000 office occupants from different parts of the world. A Performance Index (Π) is introduced that can be used to compare directly the different building designs and furthermore to assess the total economic consequences of the indoor climate with a specific building design. In this paper, focus will be on the effects of temperature on mental performance and not on other indoor climate factors. A total economic comparison of six different building designs, four located in northern Europe and two in Los Angeles, USA, was performed. The results indicate that investments in improved indoor thermal conditions can be justified economically in most cases. The Bayesian Network provides a reliable platform using probabilities for modelling the complexity while estimating the effect of indoor climate factors on human beings, due to the different ways in which humans are affected by the indoor climate.     

Optimizing energy efficiency and occupant comfort with climate specific design of the building

Designing energy efficient and comfortable buildings requires harmonizing the complex interactions of architecture, construction and building service engineering. The building envelope has a particular importance, since it integrates many functions and has direct influence on indoor climate. Focusing on satisfaction of the user means that the indoor climate is a key for a holistic design approach. Only a satisfied user will not intervene with the designed energy concept or the indoor climate control; dissatisfaction results in multiple system interventions which may cause waste of energy and sometimes even damage to building envelope components. Satisfaction with the indoor environment also increases working productivity or enables effective recreation of residents.The paper deals with international research activities in the field of climate specific building design. Various comfort and energy monitoring surveys of office buildings as well as residential buildings provide substantial information about the occupants' behavior and their needs during specific situations under different outdoor climates. This information allows summarizing basic climate dependent design principles which architects should keep in mind during the early stages of the design process. It also helps to develop strategies aiming at reducing building energy demand and at the same time consider comfort aspects. The second part of this paper demonstrates application of the climate dependent design principles in a housing project in Dubai.     

Application of an integrated indoor climate,HVAC and showcase model for the indoor climate performance of a museum

This paper presents a case study on the performance based design of a HVAC system and controller of a museum. A famous museum in The Netherlands has reported possible damage to important preserved wallpaper fragments. The paper provides an evaluation of the current indoor climate by measurements, showing that the indoor climate performance does not satisfy the requirements for the preservation of old paper. To solve this problem we developed an integrated heat air and moisture (HAM) model consisting of models for respectively: the indoor climate, the HVAC system and controller and a showcase. The presented models are validated by a comparison of simulation and measurement results. The integrated model is used for the evaluation of a new HVAC controller design and the use of a showcase. It is concluded that it is not possible to satisfy the indoor climate within the recommended limits, exclusively by the use of a new control strategy. Furthermore in order to meet the recommendations, the wallpaper fragments should be placed in a showcase and a similar control strategy as presented in the paper, has to be implemented in order to limit the room air temperature change.     

Simulation of the climate system performance of a museum in case of failure events

The paper presents the evaluation of the current HVAC components and indoor climate of a high tech Naval Depot when the system fails. The methodology of the research was: first, implementation of the heat, air & moisture models of the building and HVAC components. Second, validation of the models using measured data from the existing building control system. Third, simulation of the current and new HVAC systems designs. Fourth, discussion of the usability of the approach. For this specific case, we concluded that the current system design performs well if, in case of a fault, the air supply to the depots is switched off automatically. The construction of the depots has sufficient thermal inertia to maintain a stable indoor climate for a period long enough to allow it to be repaired. The design could be further improved by controlling the indoor climate surrounding the depots instead of inside the depots itself. In such a case, even if the system did not detect a fault and continued supplying uncontrolled air to the surroundings of the depot, the indoor climate in the depot would remain stable. We conclude that the approach presented in this paper has a wider application than this single case study.     

