基于准正交空时码的最优线性预编码矩阵设计

为了充分利用信道信息改善应用准正交空时分组码的MIMO系统的性能,该文提出了将预编码矩阵和准正交空时分组码相结合的发射机制。信息在经过准正交空时分组码编码后,要经过线性预编码矩阵进行处理,才可以从发射天线发送。文中的预编码矩阵设计利用了MIMO信道的非零均值矩阵和相关矩阵,并采用成对差错概率作为其最优设计准则。仿真结果表明,相对于未经过预编码矩阵的系统,新系统的误码率性能有明显改善。     

一种改进的准正交空时分组码设计方案

基于MIMO天线系统的空时编码技术是改善无线通信性能、提高带限系统数据速率的一种理想选择。但是由于正交空时分组码不能保证数据全速率传输,为此提出一种改进的准正交空时分组码设计方案。该编码方法利用准正交准则,能够保证数据以全速率传输。并在此基础上具体讨论和分析了编码的编、译码算法和误码性能。该编码方法既不降低分集增益也不增加译码复杂度,并且可以获得一定的编码增益。仿真结果表明,这种方法的误比特率无论在低信噪比还是在高信噪比条件下都要优于已有的准正交空时分组码——Jafarkhani码。     

基于随机旋转的准正交空时分组码研究

为了提高准正交空时分组码的性能,该文提出基于随机旋转的准正交空时分组码(Random-rotation QO-STBC)的发射分集方法。这种方法对每个输入信息符号序列进行随机旋转,使准正交空时分组码的符号间干扰(ISI)随机化。仿真结果表明,在41 MIMO QPSK调制系统中,采用最大似然检测方法,当误码率为10-5时,新的发射方案比传统的两种准正交空时分组码误码性能有约4dB的增益;当误码率低于10-4时,RR-J码相比于ST-LCP码,仍表现出0.51dB增益;当SNR高于16dB时,RR-J与CFR具有几乎相同的误码性能。文章讨论了实际系统中随机旋转矩阵数受限情况下性能的损失,仿真结果显示当可用随机旋转矩阵数大于16时,对系统性能的影响可以忽略。     

无线通信系统中的MIMO空时编码技术

在无线通信系统中,对优质、高效宽带服务的要求不断增加。空时编码（STC）的目的是利用多输入多输出（MIMO）天线系统,提高传输质量,降低误码率,并获得较高的编码增益和分集增益,提高系统容量和频谱利用率。较详细地介绍了MIMO无线通信中的三种空时编码方案：分层空时码、空时格形码、空时分组码,对这三种方案进行了性能分析以及比较。     

空时码在Nakagami衰落信道下性能分析

基于Alamouti提出的BPSK调制下空时分组码在Rayleigh衰落信道中的简单分集方案。推导出多发射和多接收天线系统中正交空时分组码在Nakagami衰落信道的BPSK调制下的比特差错率的最小距离球界,并推广到在高阶调制下衰落信道中系统符号差错率的性能。仿真分析和比较了空时分组码的多天线系统中发射和接收天线分集增益,以及信道相关参数的变化对系统误比特性能的影响。     

四发送天线无线通信系统的空时分组编码

介绍了用于四发送天线无线通信系统的完全正交的空时分组码、准正交的空时分组码及利用星座旋转的空时分组码的编译码方案；给出了它们的性能仿真结果，并进行了分析比较；得出了在同等条件下，能同时获得全分集和全速率的空时分组码的性能更优的结论。     

基于天线子集选择算法的DSTBC优化

为进一步提高空时码性能,在信道模型为瑞丽和莱斯慢衰落信道的情况下,文中提出了一种优化差分空时分组码的＂天线子集选择算法＂——假设发射信号为特定的Alamouti正交空时分组码,通过最大化信道参数矩阵F范数的方法,优化了MIMO系统的天线集。仿真结果表明：此方法可降低码元的比特错误率,并且可获得相当客观的分集增益和能量增益。此外,还讨论了该优化方法的适用范围。     

一种新的准正交空时分组码的编码研究

准正交空时分组码可以牺牲一定的分集增益和解码的简单性,来避免当天线数目大于2时正交空时分组码码率下降的缺点。基于准正交空时编码的优点,为了进一步提升性能,提出一种新的4天线准正交空时分组码,并与RS码进行级联编码。仿真表明这种新的编码方法可以保证在复杂度不是很高的前提下,相比Jafarkhani码、TBH码和该广义复正交码具有更低的误码率。     

