Effect of linseed oil on fatty acid composition of low- and very low density lipoproteins, cholesterol and its fractions in the blood serum of albino rats]

The authors studied the influence of linseed oil, and mixtures of linseed and sunflower oils, in varying ratios, on the levels of cholesterol, low- and very low-density lipoproteins, high-density cholesterol, free and esterified cholesterol, and on the fatty-acid composition of low- and very low-density lipoproteins. In experiments on Wistar white rats linseed oil decreased cholesterol concentration, and the levels of low- and very low-density lipoproteins, as well as affected the fatty-acid composition of lipoproteins.     

Variability in oil content and fatty acid composition of Ethiopian and introduced cultivars of linseed

This study was undertaken to assess the variability in oil content, oil yield and fatty acid composition of 60 linseed cultivars and to identify suitable accessions for use in future breeding and development endeavours in Ethiopia. Mean oil contents ranged from 291 to 359 g kg^?1, while oil yields varied between 1443 and 3276 g m^?2. Exotic introductions, especially those from Canada such as CDC‐VG, had higher oil contents than the local cultivars. Thus the introduction of exotic materials should be given more emphasis through germplasm exchange programmes. Unsaturated fatty acids were the major components in the oils, varying significantly (P < 0.01) from 859 to 906 g kg^?1, while minor saturated fatty acids were present at 84–119 g kg^?1. The contents of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were 148–293, 109–161 and 470–591 g kg^?1 respectively. Although accessions with variable linolenic acid contents were identified, this variability was insufficient to develop genotypes with less than 20 g kg^?1 linolenic acid for cooking oil through conventional crossing and selection methods. Hence mutation techniques and the introduction of exotic lines should be regarded as alternative approaches to obtain linseed genotypes with low linolenic acid contents. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Milk fatty acid composition of grazing dairy cows when supplemented with linseed oil

The effects of varying amounts of linseed oil (LSO) in grazing dairy cows’ diet on milk conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) were investigated in this study. Twelve Holstein cows in midlactation (150 ± 19 DIM) were placed on alfalfa-based pasture and assigned to 4 treatments using a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 3-wk periods. Treatments were: 1) control grain supplement; 2) control grain supplement containing 170 g of LSO (LSO1); 3) control grain supplement containing 340 g of LSO (LSO2); and 4) control grain supplement containing 510 g of LSO (LSO3). Grain supplements were offered at 7 kg/d. Additional 100 g/d of algae, divided evenly between the 2 feeding times, were added to every treatment diet. Milk samples were collected during the last 3 d of each period and analyzed for chemical and fatty acid composition. Treatments had no effect on milk production (18.9, 18.5, 19.6, and 19.1 kg/d for treatments 1 to 4, respectively). Linseed oil supplementation caused a quadratic increase in milk fat (3.23, 3.44, 3.35, and 3.27% for treatments 1 to 4, respectively) and protein (3.03, 3.19, 3.12, and 3.08%) contents. Concentrations (g/100 g of fatty acids) of milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA (1.12, 1.18, 1.39, and 1.65 for treatments 1 to 4, respectively) and VA (3.39, 3.62, 4.25, and 4.89) linearly increased with LSO supplementations. Results from this trial suggest that the increase in milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA was proportional to the amounts of LSO fed. In conclusion, adding LSO to grazing dairy cow diets can improve the nutritional value of milk without compromising milk composition or cow performance.     

The effect of maternal linseed supplementation and/or lamb linseed supplementation on muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue fatty acid composition of indoor lambs

Eighty eight lambs were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement 1) to investigate the effect of maternal dietary linseed supplementation and/or lamb linseed supplemented concentrate on growth performance, carcass fat quality and fatty acid (FA) composition of muscle and dorsal adipose tissue of indoor lambs 2) to study the relationships between subcutaneous fat quality and FA composition. Feeding linseed to ewes increased C18:3 n-3 (ALA) proportion in milk and therefore the ALA supply to suckling lambs. However, ALA and n-3 polyunsaturated FA (n-3 PUFA) proportions in lamb tissues were not affected. Feeding linseed to lambs during the post-weaning period significantly increased the proportions of ALA and n-3 PUFA in tissues. Softer and more colored fat was associated with a decrease in even medium-chain saturated FA and increases in odd and methyl FA proportions but not with ALA proportion in subcutaneous adipose tissue.     