海洋性气候条件下新型特隆布墙被动降温的通风模式研究

针对被动式太阳房普遍存在的夏季室内过热问题，对海洋性气候条件下带有新型特隆布墙的被动式太阳房进行了实验研究，分析了不同被动降温模式的降温效果和室内空气温度分布。给出了适用于该类太阳房被动降温的最佳通风模式。认为内壁面温度是室内气温最显著的影响因素。与内陆地区利用自然通风降温的效果进行了对比。分析表明提高通风量、强化夜间通风可以改善海洋性气候条件下被动降温的效果。     

Moisture buffering capacity of heavy timber structures directly exposed to an indoor climate: a numerical study

This paper introduces a hygrothermal model accounting for the moisture and heat transport in a massive wood envelope directly exposed to an indoor climate. A better knowledge of the passive interaction between an indoor climate and a heavy timber structure could lead to presenting an alternative to high air exchange rate, and to increasing the thermal comfort of the inhabitants. So far, the model is developed as a stand-alone application with a finite difference method, and is written in a Neutral Model Format, enabling a later implementation in a modular environment for indoor climate energy calculations, called IDA ICE. A numerical simulation is provided to depict the buffering capacity of a massive timber structure as a function of the air exchange rate and the effective wood wall area.     

以西安地区为例谈高校教室夏季室内热环境

针对夏季过热的室内热环境,以西安地区为例,结合当地的气候特点、人民的生活习惯以及高校教室的使用情况等,建议采取与本地地区气候特点相适应的"被动式"措施来改善夏季室内热环境.论述了自然通风和结合采光的遮阳设施在改善教室室内热环境中的应用,同时采取其他综合措施如创造适宜的微气候、半地下空间的利用、植物和水等方面来改善教室内的热环境.     

Correlating indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity in a sample of buildings in tropical climates

The incidence of several respiratory viral infections has been shown to be related to climate. Because humans spend most of their time indoors, measures of indoor climate, rather than outdoor climate, may be better predictors of disease incidence and transmission. Therefore, understanding the relationship between indoor and outdoor climate will help illuminate their influence on the seasonality of diseases caused by respiratory viruses. Indoor-outdoor relationships between temperature and humidity have been documented in temperate regions, but little information is available for tropical regions, where seasonal patterns of respiratory viral diseases differ. We have examined indoor-outdoor correlations of temperature, relative humidity (RH), and absolute humidity (AH) over a 1-year period in each of seven tropical cities. Across all cities, the average monthly indoor temperature was 25 ± 3°C (mean ± standard deviation) with a range of 20–30°C. The average monthly indoor RH was 66 ± 9% with a range of 50–78%, and the average monthly indoor AH was 15 ± 3 g/m³ with a range of 10–23 g/m³. Indoor AH and RH were linearly correlated with outdoor AH when the air conditioning (AC) was off, suggesting that outdoor AH may be a good proxy of indoor humidity in the absence of AC. All indoor measurements were more strongly correlated with outdoor measurements as distance from the equator increased. Such correlations were weaker during the wet season, especially when AC was in operation. These correlations will provide insight for assessing the seasonality of respiratory viral infections using outdoor climate data, which is more widely available than indoor data, even though transmission of these diseases mainly occurs indoors.     

Expectations of indoor climate control

This paper discusses reassessment of indoor climate control in the context of current thermal comfort practice and research. We review the limitations of comfort models and standards with several examples. We examine how people's thermal sensation and preference may be influenced by culture and climate and associated issues of thermal expectations and adaptation. Finally, we discuss how incorporating these factors into future comfort standards might yield more ‘effective’ indoor climate control.     

小中甸夯土墙藏族民居热环境研究

该文对香格里拉小中句藏族民居冬季室内的热环境进行了热环境研究,具体对冬季香格里拉藏族民居室内温度、围护结构各壁面温度等参数进行了测试,比较分析,测试结果反映香格里拉小中甸的气候特征,得出影响室内热舒适性的温度变化现状,这些测试结果将为改善室内热环境的舒适性提供依据。     

The simulation and mapping of building performance indicators based on European weather stations

Due to the climate change debate, a lot of research and maps of external climate parameters are available. However, maps of indoor climate performance parameters are still lacking. This paper presents a methodology for obtaining maps of performances of similar buildings that are virtually spread over whole Europe. The produced maps are useful for analyzing regional climate influence on building performance indicators such as energy use and indoor climate. This is shown using the Bestest building as a reference benchmark. An important application of the mapping tool is the visualization of potential building measures over the EU. Also the performances of single building components can be simulated and mapped. It is concluded that the presented method is efficient as it takes less than 15 min to simulate and produce the maps on a 2.6 GHz/4 GB computer. Moreover, the approach is applicable for any type of building.     

