石榴石的品种及鉴定

本文通过对比不同品种石榴石的常规宝石学特征和红外光谱特征,以期找到一种可以快速区别不同品种石榴石的方法。结果表明,铝系列和钙系列石榴石之间的区别较为简单:铝系列一般为暖色系的红色、橙色等,而钙系列一般为冷色系列的绿色;铝系列石榴石B带频率一般高于870cm-1,且常缺少D带,而钙系列石榴石B带频率一般低于870cm-1,而且一般具有D带。钙系列中钙铝榴石、钙铁榴石由于完全类质同相混溶较少,通过折射率和红外光谱也可以较好区别:钙铝榴石折射率一般小于1.78,钙铁榴石折射率一般大于1.78;钙铝榴石的红外光谱B带一般在864cm-1左右,而钙铁榴石的B带一般在837cm-1左右。铝系列中镁铝榴石、铁铝榴石、锰铝石榴石由于相互混溶现象普遍,需要综合颜色、折射率和红外光谱特征才能进行准确的判定。     

燃情岁月 生辰指路

石榴石族、五彩缤纷：具有多色的品种，多具美丽耀眼绿色。石榴石是较美的一种．是透明的钙铝榴石，其清澈是一种纯洁的象征。上品为铬钒钙榴石称特察沃石，比祖母绿更显得明亮。铬钒钙榴石折光率比祖母绿高．前者1．74．后者1．572-1．593．是一种友谊、纯洁、幸福的象征。红色石榴石(镁铝榴石)．为美国西南部特产的铬萤镁铝榴石．以前从未见过这种鲜红的深厚的色彩．一般的折光率1．74-1．75，很早就受到人们喜爱。     

赞比亚紫红色—棕红色石榴石的宝石学特征

赞比亚Magodi矿区是紫红色-棕红色石榴石的新产地,目前关于该产地的研究较少。通过常规宝石学测试、电子探针、拉曼光谱和紫外-可见吸收光谱测试对赞比亚的紫红色-棕红色石榴石进行了系统的研究。赞比亚紫红色-棕红色石榴石的折射率约为1.750～1.772,相对密度约为3.77～3.92;属于铁铝-镁铝榴石系列,含有少量钙铝榴石、锰铝榴石等;具有种类丰富的内含物,包括自形-半自形的透明晶体包裹体、浑圆状熔蚀包裹体、密集的短棒状和粒状包裹体、平行排列的长针状包裹体、"指纹状"的愈合裂隙等,拉曼光谱表明矿物包裹体以金红石、锆石和锐钛矿为主。紫外-可见吸收光谱显示,赞比亚紫红色-棕红色石榴石吸收峰主要与Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)和Mn~(2+)离子d-d轨道的跃迁有关,含量较多的Fe~(2+)在黄绿光区产生了最主要的吸收,反衬出红光区和蓝紫光区较高的透过率,一部分样品呈紫红色的色调,另一部分样品在368、425 nm处(与Fe~(3+)有关的峰位)产生了更强的吸收,蓝紫光的透过减少,样品偏向棕红色调;Mn~(2+)含量较低,吸收较弱,对石榴石颜色的影响不显著。赞比亚石榴石的化学成分、吸收光谱和内含物等特征可作为产地溯源的依据,也可为其矿床成因、地质背景等研究提供参考。     

红外吸收光谱特征对石榴石种属及颜色成因的指示——以一颗黄色石榴石为例

采用红外吸收光谱(FTIR)对1颗未知种属的黄色石榴石进行了深入研究,研究结果表明,可通过石榴石特征的A、B、C谱峰区分钙系石榴石和铝系石榴石,继而通过D谱峰确定石榴石的具体种属。黄色石榴石红外吸收光谱的A谱峰、B谱峰、C谱峰分别为962、862、842 cm~(-1),说明该样品为钙系石榴石中的钙铝榴石。根据钙铝榴石D谱峰的波数(D=611 cm~(-1)),可获得Y位中的Al/(Fe+Al)质量分数比值为0.843,与EPMA的分析结果较为接近[Al/(Fe+Al)≈0.813]。Y位中Fe~(3+)的存在是黄色钙铝榴石致色的主要原因,也正是Y位中Fe~(3+)对Al~(3+)的部分类质同像替代,使得黄色钙铝榴石的紫外-可见吸收光谱中出现435 nm和581 nm的吸收峰,以及相对密度和折射率处于钙铝榴石端元和钙铁榴石端元之间。研究进一步证实,红外光谱可作为石榴石种属鉴别及颜色成因判断的快速有效的方法。     

金弘『流丹溢彩』石榴石系列

<正>近日,金弘珠宝"流丹溢彩"石榴石系列全新上市,正式开启顶级石榴石在中国彩宝领域的终端市场。据悉,石榴石是一月生辰石,有助于美容养颜、保健祈福,所以也被称为"女人石"。石榴石分为铝系和钙系两大类六个小类,分别为镁铝榴石、铁铝榴石、锰铝榴石、钙铁榴石、钙铝榴石、钙铬榴石。那么,金弘珠宝"流丹溢彩"石榴石系列究竟用的是哪一种石榴石呢?答案是来自马达加斯加和莫桑比克的紫红色铁镁铝榴石!它又被称为玫瑰榴石(Rhodolite),英文源自希腊文,意为"玫瑰"。其化学成分为红榴石及铁铝石榴子石的同晶混杂,     