Effect of a diet enriched in whole linseed and sunflower oil on goat milk fatty acid composition and conjugated linoleic acid isomer profile

The aim of the present research was to study changes in milk composition and fatty acid profile, specifically conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and its isomers, in goat milk as affected by dietary supplementation of sun-flower oil and whole linseed (0.81 and 1.84% of dry matter on basal diet, respectively) and to assess the persistency of the response. To achieve this objective, bulk milk from a herd and from 6 individual dairy goats fed a diet supplemented with sunflower oil and whole linseed was monitored for a period of 3 mo. Gas chromatography and silver ion HPLC were used to analyze total CLA content and the isomeric profile of these fatty acids, respectively. The contents of α-linolenic acid increased from 0.35% with the reference diet to 0.62% with the supplemented diet. Similarly, CLA milk content increased from 0.46 to 1.18%. The same pattern was also observed for trans-11 C18:1 (1.38 to 4.05%, respectively) in goat milk after 3 mo of lipid supplementation. In contrast, changes in other trans C18:1 isomers were less remarkable. There was a strong linear correlation between cis-9, trans-11 C18:2, the main CLA isomer, and trans-11 C18:1 under the conditions assayed and their concentration remained stable throughout the duration of the study. Levels of the minor CLA isomers were also enhanced as a consequence of lipid supplementation. The most remarkable increases were observed for 11-13 (trans-trans and trans-cis geometric isomers), whereas trans-7, cis-9 (the second most important CLA isomer from a quantitative point of view) and trans-10, cis-12 increased only slightly with lipid supplementation.     

The fatty acid composition of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed oil

Analysis of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed oil from different seed collections (or cultivars), representing different growing areas, showed differences in the fatty acid pattern, especially with respect to linoleic (30.1-37.45%) and epoxyoleic (trace to 5.3%). The results showed different values from those previously reported for the cyclopropenoid fatty acid, found to be malvalic acid (0.4-2.0%), responsible for the positive Halphen response of the oil. It is now also established that the oil contains dihydrosterculic acid (1.0-1.6%) which has been reported previously in other species of the genus Hibiscus. The results of the rest of fatty acids showed ranges for myristic 0.2-0.5%, palmitic 17.4-22.6%, stearic 3.9-5.2% and oleic acid 34.6-39.8%.     

Effect of alimentary alpha-tocopherol deficiency on the fatty acid composition of phospholipids in the subcellular membranes of the liver cells and high density lipoproteins in the blood plasma

In experiments on rats a positive correlation was demonstrated between the changes in the fatty-acid composition of hepatocytic intracellular membrane phospholipids and blood plasma high density lipoproteins. The data obtained evidence the existence in the blood of several mechanisms of alpha-tocopherol deficiency action on hepatocytic phospholipids and blood plasma protein-lipid complexes.     

白果油的提取及脂肪酸组成分析

以白果为原料,用索氏提取和超临界萃取(SFE)两种方法从中提油,比较了不同提取方法对油得率的影响,测定了索氏提取油的理化特性,用气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法分别测定两种方法提取油的脂肪酸组成和VE的含量。结果表明,与常规植物油脂理化指标相比,白果油比重偏高,碘值较大,说明白果油不饱和程度较高;气相色谱分析结果表明两种方法提取的白果油中均含有多种不饱和脂肪酸,且不饱和脂肪酸含量均大于91%,而其中亚油酸和油酸的总含量均大于75%,索氏提取和超临界萃取的油中VE的含量分别为670 mg/kg和610 mg/kg。     

Effects of soybean oil and linseed oil on fatty acid compositions of muscle lipids and cooked pork flavour

