基于C＋＋Builder的切削力预测

在自动化生产中,切削力既是优化刀具几何参数,制定合理切削用量的依据,又是检测机床工作状态的重要参数。对车削加工过程中的切削力进行仿真具有重要的理论研究与实际应用价值。为此,基于C＋＋Builder软件仿真了工件的实际加工过程,并对切削力进行了动态仿真。为数控车削中切削力仿真的进一步研究提供了理论指导及重要的前提条件。     

UG二次开发实现五坐标数控机床三维仿真

在加工复杂自由曲面时,由于五轴数控机床运动部件之间容易发生干涉,使用计算机仿真验证数控程序的正确性,检测加工过程中的干涉和过切,可避免机床和工件的损坏,效率高成本低.利用UG软件建立机床模型,并进行软件二次开发,读取数控G代码指令驱动机床各轴运动,对加工过程进行动态的仿真,检测加工过程中机床各运动部件之间的干涉及工件过切.     

基于VERICUT五轴叶轮加工方式的选择分析

在五轴数控机床上加工铝合金叶轮零件时,可以采用五轴联动加工方式或五轴定轴“3+2”加工方式。由于铝合金叶轮属于薄壁曲面零件,加工过程中切削力的变化易引起应力变形和热膨胀,导致零件切削失败。运用VERICUT模拟仿真软件,对两种不同的加工方式进行模拟仿真,并对比两种方式之间的区别,从而得到更安全、更经济高效的加工方式和数控程序,提升了铝合金薄壁曲面零件的加工精度,保证了加工质量,提高了加工效率。     

牙科氧化锆陶瓷的车削离散元仿真

通过力学性能试验对微观参数进行校准,建立了完全烧结牙科氧化锆陶瓷的离散元模型。基于该模型对完全烧结牙科氧化锆陶瓷常规车削加工过程进行了动态仿真,对氧化锆陶瓷车削加工后的微裂纹分布情况进行了模拟,分析了不同切削速度、切削深度对加工后表面裂纹情况及动态切削力的影响。仿真结果表明:加工后表面残留裂纹的数目及其最大深度、动态切削力均随切削深度的增大而明显增大;切削速度对表面残留裂纹的数目、动态切削力影响不明显,对表面残留裂纹最大深度影响没有明显规律。     

虚拟加工系统研制与加工误差分析

面向数控车削加工过程研制了一个虚拟数控加工系统。该系统以Windows2000为开发平台，以Visual C 6．0为开发工具，基于OpenGL技术实现了数控车削加工过程3维仿真。该系统能够有效地仿真数控车削过程，具有更接近实际车削加工过程的特点。同时在仿真研究中，分析了加工过程中由切削力导致的加工误差，实现了对虚拟车削工件加工误差的预测。     

基于VERICUT的虚拟数控加工刀具轨迹优化

虚拟物理数控加工仿真主要研究加工过程中切削力、切削热、机床运动误差、加工系统颤振以及负载变化引起加工结果变化的预测问题,目前已成为虚拟制造最具魅力的地方。通过在VERICUT下的电吹风外壳模盖的虚拟数控加工刀具轨迹优化研究,为复杂曲面零件的加工生产提供了有效参考。     

基于动态切削力系数的插铣加工过程稳定性研究

插铣过程中切削力系数随切削参数的改变而变化,但在切削力仿真和稳定性边界绘制过程中总假定切削力系数是不变的,这样使得预测结果误差较大。针对上述问题,以冲击式水轮机水斗材料0Cr13不锈钢插铣过程为研究对象,结合修正的插铣力模型,采用正交试验法、平均铣削力法及偏最小二乘法得到随切削参数变化的动态切削力系数模型。对模型系数标准化分析得到影响切削力系数tK、rK和aK大小的最主要因素分别为进给量、径向切宽和进给量。基于动态切削力系数对插铣加工过程切削力及稳定性进行了研究,使用恒定切削力系数、动态切削力系数分别得到切削力仿真与稳定性边界,验证试验结果表明动态切削力系数的仿真精度更高,结果为冲击式水轮机水斗插铣加工工艺优化和刀具设计提供理论支持。     

数控弯管机机构运动学建模与加工过程仿真技术

针对现有数控弯管加工过程仿真方法通用性差的问题,提出一种基于机构运动学模型的数控弯管加工过程仿真方法。在运用多体系统运动学理论对数控弯管机进行机构运动学分析的基础上,建立了描述数控弯管机运动特征和结构参数的信息模型及机构运动学模型,采用Newton-Raphson迭代法对数控弯管机机构运动学方程进行求解,给出了数控弯管机运动和导管动态成形的运动规划算法,实现了任意结构单头数控弯管机的加工过程仿真。最后开发了原型系统,以SWING和VB200HP两种数控弯管机为例对所提方法进行了验证。     