石榴石

<正>石榴石“榴枝婀娜榴实繁,榴膜轻明榴子鲜”,石榴石之名,形象地刻画出石榴石像“石榴籽”一样鲜润晶莹的外观特征。石榴石英文名称garnet源自拉丁文granatum。石榴石拥有非常庞大的家族,摩氏硬度为7～8,根据化学组分上的差异性,划分为主要呈红色调的铝系列（镁铝榴石、铁铝榴石和锰铝榴石）和主要呈绿色调的钙系列（钙铝榴石、钙铁榴石和钙铬榴石）。石榴石在世界各地分布较广,主要产地有巴西、斯里兰卡、加拿大、美国、南非、缅甸、坦桑尼亚、肯尼亚、印度和中国等。     

山西娄烦石榴石的特征及其成因

石榴石是山西娄烦吕粱群变质岩系中广泛出现的特征矿物，赋存原岩为泥砂质和富铝的泥质岩类。对石榴石进行了电子探针成分分析及相关计算以阐明其成分与变质温度、压力问的关系。结果表明，石榴石成分的变化有一定的规律性。利用地质温度计估算变质温度和压力，结果表明，随着变质温度和压力的升高，石榴石成分中钙铝榴石、锰铝榴石的摩尔分数降低，而铁铝榴石和镁铝榴石的摩尔分数升高。这种变化规律是由于在不同的压力条件下，石榴石晶体结构中二价阳离子处于八面体配位时离子配位半径的不同引起的。     

非彩色背景对铝系列紫色—红色系石榴石颜色的影响

选取34颗紫色—红色系石榴石,采用紫外—可见光分光光度计、X射线荧光光谱仪、爱色丽分光光度计、Munsell中性灰色背景对样品进行观察与测试。经测试确定了此次实验所选取的紫色—红色系石榴石均属于铁铝榴石和镁铝榴石之间的过渡品种;紫外可见光光谱显示,Cr导致了红区692nm处的吸收,Fe导致了黄区575nm强吸收带、绿区527nm和蓝区504nm弱吸收带。基于CIE 1976 L~*a~*b~*均匀色空间,依次转换Munsell非彩色背景N1—N9,研究不同明度的非彩色背景对石榴石颜色三要素的影响,发现随着非彩色背景明度的升高,石榴石颜色的明度和彩度均逐渐升高。方差分析结果表明,不同明度的非彩色背景对石榴石颜色的明度、彩度有极显著影响,对色调角没有显著影响。采用K-means快速聚类,将石榴石按色调角划分为三类,在转换N1—N4背景时,色调角降低,转换N5—N9背景时色调角升高,向红色、橙色区转移。为使石榴石展现更高的明度和彩度,可将石榴石放置于高明度的背景环境中。     

石榴石族宝石矿物的产状和成因

石榴石族宝石矿物中的钙系石或由接触交代作用产于钙质夕卡岩中,如桂榴石,沙弗来石,或由气化热液对超基性岩体交代以蚀变产物出现,如黄榴石,翠榴石,铝系石榴石或由区域变质作用产于结晶片岩中,随变质程度的加深由绿征岩的锰铝榴石向角闪岩相中的铁铝榴石至麻粒岩相中的红榴石,镁铝榴石过渡,或由岩浆结晶作用作为岩体原始矿物产出,如镁铝榴石呈班晶见于超基性侵入岩和喷出岩中,铁铝榴石呈斑晶见于中,酸性喷出岩和次火山岩中,或由伟晶作用而产于花岗伟晶岩内,其中早期以结晶作用为主的伟晶岩中为铁铝榴石,晚期以交代作用为主的伟晶岩中的锰铝榴石,依据其产状,钙系石榴产于深度不在原条件下,不论是作为伟晶作用成因的铝系石榴石,随形成时深度由浓至浅的变化,相庆的由镁铝榴石向铁铝榴石至锰铝榴石转变,这种规律性的变化可由石榴石晶格中处于八次配位时不同阳离子的配位半径不同作出解释,因为在高压下有利于小配位半径阳离子进行晶格,并呈稳定的八 配位,而在低压下配位半径阳离子的八次配位的稳定性则远比小配位半径阳离子的大。     

石榴石

正石榴石的英文名称为Garnet,由拉丁文"Granatum"演变而来,意思是"像种子一样"。常见的石榴石为红色,其晶体与石榴籽的形状、颜色十分相似,故名"石榴石"。石榴石王要有红色和绿色两个分支(王要以红色为王),每个分支由包括了几种不同的亚种。红色分支包括了:镁铝榴石(Pyrope)、铁铝榴石(Almandite)、锰铝榴石(Spessartite)和马拉雅(malaya)。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press