An experimental study on ventilation efficiency of isolation room

This paper presents an experimental modeling of contaminant dispersion in a mock-up isolation room with different negative pressure differentials and ventilation rates. A hypothetical contaminant (sulfur hexafluoride, SF₆) is emitted from a patient lying on a bed in the mock-up isolation room. The impacts of ventilation rates 12 and 24 h⁻¹ and pressure differentials −2.5, −5.0, −8.0, and −15.0 Pa on the ventilation effectiveness in the room are evaluated quantitatively. A local air quality index and an exposure index for healthcare workers are introduced in the research to evaluate the ventilation efficiency of the isolation room. Based on the results of our experiment, the ventilation efficiency of the isolation room ranks the highest at −15.0 Pa/24 h⁻¹, followed, respectively, by −15.0 Pa/12 h⁻¹, −8.0 Pa/24 h⁻¹, −5.0 Pa/24 h⁻¹, −2.5 Pa/24 h⁻¹, −8.0 Pa/12 h⁻¹, −5.0 Pa/12 h⁻¹, and −2.5 Pa/12 h⁻¹.     

通风对竖井型隧道火灾烟气特性影响试验研究

通过隧道火灾模型试验,研究纵向通风对竖井排烟效果及隧道内纵向烟气温度分布的影响。试验考虑不同火源热释放速率和纵向风速。结果表明：纵向风速对正庚烷池火热释放速率存在影响,对于较小正庚烷池火（≤11 cm）,火源热释放速率基本不随纵向风速而改变;对于较大正庚烷池火（≥14 cm）,火源热释放率随风速的增加先降低后基本保持恒定。此外,当隧道内风速较小时,竖井内烟气附壁排出,竖井后方烟气温度较低,控烟效果较好;当隧道内风速较大时,竖井内烟气出现边界分离,竖井后方温度升高,烟气蔓延距离增加,竖井排烟效果较差。因此,建议当竖井型隧道内发生火灾时,应尽量采用自然通风或较低的内部通风,避免较高风速。     

纵向通风与竖井自然排烟下隧道火灾烟气特性实验研究

中国逐渐发展成为世界上隧道和地下工程最多的国 家,其长隧道数量和长度跻身世界前列。据统计,火灾中85%的 人员死亡是由热烟气造成的,目前隧道中采用较为广泛的排烟系 统有纵向排烟系统、集中排烟系统和横向排烟系统,而针对长隧道 来说,我国广泛采用的是竖井式纵向通风,因此,研究纵向通风与 竖井排烟综合效应下隧道火灾烟气流动特性及温度分布规律具有 重要意义。本文建立了1：10 缩尺寸竖井隧道模型,主隧道长度 16.5 m,宽度1.3 m,高度0.65 m;竖井通过排烟横通道与主隧道 连接,排烟横通道设置在主隧道侧面中部,尺寸为1.2 m 长、0.6 m 宽、0.4 m 高;竖井横截面为半径0.6 m 的1/4 圆,高4.6 m。在 竖井隧道模型中开展了一系列油池火实验,选取2 种方形燃烧池 （20 cm×20 cm、23 cm×23 cm）作为火源,设置2 个纵向火源位置 （位置A：火源中心线与排烟横通道中心线距离0.375 m;位置B： 火源中心线与排烟横通道中心线距离1.375 m）,7 种纵向通风风 速（0,0.18,0.27,0.35,0.44,0.52,0.69 m/s）,定量分析不同工 况下温度分布及烟气逆流长度。研究结果表明：当无纵向通风时, 火焰与隧道地板垂直,且呈轴对称形态;当有纵向通风时,火焰向 下游偏移,且纵向通风风速越大,火焰向下游偏移越明显;当纵向 通风风速为0 m/s 时,由于竖井的存在,火源上、下游两侧烟气温 度分布并非对称,火源下游（竖井侧）烟气温度下降速度较快,与单 洞隧道烟气温度分布明显不同;随纵向通风风速增加,烟气逆流长 度和烟气温度减小,而最大温度偏移距离整体呈增加趋势;当无量 纲纵向通风风速v′＜0.19 时,主隧道最大温升△Tmax 与Q2/3/ Hef 5/3 呈正比,而当无量纲纵向通风风速v′＞0.19 时,主隧道最大 温升△Tmax 与Q? /(vb1/3Hef 5/3)呈正比,但常数系数均小于Li 等预 测模型中的常数系数;竖井隧道内无量纲纵向烟气温度分布符合 Fan 和Ji 等建立的纵向温度衰减模型,衰减系数k′在1.36~1.63 范围内变化,但其值明显大于单洞隧道纵向温度衰减系数k′;另 外,当火源位于位置A 时,最大烟气温度低于火源位于位置B 时 的最大烟气温度,无量纲纵向烟气温度衰减速度慢于火源位于位 置B 时衰减速度。     

