巨型水电站采用垫层蜗壳的分析与探讨

以某巨型水电站的蜗壳组合结构系统(由钢板、座环、固定导叶、垫层及外围混凝土所构成)为研究对象,取蜗壳进口包含一个完整固定导叶在内的扇形区域作为循环结构的基本有限元模型,考虑钢衬和混凝土间的滑动摩擦接触性质,重点从应力和变形特性对垫层蜗壳各典型方案进行了优化分析和探讨。研究表明,对于复杂的蜗壳组合结构有限元分析,从计算代价和计算精度来讲,循环结构模型是全三维模型较为合理的替代;适当选取垫层变形模量、厚度和铺设范围,垫层蜗壳可以应用于巨型实际工程。     

导叶不同开度下抽水蓄能机组水轮机工况内流特性分析

为了解抽蓄机组水轮机工况下活动导叶不同开度下的内流特性,以某抽水蓄能电站水泵水轮机为研究对象,基于SST k-ω湍流模型,进行活动导叶不同开度下全流道三维非定常数值模拟和分析,探讨活动导叶开度对过流部件内部流场的影响.结果表明:随着导叶开度的增加,水泵水轮机的流量增大,转轮力矩增大但增幅降低,效率先增大后降低.蜗壳整体上的压力沿周向分布比较均匀,从蜗壳进口到蜗壳出口均匀降低,水力损失较小;固定导叶形状及安放角与活动导叶搭配影响较大,小开度和大开度工况下活动导叶和固定导叶进口处水力损失大;压力变化线与进出口是否平行影响转轮内部流态,中开度转轮叶片做功最好;小开度工况下易产生偏心涡带,降低机组效率,不利于尾水管能量的回收,中开度工况下尾水管流态最好.研究结论对抽水蓄能机组运行提供了理论参考.     

新型可调向心涡轮增压器导叶调节机构设计

针对目前可调向心涡轮增压器导叶调节机构存在的问题,提出了一种安装于涡轮壳体上的增压器导叶调节机构设计方案.该新方案取消了传统增压器调节机构中的定距套(或喷嘴座)结构,利用3个钝头气动叶型固定导叶来控制喷嘴环的宽度,固定导叶的安装角与增压器设计工况点相适应.新设计方案拟减小蜗壳或导叶流道中由于特定结构所导致的局部扰动,降低其流动损失,提高涡轮效率.所设计的增压器导叶调节机构安装于涡轮壳体的排气端,中间体部分不需要做任何结构上的改动,给工程应用带来便利.对新设计方案、喷嘴座结构方案和定距套结构方案进行了相同工况的数值计算,通过分别对比效率和蜗壳出口气流角周向分布,从理论上验证了设计方案的可行性.     

固液两相流对离心泵压力脉动特性的影响

为了研究含沙水流下径向式导叶离心泵内的压力脉动变化规律,采用大涡模拟和Mixture多相流模型相结合的数值模拟方法,并结合SIMPLEC算法,对输送固液两相流介质的径向式导叶离心泵进行了全流道三维非定常数值计算,并在叶轮与导叶交接面及蜗壳出口段处,将固液两相介质与清水介质时的计算结果进行对比分析。数值计算结果表明,离旋转轴越远处压力脉动幅值越小;导叶与蜗壳内叶频是压力脉动主要频率,且在1倍叶频处最大;导叶内压力脉动幅值均大于蜗壳内,且随着颗粒粒径的增大,压力脉动幅值逐渐减小;蜗壳隔舌处的压力脉动幅值大于蜗壳其他部位;在叶轮与导叶交接面处,清水介质时压力脉动幅值大于固液两相介质时,固液两相介质时脉动波形滞后于清水介质时0.003 5 s;蜗壳出口段,固液两相时压力脉动幅值均大于清水时。     

卡门涡诱发的固定导叶裂纹问题的诊断与分析

针对200 MW机组固定导叶严重裂纹情况,通过诊断试验和数值计算对固定导叶裂纹产生原因进行诊断分析,查明了固定导叶裂纹产生的原因为卡门涡激振频率与固定导叶基频重合,形成频率共振,并提出了处理意见,为解决卡门涡诱发的固定导叶裂纹问题提供依据。     

高水头抽水蓄能电站球阀与导叶联动的关闭规律研究

针对高水头抽水蓄能电站机组甩负荷问题,以某抽水蓄能电站为例,采用导叶直线关闭规律及球阀与导叶联动的关闭规律进行探讨,并基于水泵水轮机全特性曲线进行数值模拟.结果表明,该规律能有效削减机组流量和蜗壳压力的第2峰值,最大值仍发生于第1波峰,而第1峰值则取决导叶初始(第1段)的关闭速度.     