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary oil on the fatty acid compositions of the longissimus and biceps brachii muscles and its effects on cooked muscles flavour. Seventy-two crossbred barrows (Duroc×Landrace×Large White), were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to one of three treatments. The three dietary treatments were: (a) no oil supplement (CON); (b) 3% soybean oil supplement (SO3); (c) 3% linseed oil supplement (LO3). Dietary linseed oil and soybean oil significantly increased the contents of C18:3 and C18:2 in the neutral lipids and phospholipids in both longissimus muscle and biceps brachii muscle, respectively. Aroma compounds analysis indicated only few aroma compounds were affected significantly by dietary oil in both cooked longissimus muscle and biceps brachii muscle. The flavour attributes of cooked longissimus muscle and biceps brachii muscle were not influenced by feeding 3% soybean oil. Feeding 3% linseed oil did not deleteriously affect the flavour of cooked longissimus muscle but cooked biceps brachii muscle from LO3 had significantly lower pork flavour and higher abnormal flavour than CON and SO3.     

五倍子油脂肪酸组成分析

以五倍子为原料,采用索氏法提取五倍子油,通过化学方法测定五倍子油常规理化性质,并用气相色谱仪分析五倍子油脂肪酸组成。试验结果表明,五倍子油索氏提取得率为0.72%;经气相色谱分析,五倍子油含有8种脂肪酸组分:月桂酸37.4%、肉豆蔻酸23.3%、棕榈酸13.9%、亚油酸13.9%、亚麻酸4.4%、油酸3.9%、硬脂酸2.2%,表明五倍子油是一种良好药用植物油。     

贮藏过程中胡麻油主要脂肪酸含量及组成变化

利用气相色谱法分析胡麻油中主要脂肪酸的组成及含量,并采用加速氧化法对胡麻油在贮藏过程中主要脂肪酸含量和过氧化值的变化进行分析。结果表明:胡麻油的主要脂肪酸有亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸,其中亚麻酸含量为53.6%;随贮藏时间的延长,胡麻油各不饱和脂肪酸含量下降,且下降程度随不饱和度的增大而增大,过氧化值降低,饱和脂肪酸含量基本不变。     

The effect of genotype and roasting on the fatty acid composition of peanuts

The impact of two factors, genotype (G) and treatment (raw or roasted peanut) (T), on the chemical composition of peanuts was studied using a chemometric method and Tukey's test. The peanut genotypes evaluated were cultivar cavalo vermelho (CCV), cultivar cavalo rosa (CCR) and cultivar tatu (CTA), in both raw and roasted states. The total lipid contents in the CTA and CCR peanuts were 40 and 45%, respectively. These values did not vary significantly (P < 0.05) after roasting. CCV had the greatest total lipid content, but it decreased significantly after roasting (from 50% to 45%). The variation in the percentage of lipids in the CCV and CCR genotypes was not significant, in contrast to the CTA genotype. The fatty acid (FA) 18:1n−9 predominated in the CCR and CCV samples (50%), without any difference between their raw genotypes. The values for FA 18:1n−9 were lower in the CTA peanut (40%). The second most abundant FA was 18:2n−6 (CCV = 28%, CTA = 38% and CCR = 25%), followed by 16:0 (CCV and CCR = 16% and CTA = 11%). The other FAs found in the peanuts were 18:0, 20:0, 22:0, 24:0, 20:1n−9 and 18:3n−3. The contents of FAs 18:1n−9, 16:0, 20:0, and 20:1n−9 suffered significant reduction after roasting in all genotypes. ANOVA analysis of the influence of the main factors indicated that the contribution of the T variable for the majority of responses was low, being between 0.2 and 13%, except for FAs 16:0 and 18:3n−3 and for the saturated FA summations, which were 38, 60 and 22%, respectively. There was a significant contribution from the G factor for all responses, with values between 17 and 99%. The contribution of the interaction between the T and G factors was greater for the responses n6/n3 (56.6%) and for the FA 16:0 (23%). The other responses had values between 0.02 and 14%.     