Numerical model and validation experiments of atrium enclosure fire in a new fire test facility

The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a tool for buildings, warehouses or factories design requirements fulfilling about fire safety is becoming more common and reliable. Performance-based fire safety assurance procedures make use of the CFD fire modelling to anticipate the evolution of fire, but they need always to be validated. This is especially difficult for big structures, with great clear volumes, where effects of natural and forced ventilation can be very scale dependent. A good opportunity to check the prediction capability of CFD codes to establish temperatures and velocities fields is the new full-scale fire test facility of the Technological Metal Centre in Murcia, Spain. It is an aluminium prismatic squared base building of 19.5 m×19.5 m×20 m, with several vents arranged in its walls and four exhaust fans at the roof. Series of experimental tests have been carried out using several heptane normalized pool-fires placed at the centre of the atrium. The data obtained from these experiments have been later used in a validation study of two CFD simulations implemented for temperature wall, ambient temperature prediction and exhaust fan assessment. The results show good agreement between experimental and numerical predictions and allow concluding that for a fire test of 1.6 MW of average heat release power, the exhaust and ventilation system is not enough to extract the hot combustion products. There is an excessive and dangerous accumulation of hot gases at the upper part of the atrium and the exhaust capacity of the roof fans must be increased. The CFD models can give the answer to that question.     

Exhaust ventilation in attached garages improves residential indoor air quality

Previous research has shown that indoor benzene levels in homes with attached garages are higher than homes without attached garages. Exhaust ventilation in attached garages is one possible intervention to reduce these concentrations. To evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention, a randomized crossover study was conducted in 33 Ottawa homes in winter 2014. VOCs including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and air exchange rates were measured over four 48‐hour periods when a garage exhaust fan was turned on or off. A blower door test conducted in each garage was used to determine the required exhaust fan flow rate to provide a depressurization of 5 Pa in each garage relative to the home. When corrected for ambient concentrations, the fan decreased geometric mean indoor benzene concentrations from 1.04 to 0.40 μg/m³, or by 62% (P<.05). The garage exhaust fan also significantly reduced outdoor‐corrected geometric mean indoor concentrations of other pollutants, including toluene (53%), ethylbenzene (47%), m,p‐xylene (45%), o‐xylene (43%), and carbon monoxide (23%) (P<.05) while having no impact on the home air exchange rate. This study provides evidence that mechanical exhaust ventilation in attached garages can reduce indoor concentrations of pollutants originating from within attached garages.     

Natural ventilation with traditional Korean opening in contemporary house

In this study, a natural ventilation opening was designed based on the traditional Korean opening to improve indoor environment on the contemporary house. The prototype of the opening was composed of three hanji papers and two air layers to improve airflow rate, and also to recovery heat lose. The performance of the heat recovery and airflows of the prototype was measured in laboratory, and the CFD simulation was used to verify its performance in the contemporary house. The airflow rate of the prototype is exponentially increased according to the pressure differences, and it ranges from 12.6 to 39.6 m³/m² h in 3–10 Pa, pressure difference. The total amount of heat recovery ranges from 47.8 to 67.7 W/m² in the prototype, and the heat recovery rate is about 25% at 10 Pa. In the CFD simulation, the prototypes were installed at 25% of the total window areas of the model house. The outside air was totally supplied through the prototypes at 67.2 m³/h in the model house, and it is equivalent to 0.2 h⁻¹ ventilation rate. The results show that the prototype is capable of providing natural ventilation even at low wind pressure, and also that it prevent cold draft in heating period. Further analysis of the ventilation performance including the thermal force is needed to apply the prototype to the contemporary house.     

