浅析边水(水淹)稠油油藏火驱机理及试验初期生产特征

J91块为一典型互层状边水水淹稠油油藏,水淹情况复杂,大幅提高采收率难。分析不同类型水淹油层分布特点及规律,验证"强水淹层段"中仍以未水淹及弱水淹层为主的典型特征。在试验过程中,认识水淹油藏火驱开发机理,分析燃烧区带分布特点,跟踪评价先导实验实施效果。初步验证了边水(水淹)稠油油藏火驱开发的可行性,为同类油藏的转换开发方式提供技术支撑。     

八面河油田边水稠油油藏热采开发实践与认识

对边水稠油油藏进行蒸汽吞吐降压开采过程中,会出现因油藏压力下降导致边水推进、水淹区含水急剧上升、水侵范围不断扩大,影响热采效果等问题,通过对该类油藏开发特点的研究,了解边水稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐特点,以采取针对性的措施,有助于提高该类油藏的开发水平。     

边底水稠油油藏水淹规律研究与应用

锦91块为活跃的边底水稠油油藏,采用蒸汽吞吐降压开采方式,边水不断侵入,造成油层纵向动用不均、平面大面积油井水淹,机械堵水和化学堵水等措施效果变差,低产低效井持续增加。通过精细油藏地质研究,结合油井动态监测技术,对锦91东部于Ⅰ组重水淹区水淹规律进行研究,总结出剩余油分布特征,采用配套挖潜技术,取得了良好的应用效果。     

氮气泡沫抑制稠油油藏边水技术现场应用研究

本文针对河南油田稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐过程中边水侵入造成油井周期含水上升较快的问题,在氮气泡沫调剖技术应用基础上,开展了氮气泡沫抑制边水技术研究与应用。研究目的是通过对稠油油藏水侵区储层特征、水侵规律和剩余油分布规律的认识,结合油藏地质和生产动态分析不同井区、不同油水关系和不同井况水侵类型,特别是对强水侵区提出了在注蒸汽时采用氮气泡沫调剖的抑制水侵治理对策,并进行了相应的工艺研究。包括适应性强的高温发泡剂筛选,施工工艺优化以及注入参数设计。通过对边底水稠油油藏氮气泡沫辅助吞吐技术技术的研究和应用,达到了抑制边水侵入、降低产出液含水、提高吞吐开发效果的目的。     

胜坨油田胜二区东二段稠油热采的实践

胜坨油田胜二区东二段稠油油藏原油粘度较高,平均6439mPa.s,油井单井产能低,截至2004年底,累计产油18.05×104t,采出程度3.93%,油藏基本满足蒸汽热采的条件。为探讨区块注汽热采的可能性,2008年选取了位于构造中、高部的4口油井,进行热采试验,单井产量显著提高,获得了理想的开发效果和良好的经济效益,充分说明了本块稠油油藏适合蒸汽吞吐生产,为区块下部高速开发指明了方向,也为类似区块的开发,提供了借鉴经验。     

小型稠油边水油藏合理产液量校正方法

稠油边水油藏开发过程中,由于油水粘度比高,边水极易突进,造成油井水淹,产量下降;且低油价环境下,小型稠油油藏增产措施的实施具有很大局限性,优化采液速度经济、有效的控制边水推进,改善油藏开发效果;本文通过传统配液技术与数值模拟技术相结合,对小型稠油边水油藏合理产液量的开发效果及影响因素进行研究,对传统配产方法进行合理校正,优化单井产量,延缓边水突进速度,改善小型稠油边水油藏开发效果。     

应用水平侧钻技术挖潜欢127西块水淹区剩余油

欢127西块兴隆台油藏,随着区块采出程度的增加,受边底水双重影响,现已进入高吞吐轮次、高含水阶段,综合含水率达到92%以上,且大部分油井已水淹关井,区块开发进入快速递减阶段,为进一步提高区块采收率,通过加强水淹规律研究,结合单井采出程度及水性资料分析,查找剩余油分布规律,利用水平定向侧钻技术成功实现了水淹区剩余油挖潜,为区块的下步稳产奠定了坚实基础。     

断块油藏油水运动特征分析

Q油藏为稠油油藏,进入高含水后期开发以后,部分区块层系注采系统不适应的矛盾越来越严重。针对高含水后期油水运动的主要特点,进行油水运动分析研究。其油水运动规律基本上有3种类型：边水、底水和注入水运动。分析结论为边水满足不了油藏开采的需要;生产过程中底水锥进特点比较明显;注水后油井普遍见效造成油层过早水淹。针对这种状况,采取补孔、防砂、卡堵水、转抽等措施,取得了良好效果,为同类油藏提供经验借鉴。     

水平井蒸汽吞吐技术在东胜稠油油藏中的应用

东胜稠油油藏剩余可采储量大,采出程度低,自然递减率高,水平井蒸汽吞吐技术是稠油油藏开发的主要开发方式之一。通过前期地质研究和区块优选,四个稠油油藏区块实施的水平井蒸汽吞吐措施初期效果良好,采油速度和采出程度显著提高,表明水平井蒸汽吞吐技术在是有效动用该稠油油藏的开发方式。     

新浅45区块吞吐后期综合治理建议

新浅45区块油藏属于浅薄层稠油油藏,目前已进入高周期吞吐阶段,汽窜程度加剧,高吞吐周期油井生产效果变差,低部位油井受边水影响,后备层不足,措施挖潜余地小,为改善区块吞吐效果,对高周期吞吐井进行返层生产,对汽窜严重的井区加大措施调剖力度,作好汽驱前期准备,为抑制边水推进速度采取短周期注汽和氮汽泡沫调剖。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。