一种全速率准正交空时分组码

空时分组码是发射分集中的一项新技术。通常的空时分组码采用正交设计，虽可以提供全分集增益，却不能保证全速率传输，造成发射端数据的积压。改进的空时分组码采用准正交设计，能够保证数据以全速率传输，但是其性能在低信噪比时优于正交空时分组码，在高信噪比时反而不如前者。提出一种改进的基于准正交设计的空时分组码。通过仿真表明，在不增加译码复杂度的情况下，其性能不论在低信噪比还是高信噪比时都优于正交设计的空时分组码，从而改善了系统性能。     

空时分组码与线性分组码相结合的MIMO系统

空时分组码能够实现MIMO系统的完全发射分集，但不能实现任何的编码增益。对此，提出了线性分组码与空时分组码级联的MIMO系统，该系统能够同时实现完全发射分集和编码增益。仿真结果表明，在比特误码率为10^-5时，与未进行前向纠错的空时分组码系统相比，该系统能提供了大约2．7dB的编码增益。     

正交空时分组编码系统的信号检测技术

正交空时分担编码（OSTBC）技术可以提高信道容量和误码性能,准静态平坦衰落信道和时变平坦衰落信道下正交空时分组编码率的信号检测技术得到广泛研究。利用正交频分复用技术（OFDM）,研究了时变多径衰落信道下OSTBC-OFDM的信号检测方法,提出了一种能够有效利用无线信道的多径传播效应的发射天线数目等于4的OSTBC信号检测算法,仿真结果表明,发射天线书等于4,接收天线数等于2时,与已有信号检测算法相比,提出的算法有4.5dB性能增益。     

Tight Upper Bound on the Outage Probability of QSTBC

Recently, the statistical properties of the equivalent channel representation of a multiple-input-multiple output (MIMO) system employing rate one quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes (QSTBC) for n _T=2ⁿ, nges2 transmit antennas was characterized. It was shown, that these QSTBC were capable of achieving a significant fraction of the outage mutual information of a MIMO system. In this letter, based on the Minkowski's determinant inequality and the Meijer's G-function we derive an upper bound for the fraction of outage probability achieved with QSTBC for the general case of n_T=2 ⁿ, nges2 transmit antennas. Simulations results show that this bound gets tight for all signal-to-noise-ratios (SNR) values by increasing the number of receive antennas     

Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes with Feedback

In this paper we consider how Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (OSTBC) can be used in the presence of feedback from the receiver to the transmitter. First, we survey how some of the feedback techniques for AWGN channels with fading can be applied to OSTBC. Then we consider a simple scheme with diagonal weighting. The optimal diagonal weighting matrix, which minimizes the probability of error, is derived. The optimal weights depend on the channel and, hence, a feedback becomes necessary. However, the required feedback can be accomplished using log₂ (n _t) bits, where n _t is the number of transmit antennas. Simulations show that relatively significant gains can be achieved with the diagonal weighting scheme. In a practical system it is quite possible that the bits that are fed back to the transmitter are in error. In that case we show that there will be a loss of diversity. To overcome this loss, we develop weighting schemes that are error tolerant and always perform better than the unweighted OSTBC (even in the presence of feedback errors).     

MIMO系统中空时分组编码的信道容量

在多输入多输出（MIMO）系统中，建立空时分组编码模型，在分析瑞利衰落下正交空时分组码接收信噪比的基础上，得到了正交空时分组编码信遗容量的表达式，并采用数值计算的方法对其进行分析论述，得出在接收天线数一定的情况下，增加发送天线数所能得到的信道容量的上界。同时，分析证明，在发送天线数一定时，正交空时分组编码信道容量随接收天线数的增加而增加。在接收天线数一定时，信遗容量也随着发送天线数的增加而增加，但当发送天线数增加到一定数量时容量的增加就变得不十分明显。     

Capacity Analysis for Transmit Antenna Selection Using Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes

Antenna selection for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) where only a subset of antennas at the transmitter and/or receiver are activated for signal transmission is a practical technique for the realization of full diversity. Despite extensive research, closed-form capacity expressions for MIMO systems employing transmit antenna selection (TAS) and orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs) are not available. We thus derive the exact closed-form capacity expressions when an OSTBC is employed and N transmit antennas out of total L_t antennas are selected for transmission. The expressions are valid for a frequency-flat Rayleigh fading MIMO channel and avoid numerical integration methods     