青岛第二海底隧道新型海中送排通风方案探析

根据青岛胶州湾海底隧道的顶部排烟道、服务隧道、黄岛岸边竖井、盾构底部救援通道的布置,提出了不设海中竖井的新型海中送排通风方案,在分析确定了海中送排风量的基础上,对不同行车工况下隧道内风流流动进行了计算,提出了新型海中送排运营通风设备配置及控制方案,并与海中设竖井通风送排方案进行了对比分析。结果表明:南北两线黄岛送排风、服务隧道海中送风、救援通道海中送风、南线分岔前海中送风、排烟通道海中排风、出口风塔排风风机独立设置后,新型海中送排通风方案通风效果良好,尽管比海中设竖井通风方案年能耗略大,系统布置略显复杂,但能有效利用服务隧道、南北线顶部排烟道、盾构底部救援通道,实现超长海底隧道海中少设通风竖井,避免了极大的施工风险,保护了海域环境,为超长海底隧道通风方案制定提供了新理念。     

Experimental and CFD study of ventilation flow rate of a Monodraught™ windcatcher

Monodraught™ windcatchers are commercial natural ventilation devices, which are primarily driven by wind to produce both extract and supply air flow. The measurement of the net flow rate (extract minus supply) of a Monodraught™ windcatcher ABS 550 for various wind speeds and directions is introduced. The ventilation measurement system uses a cone flow meter and a blower fan. CFD standard k − ? turbulence model is employed to calculate the flow rate. The situation using a blower fan is considered in modelling and the effect of the manometer sensitivity is also discussed. The comparison has indicated a good agreement between measurement and simulation. CFD modelling of the windcatcher is then carried out for the situation of outdoor far field wind. At the same nominal wind speed, the calculated extract flow rate of the windcatcher in a far field wind is roughly twice that for the situation using a blower fan, the wind direction has a small effect on the extract flow rate. The extract and supply flow rates are also calculated for various room pressure due to various wall openings and installation on a flat roof or a pitched roof. The contribution of the buoyancy effect on the flow rates is discussed in simulation.     

A Comparative Study on the Influence of Ventilation on Weather- and Fire-Induced Stack Effect in the Elevator Shafts of a High-Rise Building

This work assessed the impact of ventilation on both weather- and fire-induced stack effect in an 18-story high-rise office building. Elevator shafts are considered the main route of vertical air movement. Pressure distribution induced by cold weather within the elevator shafts was calculated theoretically. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of fire in the same high-rise building under different ventilation conditions were carried out with a fire dynamics simulator. It was found that ventilation exerted a more complex impact on fire than the weather-induced stack effect. For the weather-induced stack effect, the ventilation condition of the building only affected the height of the neutral pressure plane; in fire situations, it did not only affect the height of the neutral pressure plane in a similar manner to the weather-induced stack effect, but also influenced temperature and pressure distributions in the elevator shafts. The smoke movement and the distributions of temperature and pressure in elevator shafts are also learned. The smoke movement in high rises experienced four typical stages after ignition. The ventilation condition of the fire floor influences gas flow into elevator shafts, while that of the upper floors impacts the smoke rise speed in vertical shafts. When the stack effect finally reaches steady state, the gas temperature in the shaft decreases exponentially with height. Based on this assumption, a theoretical model was presented to characterize the fire-induced stack effect in typical high rises. Results showed that the model successfully predicts the pressure distribution in high-rise buildings.     