数控弯管机多模复合几何加工过程仿真技术

针对现有数控弯管加工过程仿真系统中模胎、送料方式及弯曲工艺单一等问题,提出一种数控弯管机多模复合几何加工过程仿真方法。首先建立了数控弯管机几何加工过程的Petri网模型,将NC文件划分为3个信息单元,确定了Petri网的初始标识,并建立了9种模胎模型,在此基础上分析了单模与多模、绕弯与推弯、左弯与右弯加工过程中导管动态成形过程,最后基于Petri网对数控弯管加工过程进行了仿真。该方法实现了单模与多模、直送与夹送、绕弯与推弯、左弯与右弯等复合加工过程的仿真,基于该方法开发的软件系统作为某公司生产的多模胎数控弯管机的配套软件,已在企业中得到了工程推广应用,证明了所提方法的有效性和可靠性。     

基于UG NX8.0文字加工技术与应用

介绍UG NX8.0中进行文字雕刻加工、自动编程的方法。通过数控加工实例,重点分析了平面及曲面文字加工过程,以及雕刻加工技术的实现。实际加工证明该方法具有较高的加工效率,且能满足产品要求,广泛用于数控加工领域。     

基于UG的大型水轮机叶片多轴数控加工研究

以UG自动编程软件体系架构为依据,研究大型混流式水轮机叶片多轴数控加工方法。探讨提高叶片加工质量和效率的途径。介绍大型水轮机叶片五轴联动数控加工雕塑曲面编程中涉及到的转轮叶片三维造型、切削仿真、刀具轨迹生成等关键技术。该方案切削力小、加工精度高、成本低,具有一定的参考价值。     

虚拟制造中基于刀具变形的复杂曲面加工误差预报

复杂曲面加工过程中刀具的弹性变形是产生曲面加工误差的重要原始误差。着重研究了虚拟制造环境下基于球面铣刀弹性变形的曲面加工误差预报模型。研究并建立了球面铣刀加工复杂曲面的切削力模型和刀具弹性变形模型,在此基础上,分析了曲面生成机理,提出了利用曲面变形敏感系数建立刀具弹性变形对法向加工误差的影响关系。利用该模型可以在实际切削加工前对曲面加工误差进行预报,用以进行误差补偿或切削参数优化。最后,以二维半圆形拉伸曲面为例通过切削实验对本文提出的模型进行了验证。     

<Emphasis Type="Bold">Prediction of Surface Topomorphy and Roughness in Ball-End Milling</Emphasis>

Milling is today the most effective, productive and flexible-manufacturing method for machining complicated or sculptured surfaces. Ball-end tools are used for machining 3D freeform surfaces for dies, moulds, and various parts, such as aerospace components, etc. Milling data, such as surface topomorphy, surface roughness, non-deformed chip dimensions, cutting force components and dynamic cutting behaviour, are very helpful, especially if they can be accurately produced by means of a simulation program. This paper presents a novel simulation model, the so-called MSN-Milling Software Needle program, which is able to determine the surface produced and the resulting surface roughness, for ball-end milling. The model simulates precisely the tool kinematics and considers the effect of the cutting geometry on the resulting roughness. The accuracy of the simulation model has been thoroughly verified, with the aid of a wide variety of cutting experiments. Many roughness measurements were carried out on workpieces, which were cut using a 5-axis machining centre. The calculated roughness levels were found to be in agreement with the experimental ones. The proposed model has proved to be suitable for determining optimal cutting conditions, when finishing complex surfaces. The software can be easily integrated into various CAD-CAM systems.     

Complexity analysis and calculation for sculptured surface in multi-axis CNC machining based on surface subdivision

Complexity of sculptured surfaces has a great influence on multi-axis computer numerical control (CNC) machining performances such as processing efficiency, surface quality, and energy consumption. A term called surface machining complexity (SMC) is first presented to describe the complexity level of surface geometrical shape features, and its influence on CNC machining performance. Shape features of sculptured surfaces are classified into seven categories based on surface curvature. An innovative method for quantifying SMC using surface subdivision is proposed. Firstly, representation of sculptured surfaces is introduced. Then, three processes of surface subdivision are presented, which are surface discretization based on iso-parameter line sampling, rough partitioning based on surface shape categories, and region grouping based on two criteria. After that calculation, formulas of SMC including formulas of local SMC and global SMC are developed. The proposed formulas utilize three correction factors to describe the influences of surface size, cutter diameter, grouping order, and mode of different surface shape categories. Finally, the proposed method is applied to calculate SMC for a typical sculptured surface and multi-axis CNC machining experiments to demonstrate the ability of our method, which can form a foundation for further research.     

A cutting force model considering influence of radius of curvature for sculptured surface machining

A new cutting force model considering influence of radius of curvature is introduced in this research for sculptured surface machining with ball-end mill. In this model, first the whole cutting region near the cutter contact (CC) point on the sculptured surface is approximated by a spherical surface, and the radius of this spherical surface is used as the radius of curvature at the CC point. Then equations to estimate the cutting forces at a differential element on the cutting edge are established. By obtaining the cutter-workpiece contact areas based on geometries of the cutter and the sculptured surface, the mathematical model for estimating the total cutting forces in different directions is then developed. Experiments have also been conducted to measure the cutting forces considering different radii of curvatures on the sculptured surfaces. The analytically estimated cutting forces match well with the actual cutting forces obtained through experiments.     