冬季室内热环境与被褥微气候的匹配

冬季睡眠状态下,室内热环境与被褥微气候分别对人体头部和被覆躯体的热感觉造成直接影响。为了分析两个热环境的匹配关系以满足睡眠人体的热舒适水平,实验在不同的室内温度下,调节被褥微气候温度,测试了受试者的皮肤温度,并记录了热感觉和热可接受水平。研究结果表明:睡眠状态下,相比于室内热环境,人体热感觉对被褥微气候更敏感;此外,通过分析室内热环境和被褥微气候分别与整体热感觉和整体不满意率的关系,得到了睡眠热环境舒适区间。     

浅谈闽南沿海居住区现代住宅建筑的遮阳设计及技术措施

在闽南沿海地区特有的地理环境和生物气候奈件下,以营造舒适的室内热环境和达到良好的建筑节能标准为目标,选择闽南沿海地区居住区典型现代住宅,并针对夏季典型气候天气情况,实测其居室内部热环境,分析闽南沿海地区现代住宅内部空间热环境的变化状况,及遮阳构造设计对室内热环境的影响方面;基于气候分析、传统地域建筑遮阳设计和室内热环境实测数据的前期研究．关注从建筑布局、造型和构造细部等设计方法的角度．提出适宜性的闽南居住区现代住宅建筑具体遮阳设计方法和形式。     

中东铁路建筑遗产的室内热环境技术研究

从寒地气候与低技术适应的角度,分析了中东铁路建筑遗产在建筑防寒和室内供暖两方面的室内热环境营造技术,并分别以围护结构的热工特性和室内平均温度为指标衡量了防寒和供暖的技术水平,结果表明中东铁路建筑遗产能够抵御室外严寒气候的急剧变化,所营造的室内热环境在“部分空间区域、部分时间区段”满足使用需求。     

Indoor human thermal adaptation: dynamic processes and weighting factors

In this study, we explore the correlations between indoor climate change and human thermal adaptation, especially with regard to the timescale and weighting factors of physiological adaptation. A comparative experiment was conducted in China where wintertime indoor climate in the southern region (devoid of space heating) is much colder than in the northern region (with pervasive district heating). Four subject groups with different indoor thermal experiences participated in this climate chamber experiment. The results indicate that previous indoor thermal exposure is an important contributor to occupants’ physiological adaptation. More specifically, subjects acclimated to neutral‐warm indoors tended to have stronger physiological responses and felt more uncomfortable in moderate cold exposures than those adapted to the cold. As for the driving force of thermal adaptation, physiological acclimation is an important aspect among all the supposed adaptive layers. However, the physiological adaptation speed lags behind changes in the overall subjective perception.     

The effects of ventilation systems and building fabric on the stability of indoor temperature and humidity in Finnish detached houses

Interest in finding out passive ways to keep the variation in the indoor climate within the comfort zone is gaining in popularity. One possible solution is the use of the moisture-buffering property of materials. In this study, the effects of the ventilation system and moisture-buffering properties of the building fabric on the stability of the indoor temperature and humidity are analysed by means of long-term field measurements. Indoor climate measurements were carried out in 170 detached houses (248 rooms). Temperature and relative humidity were measured continuously in bedrooms and living rooms at one-hour intervals over a one-year period. In general, it may be concluded that in this study, the ventilation had a greater effect on the indoor climate than the properties of the building fabric. The dampening effect of hygroscopic materials was remarkably less in the field measurements than it was in simulations in different studies. This indicates that completely non-hygroscopic and fully hygroscopic houses do not exist in reality. The hygroscopic mass of furniture, textiles, etc. is probably a factor that plays a significant role in indoor humidity, as do real air change rates, including window airing. Simulation tools need to be modified in order to be able also to handle furniture, textiles, and books, etc.