A methodology for predicting the severity of environmental impacts related to the construction process of residential buildings

This paper introduces a systematic approach for dealing with potential adverse environmental impacts at the pre-construction stage. The proposed methodology serves as an assessment tool for construction projects to measure the environmental performance of their construction activities. It also provides a consistent basis for comparisons and for future eco-labelling and environmental benchmarking among construction companies and construction sites. Within the methodological framework, nine categories of environmental aspects are proposed: atmospheric emissions; water emissions; waste generation; soil alteration; resource consumption; local issues; transport issues; effects on biodiversity; and incidents, accidents and potential emergency situations. The methodology includes 20 performance indicators developed with the help of a panel of experts. In order to avoid a typical shortcoming in environmental assessments methods, these environmental indicators, both direct and indirect, are always based on quantitative data available in the project documents. Significance limits for environmental aspects are also developed based on a statistical analysis of 55 new-start construction projects. Four case studies are provided to illustrate the practical use of the proposed methodology.     

福建省居住建筑几种生态位实态调查研究

以福建省福州、厦门、南平三地近年新建的多个楼盘为调查对象,对居住建筑的类型比例、单元组合、户型面积、空间构成、房间大小和朝向、以及开窗方位进行实态调查。通过统计分析,得出了这些生态因子的幅度范围和适生态位。调查结果表明：在竖向高度分类中,11~18层的高层建筑占的比例最大为30.56%;在平面形状分类中,2单元拼接板式...     

Options to reduce the environmental impacts of residential buildings in the European Union—Potential and costs

A typology of buildings representative of the building stock for the EU-25 was developed characterizing 72 building types in terms of their representativity, geographical distribution, size, material composition, and thermal insulation. The life cycle impacts of the building types were calculated for different environmental impact categories both at building and EU-25 level. The use phase of buildings, dominated by the energy demand for heating is by far the most important life cycle phase for existing and new buildings. The environmental impacts were allocated to single building elements. Ventilation, heat losses through roofs and external walls are important for a majority of single- and multi-family houses. Three improvement options were identified: additional roof insulation, additional façade insulation and new sealings to reduce ventilation. The measures yield a significant environmental improvement potential, which, for a majority of the buildings types analyse represent at least 20% compared to the base case. The major improvement potentials at EU-level lie with single-family houses, followed by multi-family houses. Smaller reductions are expected for high-rise buildings due to the smaller share in the overall building stock. For both roof insulation and reduced ventilation, the measures were shown to be economically profitable in a majority of buildings.     

城市轨道交通对武汉房地产开发的影响预测

根据武汉地铁和轻轨的规划及建设情况,预测城市轨道交通系统对武汉市房地产价格、开发格局及物业类别的影响,并总结成几条规律,旨在为政府及房地产业相关人员提供参考,以促进轨道交通与房地产的协调发展。     

Experimental evaluation of three heating systems commonly used in the residential sector

The residential sector consumes a considerable amount of energy for heating and preparing hot water. Little research has been conducted on heating systems in multifamily buildings under working conditions. This article presents the results of experimental research on three commonly used heating systems in multifamily buildings. A central heating and central domestic hot water system (system A), a decentralised system using residential thermal stations (system B) and a decentralised system using bi-functional gas boilers (system C) were analysed over a one year period. The systems analysed were in use in multifamily buildings in Lublin, Poland. The average annual efficiency for system A was 59.6%, that for system B was 70.1% and that for system C, 90.5%. The study determined the decrease in efficiency when the system was producing hot water only versus the system operating during the heating season. These decreases amounted to 20.7% for system A and 8% for system B. The amount of heat delivered and that lost in the respective heating systems were calculated and their relative advantages and disadvantages were identified. Special attention was paid to the amount of heat used for heating the flats of the buildings.     

论城市园林绿化经济的发展与生态城市的建设

城市园林绿化已经成为一门新兴的环境产业,与经济发展形成了相互促进、互为基础的态势,成为建设生态城市的"生命工程".确立城市园林绿化的新理念,制定科学的园林绿化发展规划,培育和扶持绿化市场的形成,理顺管理机制,推动城市园林绿化产业的大力发展,将有助于把我们的城市建设成为最适宜人类居住的、宜居宜业的生态城市.     