谷子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

对谷子的基本组成和谷子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明,谷子中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总糖和淀粉含量分别为13.9%、5.6%、66.5%和63.7%。谷子油的酸值(KOH)为11.9 mg/g,碘值(I)为132.9 g/100 g,过氧化值为30.9 mmol/kg,皂化值(KOH)为194.4 mg/g,不皂化物含量为2.73%。谷子油主要由10种脂肪酸组成,其中饱和脂肪酸含量占16.81%,主要为棕榈酸(7.87%)、硬脂酸(6.17%)和花生酸(2.03%);不饱和脂肪酸含量达83.26%,其中以亚油酸含量(65.30%)最高,其次为油酸(14.20%)和亚麻酸(2.93%)。因此,谷子油是一种极具开发价值的营养保健油脂。     

山核桃油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

主要分析了山核桃油的理化性质和脂肪酸组成。结果表明,山核桃仁粗脂肪含量为68.81%,酸值(KOH)、过氧化值、皂化值(KOH)、碘值(I)分别为3.10 mg/g、2.43 mmol/kg、195.9mg/g、105.9 g/100 g。山核桃油主要由5种脂肪酸组成,其中油酸、亚油酸含量分别为66.12%、21.81%。山核桃油Sn-2位脂肪酸主要由油酸、亚油酸组成,其含量分别为73.51%、23.90%;山核桃油甘三酯组成中OOO含量最高,为28.65%。用Rancimat法测定山核桃油的氧化稳定性,并推测出在25℃和20℃条件下,山核桃油货架寿命分别是0.41年和0.61年。     

鸵鸟油理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

采用索氏提取法提取了在陕西养殖的鸵鸟油,室温分离得到液体油和固体脂.采用化学方法和气相色谱仪测定了两者常规理化指标和脂肪酸组成.结果表明,鸵鸟液体油和固体脂除碘值外其他理化指标稍有不同,其中脂肪酸组成及含量也有差异.液体油主要含有棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸等,不饱和脂肪酸含量为63.96%,其中油酸含量最高,达到42.23%;固体脂主要含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸等,饱和脂肪酸含量为55.93%,其中棕榈酸含量最高,为45.23%.     

The effect of palm oil or canola oil on feedlot performance,plasma and tissue fatty acid profile and meat quality in goats

Twenty-four entire male Kacang kid goats were fed diets containing 3% canola (n = 12) or palm oil (n = 12) supplements for 16 weeks. The goats had an initial live weight of 14.2 ± 1.46 kg and were fed a mixed ration ad libitum (10.4 MJ/ME and 14% crude protein). There was no difference in feedlot performance due to diet. Inclusion of canola oil reduced (P < 0.05) kidney fat weight and increased (P < 0.05) linolenic acid (18:3n − 3) concentration in the blood plasma, m. longissimus lumborum (LL), liver, and kidney. The palm oil diet increased (P < 0.05) myristic (14:0) and palmitic (16:0) acid content in the blood, but this did not alter these fatty acids in the LL muscle. Lipid oxidative substances in the liver and LL from palm oil fed kids were higher (P < 0.05) than those from canola supplemented kids. The incorporation of canola oil into the goats' diet increased muscle omega-3 fatty acid content, but lipid oxidation was lowered in the blood and muscle LL.     

The effect of fermentation on carbohydrate and fatty acid composition of African oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla)

The effect of fermentation of African oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla) on chemical composition was studied. The samples were analysed for carbohydrates and fatty acids using gas-liquid chromatography. There was an increase in the pH, titratable acidity, soluble nitrogen and soluble solids during a 4-day fermentation. Trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of carbohydrates extracted from the samples showed good chromatographic separations giving clear and defined peaks for each sugar. Sucrose and the flatus-forming oligosaccharides, stachyose, verbascose and raffinose were the predominant carbohydrates, with lower contents of monosaccharides in the unfermented sample. Fructose, galactose, glucose and some unidentified monosaccharides were predominant in the fermented sample. Fermentation considerably reduced or eliminated the sucrose and the flatus-forming oligosaccharides. Fermentation did not have much effect on the fatty acid composition except for a very slight reduction in the total saturated fatty acids and an increase in the total unsaturated fatty acids.     