不对称二重叶栅对水轮机性能影响的探讨

对某水电站D75—35型水轮机的蜗壳、固定导叶、活动导叶内部的流动进行了解析计算，结果表明：受固定导叶不对称分布的影响，固定导叶和活动导叶内部的压力和速度分布不均匀，尾流较为明显，能量损失较大；压力和速度的脉动变化以及不均匀分布进一步延伸至转轮，将会造成转轮运行的不稳定，进而影响整个水轮机组的稳定运行。     

水轮机导水部件流场的研究

采用数值分析与模型实验相结合的方法,对水轮机导水部件双列环列叶栅流场进行了分析研究。表明采用边界元法对水轮机双列环列叶栅流场进行预估与筛选是行之有效的。建立了水轮机固定导叶与活动导叶相对安放位置的关系式。得到了在清水和含沙水条件下两种活动导叶与固定导叶的最佳相对安放位置和流场的不同特性。     

涡轮增压器进/排气蜗壳结构优化与性能分析

为了分析涡轮增压器涡轮部件进/排气蜗壳对涡轮级性能的影响及相互作用机理,提高涡轮效率,采用数值模拟的方法对涡轮增压器中的进/排气蜗壳进行优化设计,提出进气蜗壳和排气蜗壳的优化方案,并与涡轮整机联合运算,对比分析涡轮整机的性能。结果表明:进气蜗壳主要对静叶10%叶高的来流攻角产生影响,优化方案可为涡轮提供更好的进口条件,排气蜗壳主要对动叶尾缘的载荷分布产生影响,优化方案可以增加涡轮的做功能力,进/排气蜗壳的优化设计可使整机总静效率提高1.19%。     

水轮机导叶关闭过程的探讨研究

为了充分揭示水轮机导叶不同关闭过程对水轮机甩负荷过渡过程的影响,选择导叶两段关闭规律,针对第一段关闭时间、第二段关闭时间和导叶位置拐点开度,探讨这3个关键参数对机组转速变化和蜗壳水压力变化的影响,对工程实例进行计算分析,得出了导叶两段关闭过程的规律并进行了优化。合理的水轮机导叶两段关闭过程可以有效的解决机组甩负荷时转速升高和蜗壳水压上升这一矛盾,从而更有利于提高水电站运行的稳定性和安全性。     

Transient numerical analysis of rotor–stator interaction in a Francis turbine

Pressure fluctuation due to rotor–stator interaction and occurrence of vortex rope in draft tube at partial load operation are obvious phenomena in Francis type reaction hydro turbines. These hydrodynamic effects are important issues and should be addressed during the design of hydraulic machines. A 3-dimensional transient state turbulent flow simulation in the entire flow passage of a 70 kW-Francis turbine having specific speed of 203.1 is conducted to investigate the rotor–stator interaction by adopting kω based SST turbulence model. The commercial 3D Navier–Stokes CFD solver Ansys-CFX is utilized to study the flow through this vertical shaft Francis turbine in its stationary and transient passages, at 100% optimum load and 72% of part load. The investigated turbine consists of a spiral casing with 16 guide vanes, 8 stay vanes, a runner with 13 blades and a draft tube. With a time step of 2° of a rotational period of the runner for 10 full rotations, the time dependent pressure and torque variations are monitored at the selected locations during the unsteady state calculation. A periodical behavior is observed for the pressure distribution in guide vanes, runner blades and torque in the runner blades. The pressure distribution curve in runner blades reveals the two dominating frequencies – the lower peaks due to runner speed and the upper peaks corresponding to the number of guide vanes interacting with the flow. The flow acceleration toward inside of the runner is depicted by the expanding wakes behind the stay vanes. Vortex rope is observed in draft tube, downstream the runner, at part-load operation.     

基于CFD的轴流泵后置导叶水力性能分析

为了解轴流泵后置导叶的水力性能,基于RNG湍流模型,采用计算流体动力学CFD软件Fluent,应用SIMPLIEC算法对轴流泵模型装置全流道进行了数值模拟,分析了四种不同流量下导叶体的内部流动特性,研究了导叶的水力性能。结果表明,导叶的水力损失随流量的增加先减小后增大;在设计流量处导叶水力损失最小,导叶压力转换能力最好;小流量下叶轮进出口处水流流态紊乱,导叶流道内出现漩涡回流,是导致导叶水力损失较大的主要原因;大流量下叶轮出口水流轴向速度较大,水流导叶进口边撞击将导致导叶体水力损失增加,水力性能下降。     