Cutting force prediction for ball nose milling of inclined surface

Ball nose milling of complex surfaces is common in the die/mould and aerospace industries. A significant influential factor in complex surface machining by ball nose milling for part accuracy and tool life is the cutting force. There has been little research on cutting force model for ball nose milling on inclined planes. Using such a model ,and by considering the inclination of the tangential plane at the point of contact of the ball nose model, it is possible to predict the cutting force at the particular cutting contact point of the ball nose cutter on a sculptured surface. Hence, this paper presents a cutting force model for ball nose milling on inclined planes for given cutting conditions assuming a fresh or sharp cutter. The development of the cutting force model involves the determination of two associated coefficients: cutting and edge coefficients for a given tool and workpiece combination. A method is proposed for the determination of the coefficients using the inclined plane milling data. The geometry for chip thickness is considered based on inclined surface machining with overlapping of previous pass. The average and maximum cutting forces are considered. These two forces have been observed to be more dominating force-based parameters or features with high correlation with tool wear. The developed cutting force model is verified for various cutting conditions.     

Using rotary contact method for 5-axis convex sculptured surfaces machining

The 5-axis tool positioning strategy named rotary contact method (RCM) for sculptured surfaces machining has been developed in our previous paper (Wengang Fan et al., J Manuf Sci E-T ASME 134(2):021004.1-021004.6, 2012). The RCM finds the optimal tool positions by rotating the tool backward based on the offset surface instead of the design surface, and can generate big machined strip width without gouging. However, the RCM only deals with concave sculptured surfaces machining well at present, and the special property of convex sculptured surfaces machining has not been fully exploited. To resolve this problem, the general convex sculptured surfaces machining using the RCM is implemented in this paper. Firstly, the tool position error distribution for different tool feed directions is deeply investigated. It is concluded that the best tool feed direction is collinear with the maximum direction of curvature, which is completely opposite to the case for concave sculptured surfaces machining. Then the relationship between the key parameters in the RCM and the tool position error distribution as well as the tool path generation is totally discussed. Finally, machining simulation and cutting experiment of a convex sculptured surface example are performed. The results show that the RCM can apparently raise the efficiency of manufacturing process by contrast with the algorithm in the software UG for convex sculptured surfaces machining.     

<Emphasis Type="Bold">Accurate Machining of Freeform Surfaces by Restraining Cutter Contouring Errors</Emphasis>

Machined parts having sculptured surfaces pose challenges in the field of CAD/CAM. Sculptured surfaces are essential in the manufacture of components with curved geometry, which are demanded mostly in the aerospace and die and mould industries. This paper presents an adaptive cutter path restraining method for freeform surface machining and its implementation in milling. The ultimate goal is to achieve high contouring accuracy for sculptured parts machining which is a principal index for the performance evaluation of CNC machines. The proposed method is robust in achieving the desired surface cutting with the capability of satisfying pre-specified tolerance requirements using certain adaptive laws. The given tolerance is measured as the angular deviation by which the generated cutter path differs from the desired path. Since the feedrate is considered to be the most significant cutting parameter, only feedrate variations from 5 mm s^-1 to 30 mm s ^-1 are applied in this system. The tool paths generated with and without the adaptive mechanism are compared. The proposed methodology has been tested on a CNC milling system with an open-architecture controller. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed tolerance feedback mechanism is very effective for producing parts with sculptured surfaces.     

Prediction of cutting force for ball end mill in sculptured surface based on analytic model of CWE and ICCE

Abstract

The force prediction is the precondition of improving equipment utilization ratio and optimizing process for CNC machining. Cutter-workpiece engagement (CWE) and in-cut cutting edge (ICCE) are the keys. In this article, a new analytic method of CWE and ICCE is proposed for ball end milling of sculptured surface and the prediction model of milling force is established. The sculptured surface is discretized into a series of infinitesimal inclined planes corresponding to cutter location points. The geometry relationships of cutter axis, feed direction and inclined plane are defined parametrically. The boundary curves and the boundary inflection points of the CWE are obtained by intersecting spatial standard curved surfaces with rotation transformation of coordinate system. The effective intersection points of the CWE and the cutter edge curve in X_c-Y_ctwo-dimensional plane are the upper and lower boundary points of ICCE. Based on the instantaneous chip thickness considering arbitrary feed direction, the force prediction model for ball end mill of three-axis surface milling is established. Simulation and experiment show that CWE and ICCE calculated by analytic method are well consistent with those of solid method. The predicted cutting forces match well with the measurements both in magnitude and variation trend.     

TOOL PATH SELECTION STRATEGIES FOR COMPLEX SCULPTURED SURFACE MACHINING

High performance machining of complex free form surfaces is very critical in many different industries. In this research, an advanced mathematical model of cutting forces that is based on the kinematics and mechanics of the 3D sculptured surface machining is integrated with CAM packages in order to predict the complex tool-workpiece engagements and machining forces for any tool path. Machined 3D free form topographies and distributions of errors between the desired CAD and machined surfaces are also predicted in advance. Now, an evaluation of different tool path strategies for 3D complex sculptured surfaces can be made. Theoretical simulations of forces and surface topographies for different tool paths are presented and compared with experimental measurements.