On the Blind Identifiability of Orthogonal Space–Time Block Codes From Second-Order Statistics

In this paper, the conditions for blind identifiability from second-order statistics (SOS) of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels under orthogonal space-time block coded (OSTBC) transmissions are studied. The main contribution of the paper consists in the proof that, assuming more than one receive antenna, any OSTBC with a transmission rate higher than a given threshold, which is inversely proportional to the number of transmit antennas, permits the blind identification of the MIMO channel from SOS. Additionally, it has been proven that any real OSTBC with an odd number of transmit antennas is identifiable, and that any OSTBC transmitting an odd number of real symbols permits the blind identification of the MIMO channel regardless of the number of receive antennas, which extends previous identifiability results and suggests that any nonidentifiable OSTBC can be made identifiable by slightly reducing its code rate. The implications of these theoretical results include the explanation of previous simulation examples and, from a practical point of view, they show that the only nonidentifiable OSTBCs with practical interest are the Alamouti codes and the real square orthogonal design with four transmit antennas. Simulation examples and further discussion are also provided.     

一种正交空时分组码盲识别方法

由于正交空时分组码(OSTBC)编码矩阵具有正交特性,可得正交空时分组码的虚拟信道矩阵的相关矩阵为对角矩阵。根据此原理,文中提出相关矩阵的非主对角元素能量与主对角元素能量之比的特征参数和基于此特征参数的正交空时分组码识别方法;同时利用最小描述长度(MDL)准则估计出信号子空间维数,即每组发射信号所含符号数。仿真结果表明,在不同发射天线数和接收天线数下,所提出的识别方法都具有较好的识别性能;符号数的估计性能与正确识别概率具有相同的变化规律。     

MIMO系统中简单的扩展空时块编码分集技术研究

本文提出一种多输入多输出（MIMO）天线系统中简单的扩展空时块编码（SSTBC）分集技术，采用沃尔什码来区分各天线发送数据子流。采用这种方法，在系统带宽一定时，不降低发送信息速率，同时接收机简单。不同天线的发送信息经过了所有收一发天线对之间的空间子信道，获得了所有路径的部分空间分集增益，仿真结果表明，这种增益的获得不受限于接收分集阶数，并且随发射天线的增加以一定的线性关系增加。     

Adaptive Channel‐Matched Extended Alamouti Space‐Time Code Exploiting Partial Feedback

Since the publication of Alamouti's famous space‐time block code, various quasi‐orthogonal space‐time block codes (QSTBC) for multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) fading channels for more than two transmit antennas have been proposed. It has been shown that these codes cannot achieve full diversity at full rate. In this paper, we present a simple feedback scheme for rich scattering (flat Rayleigh fading) MIMO channels that improves the coding gain and diversity of a QSTBC for 2ⁿ (n = 3, 4,…) transmit antennas. The relevant channel state information is sent back from the receiver to the transmitter quantized to one or two bits per code block. In this way, signal transmission with an improved coding gain and diversity near to the maximum diversity order is achieved. Such high diversity can be exploited with either a maximum‐likelihood receiver or low‐complexity zero‐forcing receiver.     

Stacked OSTBC: Error Performance and Rate Analysis

It is well known that the Alamouti scheme is the only space-time code from orthogonal designs achieving the capacity of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication system with n_T=2 transmit antennas and n_R=1 receive antenna. In this paper, we propose the n-times stacked Alamouti scheme for n_T=2n transmit antennas and show that this scheme achieves the capacity in the case of n_R=1 receive antenna. This result may regarded as an extension of the Alamouti case. For the more general case of more than one receive antenna, we show that if the number of transmit antennas is higher than the number of receive antennas, we achieve a high portion of the capacity with this scheme. Further, we show that the MIMO capacity is at most twice the rate achieved with the proposed scheme for all signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We derive lower and upper bounds for the rate achieved with this scheme and compare it with upper and lower bounds for the capacity. In addition to the capacity analysis based on the assumption of a coherent channel, we analyze the error rate performance of the stacked orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC) with the optimal maximum-likelihood (ML) detector and with the suboptimal lattice-reduction (LR)-aided zero-forcing detector. We compare the error rate performance of the stacked OSTBC with spatial multiplexing (SM) and full-diversity achieving schemes. Finally, we illustrate the theoretical results by numerical simulations.