火源与排烟竖井的相对位置对重点排烟效果的影响研究

借助理论分析及数值模拟相结合的手段对某盾构城市地下道路火灾工况下，火源与排烟竖井的相对位置对重点排烟效果的影响进行模拟研究。研究结果表明单向排烟模式在一定的排烟量条件下，火源位置距离排烟竖井越近，排烟效果越好。当火源位于两个排烟竖井之间且偏向其中某一个竖井位置时，在排烟量允许的前提下，可以仅开启离火源位置较近的竖井风机排烟；当火源位于两竖井正中间位置时，可采用双向排烟模式；当火源恰好位于某个竖井正下方时，可以仅开启该竖井风机排烟，但采取该工况应综合考虑隧道内烟道板的耐火极限及耐火时间。     

长大隧道独头通风排烟设计

结合工程概况,从通风排烟的设计原则、通风排烟的布置形式、通风机的造型等方面介绍了长大隧道独头通风排烟设计和管理应注意的问题,并对工作面的风量及通风机全压进行了具体计算,从而保证了长大隧道施工人员的身心健康。     

Thermal characteristics of a double-glazed external wall system with roll screen in cooling season

A double-skin system (double-glazed external wall) is an effective passive system that can be used to decrease solar heat gain into buildings. Detailed information on the thermal distribution of double-skin facades is necessary to design better systems that can provide thermal comfort and conserve energy. In this study, the three-dimensional thermal characteristics of double-skin facades that had the ventilation opening installed partially and were screened partially by the adjacent buildings were investigated by field measurements. To that end, field measurements were carried out on the double-skin exterior wall (9.4 m high and 27.0 m wide) installed in an atrium located in the west of an existing building during cooling period for typical summer conditions. Maximum air change rate of natural ventilation through the bottom opening up to the top opening is about 20–25 [1/h], the reduction ratio of total solar heat gain compared with those of non-natural ventilation is about 25%. The exhaust solar heat gain is about 100 W/m² per inner glass surface area of the double-skin facades. Air temperature distribution of air space in the double skin was ranged from 30 °C to 44 °C, and heat gain difference ranged from 50 W/m² to 130 W/m². The influence of the ventilation openings and the shade conditions on temperature distribution of double skin is found to be significant and the double-skin system was verified to reduce the cooling loads effectively.     

Indoor air quality in California homes with code-required mechanical ventilation

Data were collected in 70 detached houses built in 2011-2017 in compliance with the mechanical ventilation requirements of California's building energy efficiency standards. Each home was monitored for a 1-week period with windows closed and the central mechanical ventilation system operating. Pollutant measurements included time-resolved fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) indoors and outdoors and formaldehyde and carbon dioxide (CO₂) indoors. Time-integrated measurements were made for formaldehyde, NO₂, and nitrogen oxides (NO_X) indoors and outdoors. Operation of the cooktop, range hood, and other exhaust fans was continuously recorded during the monitoring period. Onetime diagnostic measurements included mechanical airflows and envelope and duct system air leakage. All homes met or were very close to meeting the ventilation requirements. On average, the dwelling unit ventilation fan moved 50% more airflow than the minimum requirement. Pollutant concentrations were similar to or lower than those reported in a 2006-2007 study of California new homes built in 2002-2005. Mean and median indoor concentrations were lower by 44% and 38% for formaldehyde and 44% and 54% for PM_2.5. Ventilation fans were operating in only 26% of homes when first visited, and the control switches in many homes did not have informative labels as required by building standards.     

某超高层写字楼竖向贯通风井设计

介绍了该大楼的竖向贯通风井设计,这种设计通过竖向贯通风井代替风管,充分利用建筑南北温度差产生的压差,加速了空气的自然对流,增加了舒适度。分析了该大楼通风设计的形式、原理、优缺点以及节能性,结果表明该设计具有技术上先进、经济上适用、节能效果显著的优点,符合低碳环保的要求。     

Spatial distribution of air temperature as a measure of ventilation efficiency in large uninsulated cowshed

Ventilation in the building is to assure a microclimate suitable for humans and animals as well as the durability of structures. Based on the data from literature theoretical heat and moisture balancing ventilation rate calculations for uninsulated cowshed are presented. At an indoor temperature of −6.7 °C and indoor–outdoor temperature difference of 1 °C, the theoretical ventilation rate of 2300 m³/h per cow is necessary to remove the water vapour produced by the cows from the building. At a difference of 2 °C the ventilation rate of 1200 m³/h per cow and at 5 °C 530 m³/h per cow is needed. But these calculated ventilation rates are probably unrealistic. Traditional methods are unreliable for uninsulated cowsheds and instead of that an alternative method for evaluating the ventilation rate is needed.     