A statistical method to investigate national energy consumption in the residential building sector of China

The purpose of this research is to found a national statistical system of energy consumption in the residential building sector of China, so as to look into the actuality of residential energy consumption, and to provide data support for building energy efficiency work in China. The frame of a national statistical system of residential energy consumption is presented in this paper, according to current status of the climate, social and historic conditions, and energy consumption characteristics in the five architecture climate divisions in China. The statistical index system of residential energy consumption is constituted which refers to housing unit characteristics, household characteristics, possession and utilization of energy consuming equipment, and residential energy consumption quantities. This index system suits for all the different utilization structures of residential energy consumption in different architecture climate divisions. On this base, a complete set of statistical reports is worked out to measure the energy consumption of cities, provinces and the country stage by stage. Finally the statistical method above is applied to measure residential energy consumption by case studies, in order to validate the feasibility of this method. The research in this paper covers the first step of the elaboration of the statistical method to investigate energy consumption in China, and more work will be done in future to further impel national statistics of residential energy consumption.     

Thermodynamic performance of HCFC22 alternative refrigerants for residential air-conditioning applications

In this study, thermodynamic performance of two pure hydrocarbons and seven mixtures composed of propylene (R1270), propane (R290), HFC152a, and dimethylether (RE170, DME) was measured in an attempt to substitute HCFC22 in residential air-conditioners. The pure and mixed refrigerants tested have greenhouse warming potentials (GWPs) of 3–58 as compared to that of CO₂ and the mixtures are all near-azeotropic having the gliding temperature difference (GTD) of less than 0.6 °C. Thermodynamic cycle analysis was carried out to determine the optimum compositions before testing and actual tests were performed in a breadboard type laboratory heat pump/air-conditioner at the evaporation and condensation temperatures of 7 and 45 °C, respectively. Test results show that the coefficient of performance (COP) of these mixtures is up to 5.7% higher than that of HCFC22. While propane showed 11.5% reduction in capacity, most of the fluids had the similar capacity to that of HCFC22. Compressor discharge temperatures were reduced by 11–17 °C with these fluids. There was no problem found with mineral oil since the mixtures were mainly composed of hydrocarbons. The amount of charge was reduced up to 55% as compared to HCFC22. Overall, these fluids provide good thermodynamic performance with reasonable energy savings without any environmental problem and thus can be used as long term alternatives for residential air-conditioning and heat pumping applications.     

居住建筑中的生态节能技术分析——以厦门蓝湾国际为例

21世纪是我国建筑业的鼎盛时期,99%为高耗能建筑,能耗问题越来越严重,建筑节能已是国家的重大战略问题。厦门蓝湾国际设计在开发建设过程中注重"节地、节能、节水、节材、环境保护"五大方面的综合实践,形成一整套较为完整的绿色节能建筑技术实施体系。     

城市集合住宅建设现状思考

本文通过从城市中心区的住宅规划谈控制;从招投标制度谈好设计;从推广标准构件谈提高建设效率和质量;从物业管理水平淡容积率控制,并结合装修,立面控制共六个方面分析目前集合住宅建设中出现的矛盾,提出相应解决方案,提高住宅建设水平。未雨绸缪,希望在问题尚为大面积暴露及时作出修正,避免朱来付出沉重代价,以致影响社会和谐稳定。     

Socio-spatial differentiation and residential segregation in the Chinese city based on the 2000 community-level census data: A case study of the inner city of Nanjing

Socio-spatial differentiation and residential segregation have been studied extensively in numerous cities and have contributed significantly to the understanding of urban spatial and social structures. Analyses of diverse data sets at varied spatial scales have supported the development of theoretical frameworks. However, the majority of Chinese case studies published in recent decades were dominantly based on either non-spatial data or population census data at sub-district (or jiedao in Chinese) level. These analyses have been limited through using low-resolution aggregate data resulting in incomplete or biased findings. This paper aims to examine the fine-scale socio-spatial structure of the inner city of Nanjing using the fifth population census data of 2000 at the lowest spatial scale – community (or juweihui in Chinese) level. Our findings reveal that the policies of the socialist era and the initial outcomes of the introduction of a free market, particularly with regard to the creation of new elite spaces within the inner city, have shaped a complex pattern of socio-spatial differentiation and residential segregation.     

