利用电容层析成像法测量气力输送中的煤粉流量

采用电容层析成像技术(ECT),对常温下气力输送的固体(如煤粉)浓度、速度和质量流量进行了测试研究.为克服电容传感器敏感场的不均匀对成像造成的影响,实验系统中利用旋风分离作用将固体颗粒集中在近壁面区域,传感器电极布置在分离器直管上.浓度分布采用单层电容传感器,速度分布采用双层电容传感器得出相关信号.由测得的速度及体积分数通过计算得出质量流量.测量结果与称重法测试结果吻合,证明电容层析成像法可获得可靠的测量结果.     

转子偏摆在动平衡试验中的考虑

电涡流非接触式位移传感器测量的是传感器与转轴表面之间的间隙,其测到的振动信号是实际的轴振信号与转子偏摆值之和,如果直接采用原始信号进行动平衡试验,其结果将受到很大的影响.采用数值计算方法,结合目前现场普遍采用的动平衡影响系数法,详细地推导和阐述了转子偏摆对动平衡试验的影响.     

双弯管法固相质量流量测量误差的标定

采用弯管流量传感器测量固相质量流量时,固相质量流量与其影响因素之间存在着复杂的非线性关系,这给固相流量的测量带来困难。在双弯管法基础上对其进行优化,利用小波神经网络对实验数据进行训练,给出了固相质量流量与综合流量系数β的复杂非线性关系,并对实验数据进行预测。预测结果与实验结果吻合较好,最终误差不超过5%,实现了对测量误差的标定。     

自动化发动机气道试验台的测控研制

传统的发动机气道试验台是手动调节气门升程及阀门,并手工记录数据,这样容易造成人们疲劳导致测量数据不精确。新研制的气道试验台通过上位机,数据采集模块及传感器完成试验数据采集;通过上位机控制可编程控制器,实现满升程全自动调节气门升程及电动阀门。试验操作方便,数据重复性较好。     

基于动量法的喷油规律特性研究

动量法测喷油规律的基本原理是通过测量油束与压力传感器表面的冲击力,利用动量定理计算传感器表面处的油束流量,进而由质量守恒定律推导出喷孔处的流量。实验在高压油泵试验台上进行,以EFSMIQ单次喷射仪为喷油控制核心,通过压电传感器测量传感器距喷孔距离及喷油压力不同时的喷雾油束的冲击力信号,得到动量法的测量结果,再将所测得的喷油规律与相同条件下Bosch长管仪的测量结果相对比,动量法与Bosch长管法测量结果相近。     

机组振摆保护系统在某蓄能电站的应用

为提高抽水蓄能机组的运行安全,某蓄能电站在每台机组上配置了机组振摆保护系统。本文重点介绍了某蓄能电站机组振摆保护系统的配置、振动测量和评价标准、振动传感器的选型及振摆保护可靠性措施,可为其他抽水蓄能电站和常规水电站实施机组振摆保护提供借鉴作用。     

惯性式位移传感器测量不平衡相位的修正

由于转子直径和重量均很大且制造安装工艺复杂,大型水电机组很容易出现动不平衡现象,从而造成机组振动与主轴摆度过大,威胁机组的安全稳定运行。因此,大型水电机组在启动调试阶段常需开展动平衡试验。动平衡试验中常用惯性式位移传感器测量上机架振动,惯性式位移传感器由于其固有特性,其直接测量出的不平衡相位需要修正。本文对不平衡相位的求取、惯性式位移传感器的特性及不平衡相位修正方法进行了论述,可为水电机组动平衡试验或状态监测系统获取实际不平衡相位提供参考。     

转速检定装置校准磁电式传感器测量低转速性能的改进

蒸汽轮机和燃气轮机等旋转机械的转速是一个极为重要的参数.磁电式传感器在旋转系统测量时具有抗干扰能力强、不受测试现场空气污染影响、温度压力变化小、油污及光线对采集数据无影响等优点,因此被广泛应用.而在校验磁电式传感器过程中,低转速测量普遍存在误差大,测量准确度保证不了技术要求.针对这一实际问题.提出了一种在确保齿轮重量不超过负荷的前提下,通过优化轮盘齿厚度的方法来提高测量准确度,实践验证了该方法是行之有效的.通过可靠性监测数据结果表明,改进后的转速测量准确度符合技术指标要求,产品质量得到充分验证和技术保障.     