Modeling deposition of particles in vertical square ventilation duct flows

The presence, flow, and distribution of particle in heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) ducts influence the quality of air in buildings and hence the health of building occupants. To shed a better light on the flow of particles in HVAC ducts this a paper has considered the effects of drag, lift force, gravity, Brownian diffusion, and turbulent diffusion on the dimensionless deposition velocity of particles in smooth vertical ventilation ducts using fully developed and developing velocity profiles. Based on the Reynolds stress transport model (RSM) at two different air velocities, 3.0 m/s and 7.0 m/s, the aforementioned effects were predicted using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)–Lagrangian simulation on square shaped ducts under vertical flows.     

A study on the development and application of the E/V shaft cooling system to reduce stack effect in high-rise buildings

This study suggests the E/V(Elevator) shaft cooling system as a new approach to reduce the stack effect and the related problems in high-rise buildings. The basic characteristics on its application were analyzed with some simulations in this study. Moreover, the system was applied to an actual building and its performance was evaluated through the measurements.The system can reduce the stack effect itself and the related problems simultaneously and it can reduce the pressure and the air flow rate in each part of a building in the same ratio. These features were shown in the results of the simulations; for the examples, when all the E/V shafts were cooled from 22 °C to 12 °C, the stack effect and the pressure in each part of the modeled building were decreased by about 27%.In the field measurements, the wind velocity through the E/V door was decreased effectively in the whole building; its reduction ratio at the lobby floor was about 25% and at the upper floors (37F, 38F) about 10% respectively. But, the neutral pressure level at the E/V shaft was moved by the vertical temperature difference in the E/V shaft because of the inflow ducts concentrated in the lower part of the E/V shaft. This movement was also shown in another simulation on the same conditions as the measured ones. It is very important to minimize the vertical temperature difference in the E/V shaft to maximize the reduction effects on the problems.     

印染车间复合式排雾罩的研制

作者研制的复合式排雾罩，在结构上结合了外部吸气罩和接受式排风罩两者的特点，并将风机与排风罩合为一体。对复合式和普通式排风罩，在不同罩口高度和风机转速条件下，分别测定了液面控制速度、罩口吸气速度和排雾效率。结果表明，复合式排雾装置控制速度可达０．３３ｍ／ｓ，排雾效率达８０％，是印染车间散湿设备排雾的有效手段。     

Enhancement of ventilation performance of a residential split-system air-conditioning unit

The design of ventilation performance of air-conditioning systems in large commercial and office buildings is quite established. However, it is not the same with the designs of air-conditioning systems in most residential buildings. Split system air-conditioning units are commonly employed in residential buildings in the tropics due to their convenience in terms of energy conservation, aesthetics, flexibility, acoustic performance and ease of operation. Such units are also popular among small offices, shopping complex and even as supplementary air-conditioning units beyond normal office-hours in large commercial and office buildings. This paper presents findings from a recent study of the ventilation performance and indoor air quality (IAQ) in a master bed room of a condominium unit in Singapore, employed with a split system air-conditioning unit. The attached bathroom is equipped with an exhaust fan, whose operation and its impact on the resulting ventilation characteristics was also studied. Four adults occupied the room throughout the course of the experiments. It was observed that the carbon dioxide level in the bed room can exceed 2000 ppm without the exhaust fan in about 2 h. The operation of the exhaust fan quickly lowered the level of carbon dioxide to about 1000 ppm. The findings suggest the need to design for ventilation provision in split system air-conditioning units.     

有竖井隧道自然风压的研究

运用回路自然风压理论对有竖井隧道自然风压进行了研究 ,提出在有竖井隧道中自然风压的大小和方向均会发生变化 ,并将影响竖井主风机工作 ,在通风设计及运营通风管理中应给予重视。