Effects of feeding different linseed sources on omasal fatty acid flows and fatty acid profiles of plasma and milk fat in lactating dairy cows

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of feeding different linseed sources on omasal fatty acid (FA) flows, and plasma and milk FA profiles in dairy cows. Four ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a 4×4 Latin square design. Dietary treatments consisted of supplementing crushed linseed (CL), extruded whole linseed (EL), formaldehyde-treated linseed oil (FL) and linseed oil in combination with marine algae rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DL). Each period in the Latin square design lasted 21 d, with the first 16 d for adaptation. Omasal flow was estimated by the omasal sampling technique using Cr-EDTA, Yb-acetate, and acid detergent lignin as digesta flow markers. The average DM intake was 20.6 ± 2.5 kg/d, C18:3n-3 intake was 341 ± 51 g/d, and milk yield was 32.0 ± 4.6 kg/d. Milk fat yield was lower for the DL treatment (0.96 kg/d) compared with the other linseed treatments (CL, 1.36 kg/d; EL, 1.49 kg/d; FL, 1.54 kg/d). Omasal flow of C18:3n-3 was higher and C18:3n-3 biohydrogenation was lower for the EL treatment (33.8 g/d; 90.9%) compared with the CL (21.8 g/d; 94.0%), FL (15.5 g/d; 95.4%), and DL (4.6 g/d; 98.5%) treatments, whereas whole-tract digestibility of crude fat was lower for the EL treatment (64.8%) compared with the CL (71.3%), FL (78.5%), and DL (80.4%) treatments. The proportion of C18:3n-3 (g/100 g of FA) was higher for the FL treatment compared with the other treatments in plasma triacylglycerols (FL, 3.60; CL, 1.22; EL, 1.35; DL, 1.12) and milk fat (FL, 3.19; CL, 0.87; EL, 0.83; DL, 0.46). Omasal flow and proportion of C18:0 in plasma and milk fat were lower, whereas omasal flow and proportions of biohydrogenation intermediates in plasma and milk fat were higher for the DL treatment compared with the other linseed treatments. The results demonstrate that feeding EL did not result in a higher C18:3n-3 proportion in plasma and milk fat despite the higher omasal C18:3n-3 flow. This was related to the decreased total-tract digestibility of crude fat. Feeding FL resulted in a higher C18:3n-3 proportion in plasma and milk fat, although the omasal C18:3n-3 flow was similar or lower than for the CL and EL treatment, respectively. Feeding DL inhibited biohydrogenation of trans-11,cis-15-C18:2 to C18:0, as indicated by the increased omasal flows and proportions of biohydrogenation intermediates in plasma and milk fat.     

基于核磁共振技术对亚麻籽油进行脂肪酸组成检测与品质鉴别

采用核磁共振(NMR)技术对山西省内生产的亚麻籽油进行脂肪酸组成检测及品质鉴别。首先运用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法确认纯亚麻籽油和掺杂亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成的差异;然后通过核磁共振谱仪确认差异核磁共振氢谱（1H NMR）和碳谱（13C NMR）的特征峰,以快速判别亚麻籽油是否掺杂;最后,采用1H NMR法计算亚麻籽油中的脂肪酸含量,并与国标GC法进行对比。结果表明：与纯亚麻籽油相比,掺杂亚麻籽油中含有花生一烯酸和芥酸;通过花生一烯酸和芥酸1H NMR和13C NMR特征峰可以定性鉴别亚麻籽油是否掺杂;采用1H NMR法计算的亚麻籽油中亚麻酸含量与GC法一致。说明基于NMR技术对亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成进行检测,可以快速鉴别亚麻籽油品质。