摩托车机油泵性能试验台

二冲程摩托车的C.C.I系统是一种对曲轴箱和气缸强制注射润滑的先进润滑系统。其关键部件机油泵的性能试验,需要在多种转速、背压和油温的情况下,测量0.05～5ml/min的微小流量。但目前可用于此的微小流量传感器尚未问世。作者专门研制的“微流量发讯器”,较实用地解决了这一问题。本试验台的核心部分——机油泵性能测量     

TK402型柱塞式机油泵性能试验台

1 试验台的性能特点 二冲程摩托车柱塞式机油泵的性能试验,需要在多种转速、背压和油温的情况下,精确测量小至0.05～5ml/min的微小流量。但时至今日,能精确、快速测量如此微小流量的“传感器”尚未问世。1992年中国内燃机学会测试技术年会期间展示的专利技术微小流量传感器,其测量下限也只能达到2ml/min,而且只适用于粘度较小的汽油、轻柴油。有鉴于此,1993年下半年起,山东省内燃机研究所就济南轻骑发动机厂合作,开始了基于微量量管和光电技术的“微流量发讯器”以及整个性能试验台的研制工作,     

汽油机爆震信号测量与应用分析

结合发动机爆震控制,进行了爆震传感器幅频特性测量与发动机爆震信号的实时测量;对爆震信号进行了时域与频域分析;根据频谱分析结果 ,进行了爆震临界电平计算;同时对发动机发生爆震时的性能进行了分析,为爆震控制提供了依据,介绍了试验系统、试验方法、试验结果、数据处理方法以及所得结论。     

A novel practical state of charge estimation method: an adaptive improved ampere-hour method based on composite correction factor

The research of the real-time state of charge (SOC) estimation method for lithium-ion battery is developing towards the trend of model diversification and algorithm complexity. However, due to the limitation of computing ability in the actual battery management system, the traditional ampere-hour (Ah) method is still widely used. First, temperature, charge-discharge current, and battery aging are considered as the main factors, which affect the estimation accuracy of the Ah method under the condition that detection accuracy of the current sensor is determined. Second, the relationship between the SOC and battery open-circuit voltage at different temperatures is analyzed, which is used to modify the initial SOC. Third, the influence mechanism of main factors on the effect of the Ah method is analyzed, and proposes a capacity composite correction factor to reflect the influence of charge-discharge efficiency, coulomb efficiency, and battery aging comprehensively, and then update its value in real-time. Lastly, the adaptive improved Ah formula and the complete SOC estimation model is designed, and the estimation effect of this model is verified by comparing with other SOC estimation methods in the experiment of dynamic cycle test. The results show that the estimation error of the adaptive improved method is less than 2% under two comprehensive working conditions, while the error of the traditional method is 5% to 10%, and compared with an extended kalman filter algorithm, it also gets a better SOC estimation performance, which proves that this method is scientific and effective.     

A proposed scheme for coal fired combined cycle and its concise performance

For IGCC, the primary investment is too high due to the demand of high gasification efficiency. For PFBCC, the thermal efficiency is too low due to the relatively low turbine inlet temperature and the hot working medium of the gas turbine is not easy to clean. A new scheme is proposed for coal fired combined cycle to overcome the main drawbacks of IGCC and PFBCC. The research targets are developing a new cycle construction of coal fired combines cycle to raise the efficiency and reduce the primary investment. Actually, the new scheme is a synthesis of some existing proposals. It adopts partial gasification to reduce the primary investment of the gasification equipment. The un-gasified surplus solid is then feed to a pressurized fluidized bed boiler, but adopting Curtiss Wright type external combustion to lower the ash content in the working medium. The gas fuel from the partial gasifier is combusted in a top combustor to further increase the working medium temperature. An extremely concise performance estimation method for the new scheme and its equations is proposed in order to easily understand the basic physical meaning of the new system. Some typical calculations based on this concise method are given. Then, a more detailed computation is accomplished with Aspen Plus code. The basic feasibility of this scheme is proven to be favorable. The efficiency is higher than the existing coal fired IGCC plants. The advantage of the new scheme comes from the better utilization of coal energy. Almost all the energy of coal is first utilized in the top cycle, and then the bottom cycle, just like the gas fueled combined cycle does. The primary investment is lower than the ordinary IGCC due to the lack of air separation unit and the adoption of partial gasification. The ash content is much lower than that of the existing PFBCC plants. If no any harmful ash in working medium is required, the atmospheric fluidized bed can be applied rather than the pressurized fluidized bed. A similar proposal with atmospheric fluidized bed and its performance estimation are also given. However, its efficiency will be lower than the pressurized fluidized bed scheme.     

