提升管内气粒流动行为的数值模拟

采用描述密相湍流气粒流动规律的k-ε-kp-εp-Θ双流体模型对不同尺度和操作条件下的提升管内的定常流动进行了计算流体力学数值模拟，获取了各种工况下有关颗粒速度、体积分率和质量流率分布等宏观流动行为的大量信息，并与相应条件下的实验数据取得了较好的吻合。此外还通过对大量模拟数据的分析获得了提升管内宏观流动规律的综合图像。该模型描述了密相湍流气粒流动规律，预测出了描述单颗粒脉动能大小的颗粒拟温度田和表征颗粒在介观尺度上脉动大小的颗粒湍动能江在床内的分布。分析表明：不同流动参数对颗粒在微观和介观尺度上的脉动有不同程度的影响；固含率对颗粒相的脉动行为和颗粒的质量扩散行为有重要的影响。     

基于OpenFOAM模拟精馏塔板的气液流动

本研究对筛孔型精馏塔板上的空气-水两相流进行了模拟，模拟方法采用基于开源软件平台OpenFOAM的双流体模型框架。模拟体系选用Solari-Bell经典实验体系，研究了不同操作条件下的气液两相流动参数，包括清液层高度、气相速度、液相速度和塔板压降等，模拟结果与实验结果的变化趋势基本一致。基于CFD模拟结果，分析了不同工况下塔内气液两相速度场与气含率分布等流动参数，结果表明本工作可以较好地捕捉塔板上的气液流动特征。进一步地，讨论了应用OpenFOAM模拟精馏塔内气液两相流动的若干影响因素，在此基础上分析了气液错流体系相间曳力对模拟结果的影响，实现了与使用商业软件模拟结果相接近的预测效果，验证了使用OpenFOAM模拟精馏塔体系的可行性。     

液固循环流化床中颗粒轴向速度的实验研究

利用超声多普勒测速仪实验测量了液固循环流化床中不同径向位置处颗粒瞬态轴向速度，研究了其概率密度分布特征。采用瞬态速度的标准偏差衡量瞬态速度的波动程度，考察了不同操作形式下的颗粒时均轴向速度的径向分布以及表观液速和颗粒循环速率等操作条件对速度波动程度和速度均衡径向分布的影响，利用相间作用力对两种分布的特点进行了机理分析，并对液固和气固循环流化床中颗粒的流动行为进行了比较。     

90°弯管流动加速腐蚀的实验和数值模拟

针对超\超超临界机组给水、疏水系统的流动加速腐蚀（FAC）问题,采用了实验和数值模拟相结合的方法来分析90°弯管的腐蚀情况。实验中,利用电化学方法测得不同入口速度下弯管的FAC速率,并对实验数据分析;利用数值模拟的方法,计算出不同入口速度下弯管的流场;最后,基于M.I.T模型,在常温条件下简化90°弯管的FAC模型,结合场协同理论从流体动力学角度分析了弯管不同位置的FAC分布的特点及影响因素,得出在沿流动方向上传质系数越高,指向截面中心的径向速度越大,弯管FAC速率越大。     

90°弯管流动加速腐蚀的实验和数值模拟

针对超\超超临界机组给水、疏水系统的流动加速腐蚀(FAC)问题,采用了实验和数值模拟相结合的方法来分析90°弯管的腐蚀情况。实验中,利用电化学方法测得不同入口速度下弯管的FAC速率,并对实验数据分析;利用数值模拟的方法,计算出不同入口速度下弯管的流场;最后,基于M.I.T模型,在常温条件下简化90°弯管的FAC模型,结合场协同理论从流体动力学角度分析了弯管不同位置的FAC分布的特点及影响因素,得出在沿流动方向上传质系数越高,指向截面中心的径向速度越大,弯管FAC速率越大。     

基于阶跃射流的撞击流反应器流场动态特性分析

利用实验与数值模拟方法对动态阶跃型撞击流反应器流场特性进行研究,分析不同入口速度条件下流体流动规律、湍流特性以及能量水平。结果表明,动态阶跃型入口条件下,撞击面在两喷嘴之间周期性移动,流动参数也会发生周期性变化。随着入口平均速率的增大,驻点速度逐渐增大;随着两喷嘴入口速率差的增加,撞击面移动速度加快,撞击区流体湍流强度逐渐增加;随着入口平均速率与入口速率差的增大,XOZ平面在一个周期内的平均湍动能逐渐减小。对比动态撞击流反应器与稳态撞击流反应器内流场特性,探究动态入口条件对撞击流反应器流场特性的影响。结果表明,动态阶跃撞击流反应器湍流黏度、湍流强度和湍动能等参数均明显高于稳态撞击流反应器,撞击轴线上的湍动能梯度分布大于稳态撞击流反应器。动态入口条件下撞击流反应器流体湍动更剧烈,能量水平更高,有利于增加流场内流体扰动与促进混合。     

空气钻井环空气固两相流三维数值模拟

应用CFD软件对空气钻井环空气固两相流动进行数值模拟研究。模拟结果显示,不同入口速度条件下,压强分布的趋势基本一致,气体入口速度越大,压强速率变化越快;在斜井中,空气和岩屑的速度分布并不均匀,环空区域明显大于近壁面区域,最大流速发生在井筒环空区域上部,当气体流速与岩屑速度接近时,携岩效果并不理想;井筒内岩屑浓度的分布并不相同,环空区域岩屑的平均浓度明显大于近壁面处。     

G-LISR不同气相入口流速对流场特性的影响

为了提高气液撞击流反应器(G-LISR)的混合性能,找到合适气相入口速度的操作参数,采用ANSYS Workbench中的Geometry模块,基于欧拉·拉格朗日法建立G-LISR气液两相流动数学模型。在加速管对置距离为400mm,液相入口速度为5m/s,三种不同的气相入口速度(10,15,20m/s)条件下,用数值模拟软件Fluent分析模拟出了不同气相入口流速下反应器内流场的分布特征。模拟结果表明:随着气相入口初始流速的增大,反应器内湍流强度有所增加,在压力波动最为剧烈的撞击面中心点处,压力急剧增大。增大气相初始流速,将降低反应器中的液滴的浓度分布,减少了液相在反应器中的停留时间。从能量损耗和气液两相在反应器中的混合效果来看,气相初始流速不宜过大,10m/s为较佳。     

基于CFD的固定式节流阀内部流体仿真模拟研究

本文采用CFD方法对实际使用中的固定式节流阀内部流场进行仿真模拟,研究其节流过程中流体的流动特性,对保障节流阀正常工作的可靠性和安全性具有重要的意义。文章通过RNGk-ε模型研究不同压力条件下阀内压力、速度、流态的变化规律,揭示了节流过程中的阻塞流效应：当入口压力固定,出口压力约为50MPa时,产生阻塞流,此时出口压力下降,流量依旧保持平稳。当出口压力固定,入口压力约为70MPa时,产生阻塞流,流量随着入口压力的增加而增加,但增加的速率比一般流动状态下慢。本次研究为气井生产过程中固定式节流阀通径的选择提供参考。     

基于层流状态下圆柱绕流的Bernoulli方程验证方法

使用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,模拟均匀来流绕固定圆柱的流动,在定常条件下,模拟不同入口速度下的绕流流动,得到流场的流函数等值线图和速度压强云图,通过圆柱周围的流场分布对Bernoulli方程进行验证。由Bernoulli方程可知,位能、压能、动能之和为一个常数,因此在任意一条流线上位能、压能、动能之和为一个稳定的常数范围,即可证明Bernoulli方程成立。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。