住宅建筑的可持续发展之路——以“伊拉瓦拉火焰房”为例

本文从空间、物理、经济和情感文化四个角度分析了住宅建筑存在的问题和可持续发展需求。以2013年SD中国一等奖作品伊拉瓦拉火焰房为例,提出住宅建筑可持续发展的设计思路。     

城市生态住区的发展现状及在我国的发展趋势

在分析了城市生态住区的产生背景和主要特征的基础上，对国内外城市生态住区的发展现状进行了总结，并展望了我国城市生态住区的发展趋势。     

Economic and environmental evaluation of micro CHP systems with different operating modes for residential buildings in Japan

The growing worldwide demand for less polluting forms of energy has led to a renewed interest in the use of micro combined heat and power (CHP) technologies in the residential sector. The operation of micro CHP system results in simultaneous production of heat and power in a single household based on small energy conversion units. The heat produced may be used for space and water heating and possibly for cooling load if combined with an absorption chiller, the electricity is used within the house.In this paper, two typical micro CHP alternatives, namely, gas engine and fuel cell for residential buildings, are analyzed. For each facility, two different operating modes including minimum-cost operation and minimum-emission operation are taken into consideration by employing a plan and evaluation model for residential micro CHP systems. The analysis results show that the fuel cell system is recognized as a better option for the examined residential building from both economic and environmental points of view. With the operation considering optimal economic benefits, annual energy cost is reduced by about 26%. On the other hand, while maximizing the environmental merits, annual CO₂ emissions are reduced by about 9%.     

可持续发展的居住区规划

通过对可持续发展的居住区规划的分析，结合我国城市建设和规划的实际特点，对可持续发展居住区规划的内涵、理念及方法进行了探讨，以实现居住区的可持续发展，充分反映了可持续发展居住区的社会系统和生态系统内涵。     

大型工矿企业住区的可持续发展

针对我国的大型工矿住区存在的问题,考虑到大型工矿企业住区聚集性强、居住群体单一、业缘性等特点,提出发展的对策,从而改善企业职工的居住水平,寻求一条适合我国大型工矿企业住区发展的模式。     

我国住宅小区可持续发展研究概况

阐述了住宅小区可持续发展研究的紧迫性及必要性,并在对现状进行分析归纳的基础上,提出了当前住宅小区可持续发展的重点,提高住宅小区的空间环境质量,保持生态平衡以及有利于自然能源的开发和节能。     

A methodology for assessing the energy performance of large scale building stocks and possible applications

From energy statistics (primary energy consumption) and a few Census data (residential buildings floor area) the average specific primary energy use (kWh/m²) of a territorial (Regional or National) building stock may be easily evaluated. However, can we achieve a deeper insight on this building stock using basically the same data bases? This is the question which this paper is aiming at, and the results is an analytical methodology to determine the Statistical Distribution Of residential Buildings according to primary Energy consumption for heating purposes (E-SDOB) at a Regional or National scale. This tool may allow the legislator to define a performance scale for building energy certification, to introduce mandatory measures and incentives for building energy retrofits, to evaluate the potential of new technologies, etc. The main source of data required for determining E-SDOB is still the National Census, but it has to be integrated by energy standards and laws, literature and a few data taken from the authors’ experience and in situ analysis. The results obtained have been compared with those derived from two Italian Regional (Piedmont and Lombardy) energy statistics, with excellent agreement.     

The link between operational efficiency and environmental impacts: A joint application of Life Cycle Assessment and Data Envelopment Analysis

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) allows the estimation of the environmental impacts of a process or product. Those environmental impacts depend on the efficiency with which operations are carried out. In the case that LCA data are available for multiple similar installations, their respective operational performances can be benchmarked and links between operational efficiency and environmental impacts can be established. In this paper, this possibility is illustrated with a case study on LCA of mussel cultivation in rafts. For each site (raft) both its inputs consumption and mussel production are known. A separate LCA of each site has been performed and its corresponding environmental impacts have been estimated. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) on the input/output data allows computing the relative efficiency of each mussel raft and setting appropriate efficiency targets. The DEA targets represent virtual cultivation sites, which consume less input and/or produce more output. The performance of an LCA study for each of these virtual cultivation sites and the comparison between their environmental impacts are used to estimate the environmental impacts consequences of operational inefficiencies. This direct link can help to convince the managers and operators of the cultivation sites of the double dividend of reducing inputs consumption and achieve operational efficiency: lower costs and lower environmental impacts.     

居住区设计规划阶段的生态策略研究

从住宅区规划阶段就应该开始进行积极的生态化设计,居住区尺度的规划设计应该结合不同的自然条件采取相应的规划策略以整合住宅区单体和规划两个方面的各种技术措施,文章结合实践提出了从风环境优化、交通体系的优化、绿化系统的生态效益最大化、水系统及能源系统等方面规划设计阶段的具体策略以及应用条件。