Analysis of a Coal Fired Combined Cycle with Carried—Heat Gasification

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双支腿循环流化床炉膛翻床条件与防止控制试验研究

在双支腿循环流化床冷态试验台上进行了床料平衡试验,得到不同流化参数下风量和床压的动态曲线,基于并行流道阻力特性分析,提出双支腿炉膛翻床条件的预测方法,并模拟了控制逻辑对翻床的控制效果.结果表明:当流化风量大于临界翻床风量时,双支腿炉膛处于自平衡区,两侧炉膛的流化风量和床压的瞬时偏差能够相互纠正,两侧床料处于动态平衡;当流化风量小于临界翻床风量时,将发生翻床现象;临界翻床风量随着静止床料高度的增加而减小;采用调整风门开度的方法解决翻床问题存在局限性,床料平衡的首要策略是使双支腿系统处于自平衡状态运行.     

渣油加氢技术进展

在重质原油加工利用上,加氢路线较脱碳路线的重油转化深度高、资源利用率高、经济效益好,但反应条件苛刻,流程复杂,能耗与投资比脱碳路线高。随着原油劣质化及日益严格的环保要求,渣油加工选择加氢路线会越来越多。固定床加氢工艺是通过不同床层的不同类型催化剂,对重油中的金属杂原子和硫、氮元素进行脱除以及对重组分进行改质,技术最为成熟。目前移动床加氢技术主要用作固定床工艺的前置反应器系统,是移动床与固定床的组合工艺。沸腾床加氢裂化原料油适应性广,反应器内温度均匀,催化剂可在线加入和排除,运行周期长,传质传热好,渣油转化率高,装置操作灵活。渣油悬浮床加氢裂化在建装置不多,然而其渣油原料转化率和轻油收率都比延迟焦化和沸腾床加氢裂化高得多,工业应用前景乐观。当渣油原料Ni+V小于120μg/g时,固定床渣油加氢是首选;为延长装置运转周期,可在固定床反应器前增加移动床反应器;加工高残炭、高金属含量减压渣油,沸腾床渣油加氢裂化技术是首选;悬浮床渣油加氢裂化为未来加工更重、更高金属含量及残炭的渣油做好了技术准备。     

广州造船龙门起重机安全监控管理系统检验情况

本文简要回顾了2011年以来我国政府要求大型起重机械加装安全监控管理系统的历程,重点介绍了广州造船龙门起重机安全监控管理系统的检验及传感器类型、工作时间和扫描周期、联锁保护、起重综合误差试验,视频信息系统的检验方法。     

基于非接触式静电传感阵列的二维流化床气泡参数测量

实现流化床内气泡参数实时在线测量与表征,对深入了解流化床内气固流动特性以及反应过程调控具有重要意义。本文提出一种非接触静电传感阵列的气泡参数测量方法,通过静电传感器结合互相关法测量气泡上升速度,进一步利用气泡流经传感器的时间差,可获得气泡直径。开发了非接触式多路检测系统,并在二维流化床上开展了气泡特性实验研究。结果表明：静电传感器阵列结合互相关技术可实现在流化床内气泡上升速度、直径的同时测量;不同工况下,二维流化床中气泡的流动特性基本满足Davidson半经验公式,气泡的上升速度与流化风速及气泡直径的平方根成线性关系。非接触静电传感阵列对气泡流动不产生干扰,在表征流化床内部气泡流动特性具有重要的工程应用价值。     

300 MW CFB锅炉煤种适应性和节能降耗试验研究

广东粤电云河发电有限公司配套SG-1036/17.5-M4506型循环流化床（CFB）锅炉,投运后存在一些问题,通过燃烧调整试验,取得了良好的效果.锅炉整体床温水平降低、厂用电率降低,锅炉效率提高,运行经济性显著提高,同时延长了锅炉安全稳定运行周期.     

Adsorption heat pump modeling: the thermal wave process with local equilibrium

This paper describes a model for a thermal-wave adsorption heat pump cycle. Local equilibrium is assumed, providing the asymptotic best-case performance. The model is utilized to examine the performance of adsorption refrigeration cycles powered by low temperature waste heat sources of 373–393 K. The impact of varying system temperatures, bed cycling frequency, valve positioning, and sectioning of the bed are examined. Cycle coefficients of performance (COPs) were greater than 1.2 for the base case of a 393 K heat source, 303 K condenser temperature, and 278 K evaporator temperature for a cycle utilizing a water/NaX zeolite adsorbate/adsorbent pair. As an effect of the small temperature changes during the cycle, for some regions of the bed, the loading change was opposite of that expected; i.e., from the start to the end of the entire heating process some portions of the bed experienced loading increases. The location of the inlet/outlet valves in the bed was found to have an impact on the shape of the temperature and loading fronts. The introduction of partitions within the bed was found to have only a small impact on the performance of the cycle for the temperatures examined, with sections of the bed undergoing pressurization in a non-sequential order.