基于气液两相的导叶对液力透平内部流动规律的影响

为了研究气液两相条件下导叶对液力透平内部流动特性的影响,现选取比转速为55.7的离心泵反转作为液力透平,并在液力透平叶轮进口添加一组负曲率导叶,设计出含导叶的水力模型,研究含气工况下导叶对液力透平性能的影响。研究发现:添加导叶前蜗壳和叶轮流道内压力分布和气相分布不均匀,且含气率越高均匀性越差,过流部件内流动较为紊乱,蜗壳和叶轮流道内出现了旋涡;添加导叶后,在较高含气率工况下叶轮流道内压力分布相对均匀且混合介质的流动情况得到改善,水力损失减少;添加导叶后透平最优效率点的值要高于未添加导叶的最优效率点的值,但随着含气率的提高,添加导叶的液力透平效率比未添加导叶的透平效率下降快。     

Performance of Wells Turbine with Guide Vanes for Wave Energy Conversion

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Study of the simultaneous effects of secondary flow and sediment erosion in Francis turbines

Sediment erosion of the hydropower turbine components is one of the key challenges due to the constituent of hard particles in the rivers of Himalayas and Andes. In the case of Francis turbines, previous studies show that the erosion is mostly observed around stay vanes, guide vanes and runner blades. Depending upon the type of flow phenomena in particular regions and operating conditions, the sediment particles having certain geometric and material properties create distinct erosion patterns on those regions. The flow phenomena in Francis turbines are highly unsteady, especially around guide vanes and runner. The unsteadiness arises in the form of leakage through clearance gap, horseshoe vortex, rotor-stator-interaction and turbulences supported by high velocity and acceleration. The erosion on the other hand deteriorates the surface morphology, aggravating the flow. Based on a thorough literature survey, this paper explains the simultaneous nature of the two effects, which in combined, contributes to more losses, vibrations, fatigue problems and failure of the turbine. It also discusses some of the research endeavors to minimize the combined effect by controlling either the erosion or the secondary flow in the turbine. This review paper emphasizes the need of understanding the relationship between the two phenomena and techniques of how the combined effect can be predicted as well as minimized.     

Computed effect of guide vane shape on performance of impulse turbine for wave energy conversion

This paper deals with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis on effect of guide vane shape on performance of impulse turbine for wave energy conversion. Initially, experiments have been conducted on the impulse turbine to validate the present CFD method and to analyse the aerodynamics in rotor and guide vanes, which demonstrates the necessity to improve the guide vanes shape. The results showed that the downstream guide vanes make considerable total pressure drop leads low performance of the turbine and hence three‐dimensional (3‐D) inlet and downstream guide vanes have been designed based on well‐known vortex theory to improve the efficiency of the turbine. In order to prove the improvement in efficiency due to 3‐D guide vanes, CFD analysis has been made on impulse turbine with 2‐D and 3‐D guide vanes for various flow coefficients. As a result, it is seen that the present CFD model can predict the experimental values with reasonable accuracy. Also, it is showed from the numerical results that the efficiency of the turbine can be improved by average of 4.5 percentage points by incorporating 3‐D guide vanes instead of 2‐D guide vanes. The physical reason for improvement in efficiency of the turbine due to 3‐D guide vanes has been explained with the CFD flow insight pictures. As the turbine operates in fluctuating flow conditions, the performance of the turbine with 2‐D and 3‐D guide vanes have been calculated numerically using quasi‐steady analysis. Furthermore, the performance of the turbine has been predicted for one year based on Irish wave climate to show the feasibility of using 3‐D guide vanes in actual sea wave conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impulse Turbine with 3D Guide Vanes for Wave Energy Conversion

In this study, in order to achieve further improvement of the performance of an impulse turbine with fixed guide vanes for wave energy conversion, the effect of guide vane shape on the performance was investigated by experiment. The investigation was performed by model testing under steady flow condition. As a result, it was found that the efficiency of the turbine with 3D guide vanes are slightly superior to that of the turbine with 2D guide vanes because of the increase of torque by means of 3D guide vane, though pressure drop across the turbine for the 3D case is slightly higher than that for the 2D case.     

带可调进口导叶离心压缩机的性能分析

以数值模拟的方式对某带可调进口导叶的离心压缩机级内部流动进行了分析研究。对计算得到的性能曲线及相对速度矢量图的分析表明，进口导叶正旋绕时性能曲线向小流量区移动，负旋绕时向大流量区移动；经最高效率点进入小流量区后效率下降较快；在进口导叶大安装角情况下，在大的流量范围内导叶区域均存在显著分离，大流量时短叶片吸力面前部有回流区，小流量时长叶片吸力面上发生分离。